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" Sxt: U.SsU/to JjM &yr t f$Lyf£ 

WAR DEPARTMENT PAMPHLET NO. 31-127 


CIVIL AFFAIRS INFORMATION’*® 
GUIDE 


GERMAN ECONOMIC PENETRA¬ 
TION AND EXPLOITATION OF 
SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE 



<\C£ 


V* 


&&..K 


IAL- *•* 


WAR DEPARTMENT • 29 JULY 1944 


THE NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE JAN 2 9 1948 






Uis 

t»4*" 






. 





















WAR DEPARTMENT, 
Washington 25, D. C., 29 July 1944. 

War Department Pamphlet No. 31-127 Civil Affairs Information 
Guide, German Economic Penetration and Exploitation of South¬ 
eastern Europe has been prepared by the Foreign Economic Admin¬ 
istration and is published for the information and guidance of all 
concerned. 

[A. G. 461 (26 Jul44).] 

By order of the Secretary of War : 

G. C. MARSHALL, 

Chief of Staff. 

Official : 

J. A. ULIO, 

Major General , 

The Adjutant General. 

Ill 


Vvo .3/-W7 — 3|->23 iqtfil-qf* 


NOTE 



Civil Affairs Guides and Civil Affairs Information Guides are 
designed to aid Civil Affairs Officers dealing with problems in theaters 
of operation, each Guide being focused upon a specific problem in a 
particular area. These Guides are not basic collections of factual 
information, as are the Civil Affairs Handbooks, nor are the recom¬ 
mendations (or action programs implied in the Guides) intended to 
take the place of plans prepared in the field. They are rather designed 
to point the factual information toward the making and executing of 
plans by those Civil Affairs Officers assigned to this work in the 
theaters of operation. In no sense is a Guide to be taken as an order . 
Such orders will be issued in the normal manner. 

This Guide was prepared under the supervision of the Committee 
on Civil Affairs Guides and is approved by the Committee. 

defense 


FOREWORD 

This Information Guide provides a general review of the history 
and techniques of German penetration and exploitation of South¬ 
eastern Europe. For details regarding German corporate holdings in 
the puppet states of Serbia and Croatia, see Information Guides, 
German Penetration of Corporate Holdings in Serbia and German 
Penetration of Corporate Holdings in Croatia. For a discussion of 
German techniques of control of industry in France, see Information 
Guide, German Domination of French Industry; for the role of Ger¬ 
man combines in such penetration, see Civil Affairs Guide, Control 
Ownership , and International Relationships of Leading German 
Combines. 

IV 




TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

German Penetration and Exploitation of Southeastern Europe Before the War.. 1 

World War I to the Rise of National Socialism_ 1 

Initiation of Planned Penetration_ 2 

Effect of the Austrian Anschluss_ 4 

Effect of the Dismemberment of Czechoslovakia_ 4 

Effect of World War II____ 6 

Methods and Techniques of German Wartime Exploitation of Southeastern Europe. 8 

General Methods and Techniques_ 8 

Specific Methods and Techniques_ 10 

Mobilization and Control of Manpower_ 10 

Control of Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Basic 

Products_ 11 

Control of Foreign Trade and Foreign Payments_ 14 

Costs of Occupation or Protection_ 15 

V 


















GERMAN PENETRATION AND EXPLOITATION OF SOUTH¬ 
EASTERN EUROPE BEFORE THE WAR 

World War I to the Rise of National Socialism 

Prior to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the Germans had con¬ 
siderable holdings in public Ioanns, railways, banks, and mining, oil, 
and other industries of Southeastern European ocuntries. Between 
1914 and 1918 Germany somewhat increased her investments in certain 
industries, such as in mining of nonferous metals (copper, chrome, 
antimony), and in oil, but the total increases were not large. In many 
cases investments increased because Germany was forced to produce, 
even at high cost, materials cut off by the blockade. 

However, Germany and to a lesser extent Austria-Hungary made 
large investments of another type in Southeastern Europe. They had 
to finance the bulk of the war expenditures of their allies, Bulgaria 
and Turkey, just as the war expenditures of Serbia, Greece, and Rou- 
mania had to be financed by the Allies. 

By the terms of the peace treaties, Germany lost all her holdings in 
Southeastern Europe, and moreover had to pay reparations to those 
countries that were on the side of the Allies. Properties that belonged 
to the Austro-Hungarian state were taken over by the new states in 
whose territory they were located. Private holdings of citizens of 
Austria and Hungary were usually nationalized, i. e., a local branch 
of a Viennese or Budapest company became a national corporation, 
with its share capital expressed in the national currency. Owing to 
the lack of capital and managerial skill in the new countries, there was 
usually no basic change in the ownership of the new company except 
that a few carefully selected men, native residents of the newly created 
states, were placed on the Board of Directors. Part of the Austrian 
and Hungarian holdings, especially in the heavy and armaments in¬ 
dustries and in banking, were later taken over by France and Great 
Britain, as well as by Belgium, Switzerland, and other countries. 

Up to 1934 German holdings in Southeastern European countries 
were relatively small and slowly acquired, chiefly because Germany 
was unable to export capital. The investments which German banks, 
insurance companies, and industrial corporations made in that region 
were for the purpose of profit rather than for the purpose of achieving 
political control by means of economic subjugation. The small amount 
of German investments in Southeastern Europe up to the middle of 
the 1930’s can be judged from the fact that German industrial holdings 
accounted for only 1 per cent of the total foreign investments in Yugo¬ 
slav industry and less than 1 per cent of total foreign investments in 
Yugoslav banking. 


1 


During the period of 1918-35, Germany had nevertheless been a 
very important factor in the economic life of Southeastern Europe in 
other respects. Germany was an important buyer of the agricultural 
and mineral products of these countries and an important supplier of 
machinery, tools, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, coke and coal. These 
countries came to be especially dependent on Germany for spare parts, 
and often for skilled workmen. 

German corporations were among the leading foreign contractors in 
all large-scale construction programs in this area. Up to 1931, these 
contracts were either bid in by German firms, or, in some countries such 
as Yugoslavia, the contracts were paid for out of German reparations. 
Many of the leading German manufacturers and contracting firms 
maintained distribution and promotion branches in these countries. 
Whether German firms controlled the markets of Southeastern Euro¬ 
pean countries or were only important competitors, their pressure was 
strong enough to impose on these countries many cartel agreements 
which assured Germany of important controls. 

A special way in which Germany was important to the economy of 
Southeastern Europe was by supplying specialists, primarily in the 
fields of engineering and chemistry. In addition, many of the leaders 
in the technical and economic fields of Southeastern Europe were 
trained in German universities, and the German technical literature 
was more widely used than that of any other country. In Yugoslavia, 
Roumania, and Hungary there are large German minorities who pro¬ 
vide the most efficient agricultural population of these states. 

Instiafaon of Planned Penetration 

The systematic economic drive of the National Socialists in South¬ 
eastern Europe began soon after their accession to power. The Ger¬ 
man aim was (1) to import as much from Southeastern Europe as pos¬ 
sible, and to pay only through the clearing mechanism; and (2) to 
develop the economy of the region as a complementary unit to the 
German economy of rearmament. The region could supply items in 
which the German economy was short, such as foodstuffs, certain types 
of fibers, oil, and nonferrous metals. Moreover, supplies from this 
region were safe from blockade. 

In this economic drive Germany employed many new techniques. 
Germany pressed for delivery of all exportable surpluses of certain 
articles, for which she was willing to pay higher than prevailing 
world-market prices. She sold on credit machinery to be used to 
develop certain resources. Almost all payments involved in these 
transactions were effected in clearing. Germany often gave quite lib¬ 
eral preferential tariffs to these countries. 

In the beginning, the Southeastern European countries were glad 
to sell to Germany inasmuch as they were unable to sell their agricul¬ 
tural surpluses on other markets because of high tariffs and other 
protectionist measures in many importing countries, high costs of pro¬ 
duction and transportation and the lower quality of many of their 
products. Moreover in 1936, the sanctions against Italy cut off one 
of their important markets. The internal economic situation of these 
countries and their external trade and international position combined 
to make almost inevitable an intensification of trade with Germany. 

The results of this closer collaboration with Germany were how¬ 
ever, more than these small and economically and politically weak 

2 



countries bargained for. Germany’s policy of maximum buying and 
minimum selling resulted in the creation of large clearing balances in 
iavor or the exporting countries. To satisfy their exporters, central 
banks oi the exporting countries had to mobilize these balances, thus 
increasing the note circulating and the domestic price level and im¬ 
pairing still further their competitive position on the world market. 
When they tried to realize the clearing balances, they often were forced 
to import from Germany articles for which they had little use. In 
importing from Germany they often had to be satisfied with goods of 
lower quality than were available elsewhere, for which they had to 
pay high prices. The terms of trade differed from year to year from 
country to country, as did the price and payment conditions under 
which various products were traded. On the whole, there is a strong 
presumption that the higher than world prices willingly paid by the 
Germans for many products of Southeastern Europe were completely 
offset by various factors. As time went by the terms of trade became 
increasingly unfavorable to Southeastern European countries and 
they became more and more entangled in the German network of eco¬ 
nomic exploitation and political servitude. 

When the governments of Southeastern Europe, in their attempts 
to rescue clearing balances, decided to import on state account machin¬ 
ery from Germany for the development of their natural resources (in 
mining, metallurgy, transportation, and other industries), they in¬ 
creased their own military economic potential which, in case of war, 
might easily be used by Germany. After 1936 France and Great 
Britain increased their investments in Southeastern Europe, especially 
in the field of nonferrous metals production, in order to counteract 
German economic penetration into this area, among other considera¬ 
tions. The fruits of such investments accrued largely to Germany 
both in the period of preparedness, since the bulk of production was 
exported to Germany, and after war began. 

German combines and cartels increased their control of South¬ 
eastern European economy as the position of Germany in the foreign 
trade of this area rose. On the basis of long term contracts with Ger¬ 
man firms, some of these countries started to develop certain lines of 
production primarily for export to Germany. The most important 
examples were contracts with Roumania and Bulgaria for oilseed 
cultivation. 

During this systematic economic drive, Germany did not engage in 
any considerable penetration of the corporate structure of this area. 
The explanation may be Germany’s lack of capital and ability to obtain 
from this area practically all the surpluses she wanted. A more plau¬ 
sible explanation appears to be that corporate penetration was simply 
left for a later date. After the conquest and economic coordination 
of Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, and Belgium, important creditors 
of Southeastern European countries, corporate penetration followed 
automatically and at the least cost to Germany. 

Germany also embarked upon a systematic propaganda and organi¬ 
zational drive to make the German minorities in Southeastern Europe 
tools of her economic penetration and exploitation of this area. Ger¬ 
man propaganda to nationals of the area concentrated on two points: 
that Germany had no political aspirations in this area, and that South¬ 
eastern Europe would benefit economically from inclusion in the Ger- 


603242—44-2 


3 



man Grossraumwirtschaft . 1 2 The Nazis also stimulated the develop¬ 
ment of fifth columns within each state, and fostered Nazi ideologies. 
These factors affected the political development of Roumania and Bul¬ 
garia, and in Yugoslavia aided the Germans at the time of invasion. 

Effect of the Austrian Anschluss 

At the beginning of 1938, the German diplomatic and military posi¬ 
tion in Europe became so strong vis a vis the democratic bloc that Ger¬ 
many could embark on territorial expansion. In March 1938, after 
careful fifth column preparation, Austria was annexed to Germany. 
On this occasion Germany could still contend that she was only follow¬ 
ing one of the basic principles of the Nazi Party, that of bringing all 
Germans into one state (“Ein Volk , ein Reich , ein Fuhrer ”). 

Immediately upon annexation of Austria, Germany proceeded to 
coordinate its political and economic life into the German scheme and 
to build up Austria as its tool for more thorough domination and fuller 
exploitation of Southeastern Europe. Austria was ideally suited for 
this purpose because its banking, insurance, industry, and commercial 
organization had important and close contacts with the economies of 
Southeastern Europe. These were partly the results of Vienna firms’ 
being the channels through which Western creditors invested in South¬ 
eastern Europe, ancl Vienna trading firms’ having a large hand in the 
import and export trade of this area. By means of economic coor¬ 
dination measures and by management techniques considerable con¬ 
centration in the Austrian economy was effected, which in turn 
contributed to its smoother working as a tool of economic warfare. 

The economic coordination of Austria brought under Nazi control 
and influence a large number of banking, mining, industrial, and com¬ 
mercial firms in the Southeast. German penetration into corporate 
holdings became an actuality. Especially important was their taking 
over of the chief Austrian bank, the Creditanstalt-Bankverein? which 
in spite of its reduced influence since the crash of 1931 was a participant 
in many credit and industrial enterprises of Southeastern Europe or 
at least knew them well from earlier contacts. The Dresdmr Bank 
took over the former Merkur Bank and, consolidating several other 
Austrian and international interests, created the Landerbank as its 
Austrian affiliate. 3 Austrian heavy industry, especially the Alpine- 
Montan-Gesellscha ft and its machinery industry, was taken over by 
the Hermann Goring Werke. 

As a consequence of this penetration of the Austrian economy, Ger¬ 
man-controlled investments in the total foreign investments in Yugo¬ 
slavia, Roumania, and Bulgaria greatly increased. And in the foreign 
trade of these countries the German position became commanding. 

Effect of the Dismemberment of Czechoslovakia 

The dismemberment of Czechoslovakia, following the Munich agree¬ 
ment and completed in March 1939 with the creation of the Protector¬ 
ate of Bohemia-Moravia and the “independent” state of Slovakia, 

1 By 1939, after the area had been fully secured economically, Economic Minister Funk 
stated that in Southeastern Europe “economic policies cannot be dissociated from political 
policies.’' The logical conclusion was what political adjustments would be insisted upon 
sooner or later in the case of all states. 

2 In mid-1943, the Deutsche Bank owned 51 percent and the German state-owned holding 
company Veremigte Industrieunternehmungen A. G. ( Viag ) 25 percent of the stock of the 
Creditanstalt-Bankverein. 

3 The Dresdner Bank in mid-1943 owned the whole stock of the L&nderhank. 


4 



eliminated from the German flank the most efficient and best organized 
of the smaller armies of Europe. It increased Germany’s military 
predominance over the democracies in Europe and showed clearly to 
the small states of Southeastern Europe that they could not count on 
immediate and effective help from the west. By the incorporation of 
the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia into the Reich, it became clear 
that the scope of Nazi ambitions was not confined to bringing only the 
German folk into one state. The question for small nations within 
the scope of Hitler’s Lebensraum was no longer whether, but rather 
when, they were to be totally coordinated. 

After March 1938, but especially after the Munich agreement the 
countries of Southeastern Europe acted both to appease the Germans 
and to increase their armaments. All of them, whether they were al¬ 
ready in ideological subjugation to the Reich or not, tried to appease 
Germany by granting virtually all the economic concessions requested. 
These consisted chiefly of greater exports, devaluation of their re¬ 
spective currencies in terms of the Reichsmark, and partial reorienta¬ 
tion of their production to fit better into the German Four Year Plan. 

All these states started feverishly to strengthen their defenses. De¬ 
spite such measures, these states with their predominantly agricul¬ 
tural structure and general poverty, had practically no chance of 
survival in modern mechanized warfare. Moreover, the financial 
burden of increased armament was an additional heavy drain on their 
economic life and, in connection with the mobilization of the increased 
clearing balances in Germany, introduced an inflationary trend long- 
before the beginning of the war. 

The coordiation of Czechoslovakia into the German orbit was politi¬ 
cally, militarily, and economically a much harder blow for Southeast¬ 
ern Europe, especially for Yugoslavia and Roumania, than was the 
annexation of Austria. Politically, the dismemberment of Czecho¬ 
slovakia ushered in a new phase of German expansion. The French 
political influence that still remained in the Danube Basin was waning. 
Militarily, the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia effected not only the 
elimination of the Czech army, but also made available to Germany 
a large increase in modern arms and arms-production facilities. The 
Czechoslovak armament concerns Skoda and Brun, in which the British 
and the French were interested up to 1938, had been the chief suppliers 
of arms and ammunitions to Yugoslavia and Roumania. These con¬ 
cerns now became part of the Hermann Goring Werke , and Yugo¬ 
slavia and Roumania thus fell into a position of unparalleled depend¬ 
ence on Germany for their supply of a^ms. 

The exploitation of the Czechoslovak economy was handed over 
chiefly to the Hermann Goring Werke (which took over the mining, 
armaments, machinery, coal, shipping, and other industries), /. G. 
Farben (which took over the control of the chemical industry), and 
the Deutsche Bank and the Dresdner Bank (which took over several 
Czechoslovak banks and a large portion of the international business 
of others). 

The coordination of Czechoslovakia into the Nazi economy and the 
consequent absorption or at least control of Czech investments in 
Southeastern Europe, made the Germans the leading foreign creditors 
in all states of Southeastern Europe. The chief Czechoslovakian 
holdings were in banking, heavy industry, armaments, chemicals, glass- 
textiles, sugar, and shoe manufacturing. __ _ 


5 



The British and the French tried to counteract the increasing Ger¬ 
man domination of Southeastern European states, dhey supported 
these states with credits, mostly for armaments and economic devel¬ 
opment. They expanded their investments in this area, especially 
in mining. Great Britain, and to a lesser extent France, increased 
their imports from Southeastern Europe, although not sufficiently 
to offset the predominance of Germany. A large increase in exports 
from Southeastern Europe to other countries, primarily those paying 
with free exchange, would have been, however, the only effective way 
of lessening their economic dependence on Germany. 

Effect of World War II 

At the outbreak of war between Germany and Poland in September 
1939, Germany was already exercising a dominant influence over 
the economy and the political destinies of the countries of Southeast¬ 
ern Europe, While all of them proclaimed a policy of neutrality, 
their need for armaments imports from Germany and German-dom¬ 
inated territories, their need of German coal and coke, of machinery, 
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and textiles forced them to trade on Ger¬ 
man-imposed terms. This can best be seen in the case of Roumania’s 
oil exports and Yugoslavia’s exports of copper, zinc, and lead. The 
companies producing these materials were fully or predominantly 
owned by the British and French. When they refused to supply 
the Germans after the outbreak of hostilities, the respective domestic 
governments preempted a large percentage of their production, and 
themselves supplied the Germans. Later these companies, again un¬ 
der German pressure, were put under government management, and 
deliveries to Germany increased. As for foods (grains, fruits, meats, 
fats, etc.), fibers (hemp and flax), wood and the like, the countries 
of Southeastern Europe were compelled to export to Germany and 
Italy even if this meant a reduction of supplies below the national 
requirements. 

The painstaking political and economic penetration of Southeastern 
Europe now paid the Nazis valuable dividends, although increased 
supplies from this region could not balance the loss of overseas im¬ 
ports which ceased due to the blockade. Many of these losses were 
temporarily compensated for by the loot of stockpiles of raw materials 
and foods following the rapid German conquests in Western Europe. 

The conquest of France, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg, and 
the entry of Italy into the war, which meant an effective blockade 
of the Mediterranean, eliminated all possibility of western support for 
the Southeastern European states. Their economies were almost 
completely coordinated within the German war economy and it was 
only a question of months before the Germans were to demand formal 
political coordination as well. In Bulgaria and Roumania such 
coordination was achieved during 1939 and 1940, but the coordination 
of Yugoslavia and Greece required military intervention in April, 
1941. 

However, between the conquest of western countries and the mili¬ 
tary intervention in the southeast (June 1940-April 1941), Germany 
proceeded to bring under her control a large part of the corporate 
holdings of the French, Belgians, and the Dutch in the Central, East¬ 
ern, and Southeastern European states. Although it is not clear 


6 


that the Germans engaged in large corporate penetration in the occu¬ 
pied areas of the West, it is evident that they took title to, or obtained 
effective control of, public and important private industrial prop¬ 
erties located in the annexed parts of these states (for example, in 
Alsace-Lorraine and Luxemburg), and that they took over from these 
countries title to the latter’s important investments in Eastern, Cen¬ 
tral, and Southeastern Europe. The best examples are the taking- 
over of the Mines de Bor copper mines in Yugoslavia, of the properties 
of the Union Europeenne (wholly owned holding company of the 
BcJmeider-Greusot combine ), and of the properties of various French 
and Belgian banks. The Yugoslav Government seemingly protested 
against the change in ownership of the Bor Mines and of the General 
Yugoslav Banking Corporation , but without result. On the whole 
Germany was gradually moving toward ownership or managerial 
control of the most important mining, industrial, and banking enter¬ 
prises of the Southeastern European countries. 

Germany had two basic aims. She sought the maximum, imme¬ 
diate contribution of these states to the German war machine, and 
lasting, legally unimpeachable control over their important resources. 
The political and legal techniques employed were adapted to the 
circumstances of each case. 


7 


METHODS AND TECHNIQUES OF GERMAN WARTIME 
EXPLOITATION OF SOULTHEASTERN EUROPE 


General Methods and Techniques 

The principle of race supremacy permeates all Nazi Germany's, 
activities, domestic and international. In the sphere of international 
relations the application of this principle excludes the treatment oh 
foreign nations as equals. Nazi Germany approaches every foreign 
country as an inferior which has to be subjugated, and whose resources 
and productive powers have to be exploited for the benefit of 
Germany. 

The methods of German occupation and domination in South¬ 
eastern Europe since the spring of 1941 vary with each country.; 
There are no available texts of the terms of surrender of such countries 
as Yugoslavia and Greece, or of the basic terms governing German 
relations with the satellite countries of Southeastern Europe. Such, 
terms have usually been laid down at meetings of the puppet rulers 
of the various states with Hitler at his headquarters. 

Part of Yugoslavia, namely, the northern section of Slovenia, has 
been annexed outright by the Reich. After the collapse of Italy in the 
summer of 1943, the former Italian-annexed regions of Dalmatia and 
part of Slovenia (Provincia di Lubiana), and Istria were transformed 
into the “Adriatic Coastal Operational Zone” under German admin¬ 
istration. Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro are under German mili¬ 
tary government, but a considerable part of the civil administration 
is carried on by Quisling regimes, under the supervision of the German 
Army of occupation. Albania is also occupied by the Germans, but 
the domestic government seemingly has more authority than that of 
the other countries. In Croatia, an extremely weak puppet govern¬ 
ment is supported by the Gestapo and the German Army. In Rou- 
mania and Bulgaria there are Quisling governments which have been 
under actual German control since 1940. hi Hungary a wholly 
collaborationist regime was introduced in March 1944. For the large 
German minorities in Roiunania, Hungary, Serbia, and Croatia, 
Germany achieved a special new type of autonomy. 

The degree of economic coordination and exploitation of these 
countries varies to a certain extent. The difference is more a matter 
of expediency than any indication of hesitancy on Germany’s part 
to exact from her victims and whilom allies their maximuni contri¬ 
bution to the German war machine. Some of these nations, such as 
Bulgaria and Hungary, received territorial bribes, while others lost 
territory. 

Because of their wealth in certain essential war materials such as 
oil, copper, chrome, bauxite, timber, certain foods, and their industrial 
capacity, the two most important Southeastern European countries 
for the German war machine are Roiunania and Yugoslavia. Conse¬ 
quently German coordination of their economy has been most 
thorough. Bulgaria and Greece are much less important as sources 
of raw materials, although the former is important as a source of 
food and both are important as sources of tobacco. The Hungarian 
state and economy are now in a process of total coordination. 

As the Nazi’s chief economic aim in Southeastern Europe was to 
secure from the area its maximum immediate contribution to the 

8 


/ 


German war machine, direct or indirect control of all basic phases 
of its economic life was necessary. The following measures and 
techniques indicate the means whereby such control was achieved. 

1. In the occupied countries, the Germans assumed ownership or 
control of all the available arms, most of the raw materials, and most 
of the food stores whether public or private. In satellite countries, 
control over these items was achieved indirectly through Quisling 
governments. 

2. All gold, foreign exchange, and other foreign assets in the occu¬ 
pied countries were placed under the control of the Germans, while 
in satellite countries, these items were controlled by Quisling 
governments. 

3. In both occupied and satellite countries, the Germans took either 
direct or indirect control of money, banking, and insurance. All new 
legislation in these fields is patterned after German examples. 

4. The Germans have directly or through their satellites mobilized 
all the available manpower of this area, for fighting, for garrisoning 
of occupied territories, or for work in Germany or on German-spon¬ 
sored programs in the area itself. 

5. The Germans control directly or indirectly the production, dis¬ 
tribution, allocation, and consumption of all basic products, with the 
aim of maintaining production of these goods and allocating them 
according to German needs. They are so distributed that only a 
minimum is left for local civilian consumption and bulk is placed at 
the disposal of the German war machine. 

6. The Germans are taking the bulk of all surplus products of the 
whole area. The small portion of the surpluses used for trade be¬ 
tween this area and the neutrals or the other German-occupied parts 
of Europe is largely controlled by the Germans, who control the Euro¬ 
pean transportation and trading facilities and also, to a large extent, 
European international payments. 

7. The Germans have taken over all state property in the occupied 
countries and in the satellite countries, communications, military in¬ 
stallations, and armament-producing facilities have been put at their 
disposal. 

8. The Germans took over either all or a part of the property rights 
in most of the leading mining, industrial, transportation, banking, 
and insurance enterprises. In other important enterprises which were 
under direct or indirect control of the Allied powers, and in which 
they could not acquire title to the property, the Germans appointed 
their own commissioners and attached these enterprises to important 
German combines. In the case of many state-owned mines and in¬ 
dustrial enterprises in satellite countries, German combines appear as 
lessees of such enterprises and, of course, manage them. 

9. In that part of Slovenia (Yugoslavia) which has been annexed by 
the Reich, the Germans expropriated or confiscated a considerable part 
of landed property from the local population and frequently drove 
out the population to make room for German colonists. 

10. The Germans have imposed heavy costs of occupation on the 
occupied countries, while the satellite countries are obliged to support 
the German armies stationed in their territories and are required to 
contribute manpower, arms, and supplies to the German war machine. 
Such outlays are, in effect, identical with the costs of occupation. 


9 


These exploitation, penetration, and control techniques are closely 
interrelated. They placed upon the control of the German war ma¬ 
chine the bulk of all resources of Southeastern European countries. 
While some of these techniques have been practiced by most armies 
of occupation, they had never, before the advent of the Nazis, been 
developed into an organized system of plunder and destruction of 
both subjugated and satellite peoples. 

Some of the above techniques do not need further elaboration. The 
extent and techniques of Nazi penetration of corporate holdings in 
some parts of Southeastern Europe are dealt with in other CAD In¬ 
formation Guides. 4 


Specific Methods and Techniques 

The following section contains a discussion of those types of exploita¬ 
tion and control, mentioned above, which, together with the far- 
reaching control of corporate holdings, assured Germany of the prin¬ 
cipal resources of Southeastern Europe. These measures are (1) the 
mobilization and control of manpower; (2) control of production, dis¬ 
tribution, and consumption of basic products; (3) control of foreign 
trade and foreign payments; and (4) exacting of large costs of occupa¬ 
tion or protection. 

Mobilization and control of manpower.— Manpower for fighting 

and for work has been one of the chief resources contributed to Ger¬ 
many by Southeastern Europe. Roumania, Hungary, and, to a much 
smaller degree, Slovakia and Croatia have contributed troops for 
fighting in Russia. Bulgaria and Croatia have contributed part of 
their troops for policing purposes in the Balkans and have thus freed 
German troops for other purposes. 5 6 

Yugoslavia has contributed labor which Germany has used in three 
different ways: as prisoners of war in Germany (most of them work), 
as free or forced labor working in Germany, and finally, as workers 
for the Germans in Yugoslavia. Labor from other countries is pri¬ 
marily in the last category, although Bulgaria and Greece have con¬ 
tributed small numbers of workers for work in Germany. 

To meet both Germany’s and their own domestic demands for man¬ 
power, all of these countries introduced total mobilization, involving 
complete regulation of labor supply, movements, and wages. The 
supply of labor which these countries have been able to put at the 
disposal of Germany has been greatly reduced by military mobiliza¬ 
tion and by the numbers involved in guerrilla warfare—numbers in¬ 
cluding both the growing ranks of the guerrillas themselves, and also 
the forces engaged in fighting the guerrillas and policing the areas not 
yet affected by guerrilla activity. 

Labor administration is carried on by the respective national labor 
services in cooperation with German authorities. Management of 
labor for large undertakings, such as building of fortifications and 
operation of large mining enterprises is, as a rule, in the hands of the 
Organization Todt. 


4 See Information Guides on German Penetration of Corporate Holdings in Serbia, and 

German Penetration of Corporate Holdings in Croatia. 

6 B esides the national troops of these countries which are part of the national armies hut 
under German supreme command, Germany has at its disposal for fighting or policing pur¬ 
poses all the manpower from the German minorities in this area. According to displtches 
irom the German minority press m this area, the Volksdeutsche in Roumania, Hungary 
io« nnn ia ’ Croatia v and Serbian Banat, contributed up to March 1944 a total of about 
SftheGSanArmy SPeml Waffen ' S - S> forma tions (about 10 divisions) which are part 

10 



Transfer of wages by workers in Germany to their respective coun¬ 
tries is effected through the clearing mechanism. Every worker is 
allowed to send monthly a certain amount to his family. Next to 
the export surpluses, these wages account for the continued large clear¬ 
ing claims of Southeastern European countries on Germany. 

Special agreements regulating labor insurance problems and bene¬ 
fits have been signed between the German social insurance agencies 
in the Reich and the insurance agencies of the manpower exporting 
countries. 

By assuming full command over the available labor force through 
direct or indirect control, Germany was not only able to ship a large 
number of workers to Germany (Yugoslavia alone supplied about 
225,000 civilian workers by mid-1943) but was also able to run those 
enterprises whose production was essential for the German war econ¬ 
omy. An ample supply of labor in Southeastern Europe was a pre¬ 
requisite for exploiting this area. Without it, German control through 
ownership or by virtue of custodial management of the bulk of the 
important firms would have been in vain. 

Control of production, distribution, and consumption of basic prod¬ 
ucts. —In respect to control of production, distribution, and consump¬ 
tion of basic products in Southeastern Europe, some distinction must 
be made between the three basic groups: (1) Foods of all sorts, (2) 
raw materials, and (3) industrial products. 

As regards food, Germany required ample supplies in this area for 
her armed forces which, in principle, live off the country where they 
are stationed. Stringent food supply conditions in Germany and 
difficulties in transportation intensified this need. Secondly, since 
Southeastern Europe always has been an important source of food 
supply for the Reich, Germany tried to increase the contribution of 
the area to the Reich. (The contribution of the area has become 
even more important since the loss of the Ukraine.) Concern for the 
population of the area itself is the last consideration. Among the 
domestic consumers, the highest priority is given to the Quislings 
who help police this area for the Germans, next come the workers on 
German account, and last, the remaining civilian population which is 
of no direct use to the Germans. 

In their efforts to maintain and increase food production, the Ger¬ 
mans and their collaborationist supporters are hampered by a great 
many factors, such as lack of manpower and draft animals, uncertainty 
of crops and livestock production due to guerrilla warfare, lack of 
seed, implements, fertilizers, and fungicides, and the like. Moreover, 
the Germans were intent on increasing production of items in short 
supply at home, such as oilseeds and plant fibers, while the collabora¬ 
tionist governments were often compelled to increase the production 
of some food items, for example, Serbia and Croatia had to increase 
the production of sugar. Rationalization of these conflicting needs 
demanded considerable reorganization of production. As a result, the 
Quisling governments have developed under German pressure annual 
plans for agricultural production. 

One of the very important factors in the maintenance and reorien¬ 
tation of Southeastern European agriculture to meet German needs 
was the presence of large German minorities in the chief food surplus 
areas of Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Roumania. The members of the 


11 



German minorities have, for a number of reasons, been among the 
most efficient agricultural peoples of Southeastern Europe. By special 
agreements, * * * 6 the Germans have secured for these minorities a priv¬ 
ileged autonomy status. The agricultural organizations of these 
minorities such as syndicates and cooperatives have been entrusted by 
the Germans with the execution of their agricultural programs in all 
areas controlled fully or partly by the minorities. The food surpluses 
of all the regions with large German minorities have been earmarked 
for German use. 

To maintain and, in certain cases, to expand agricultural production 
in areas controlled by the minorities, the Germans have helped them by 
supplying seed, fertilizers, machinery, credit, and advice. The prin¬ 
cipal contributions of the minorities were oilseeds, plant fibers, ani¬ 
mal fats, meat, and industrial alcohol, but grains, fruits, and vege¬ 
tables were also very important. In lines of production which the 
Germans considered of special importance, such as oilseeds and plant 
fibers, producers belonging to these minorities, as well as other pro¬ 
ducers of these areas, were directed and helped by German organized 
and financed companies. 7 

The chief tool used by the Germans in the agricultural exploitation 
of areas having large minorities is the German minority cooperative 
organizations. For example, in Serbian Banat with a German popu¬ 
lation of about 150,000, there were, at the end of December 1943, 141 
members cooperatives in the Central Union of German Cooperatives 
(including 50 for credit and general economics affairs, 23 for cattle 
and horsebreeding, 18 for pig breeding, 4 for cooperative use of agri¬ 
cultural machinery, 3 for hemp cultivation, etc.). In Croatia with a 
German population of about 160,000, the Germans had 314 cooper¬ 
atives at the end of 1942 (including 188 credit, 56 dairy, 27 pig breeding 
cooperatives, etc.). 

One of the chief difficulties confronting the Germans and the Quis¬ 
ling regimes, in addition to maintaining crop production, was the 
collection of crops. It was relatively simple in areas with large Ger¬ 
man minorities, but not otherwise. The collection of almost all crops 
is the chief administrative function left to the Quisling governments 
in Southeastern Europe, under the strict supervision of German diplo¬ 
matic 8 and military authorities. Most crops were declared govern¬ 
ment monopolies and the producers were obliged to deliver to the 
government all produce above a certain minimum. In grain collection, 
this was achieved by government control of threshing and milling and 
in the case of other products by insistence on delivery of a certain 
amount of produce per unit of land. 

The pool of government owned produce was used (1) to supply the 
German army, and (2) to supply the export requirements for Ger¬ 
many. The remainder went to tne native population. Since the re¬ 
maining supplies could not possibly meet domestic requirements, a 
stringent system of rationing was introduced. 9 But the supply was 
not sufficient for the needs of even the urban population. The low 


, 6 tT_ S.. Department of State, National Socialism: Basic Principles, Their Application b\ 

Washing\o^ a i943 pp*140V ° rganization ’ and the Use °f Germans Abroad for Nazi Aims 

ot theraSSw AO, n in Section e vi) OW Penetration of Corporate Holdings in Serbia (discussioi 

8 Von Killinger/the German Minister to Roumania, and Kasche, the German Minister t 

Croatia, are both A S. leaders and act more in the capacity of Gauleiters than of Ministers 

8 Only Roumania did not need to ration bread and edible oil in 1943. , 


12 



official prices offered for the goods delivered and the scarcity of other 
consumers goods available in the rationed markets strengthened the 
tendency toward evasion of delivery and contributed to the existence 
of an extensive black market. 

The Germans themselves do not regularly come into contact w r ith the 
producers except in such fields of production as oilseeds and plant 
fibers, but even then the contact is on a commercial basis. Current 
supplies for the German army of occupation, or the army of protection 
in satellite countries, are also acquired on a commercial basis, that is, 
the Germans pay for these supplies in local currency which they ob¬ 
tain from the collaborationist governments. 10 

With respect to raw materials and fuel products, Germany obtains 
from Southeastern Europe the following items in order of importance: 
Oil from Koumania and Hungary (and very small quantities from 
Albania and Croatia) : chrome from Serbia and Greece; copper from 
Serbia; bauxite from Hungary, Croatia, and Greece. Next come such 
metals as zinc and lead, molybdenum, antimony, mica, iron ore, etc., 
which are exported either in the form of ores, concentrates, or pure 
metals. To maintain metallurgical production, the Germans have 
to supply the area with coke and cooking coal. A portion of the 
metals produced is used by domestic metal working plants working 
on German orders. To maintain, develop, and fully control the pro¬ 
duction of fuel and metals (especially of oil and nonferrous metals of 
which Southeastern Europe supplies a large percentage of total Ger¬ 
man requirements), 'the Germans have taken over the title to or the 
management of almost all the producing companies. 

Among other raw materials which the Germans are taking from 
Southeastern Europe are plant fibres (hemp, flax, and cotton), medic¬ 
inal plants, wool, hides, tobacco, lumber, tanning materials, industrial 
alcohol, cement, etc. These resources are exploited either under Ger¬ 
man ownership or by means of German management of the most im¬ 
portant producing or trading units in these branches of production. 

Through ownership and management of the most important pro¬ 
ducing units in the field of production of raw materials, through 
ownership of the chief trading facilities in these products in the 
whole area, and, finally, through forcing upon the occupied and satel¬ 
lite countries controls regulating traffic in, and allocation and con¬ 
sumption of, these products, Germany is utilizing practically the whole 
production of these articles for her military machine. 

Available civilian goods are rationed and distributed so that they 
primarily benefit those groups of the population working directly for 
the Germans. The distribution and rationing of most industrial 
articles is in the hands of “associations” patterned after the German 
Reichsstellen (e. g., for nonferrous metals, iron and steel, chemicals, 
leather and textiles, sugar, edible oils, industrial alcohol, and the like.) 

Rationing of food and other consumers goods and systematic al¬ 
location of raw materials and fuels are supplemented by price con¬ 
trol, the enforcement of which is in the hands of economic police. 

The Germans have taken over directly or indirectly all the arma- 
ments-producing facilities in these areas as well as all the repair 

10 The burden of the costs of protection seems to be heaviest in the puppet state of Croatia. 
The increase in Croatian banknote circulation, the main part of which was used to finance 
the German Army stationed in Croatia, amounted to 28.2 billion kunas between April 1943 
and February 1944 (from 22 to 50.8 billion). 


13 



facilities . This was an important contribution to the German armies 
located in this area. 

The Germans have been using Yugoslav airplane factories around 
Belgrade (mostly assembly and repair plants before the war) for re¬ 
pairs, assembly, and production of parts. Several former textile plants 
in Slovenia (in Kranj and Maribor) have been converted to produc¬ 
tion of airplane parts. 

Control of foreign trade and foreign payments.— During the second 
half of the 1930’s Germany succeeded in integrating part of the pro¬ 
duction facilities of Southeastern Europe into the German Gross - 
raurruwirtschaft. When the area was formally or actually occupied 
early in 1941, the Germans tried to supply their armies from local 
sources, and they also continued to drain the area for the benefit of the 
Reich population and industries. 

The chief products that Germany obtains from the area are foods, 
oilseeds, plant fibres, oil, tobacco, nonferrous metals, lumber, and the 
like. German exports to Southeastern Europe are based on a very 
simple policy—that of supplying raw materials (e. g., coke), trans¬ 
port equipment, machinery, tools, chemicals, and seeds which directly 
serve the German aim of deriving the greatest possible contribution 
from the area to the German war machine. Germany supplies most of 
the necessary arms to the satellite armies in this area. Germany also 
had to supply some consumers goods, such as textiles and medicines. 
At times it has supplied small amounts of food (sugar,potatoes,grains) 
to some members of the group, for example, to Croatia in 1942, but 
this involved shifts of supplies within the area and not exports from 
the Reich. Germany maintains direct control over the use made of 
goods supplied to German enterprises in the area, and indirect control 
of the use of goods supplied to other enterprises by acting through the 
appropriate agencies of the satellite governments. 

According to reports, Germany imposes upon her exports to South¬ 
eastern Europe high prices and difficult payment and delivery condi¬ 
tions, and also tangles all transactions with a tremendous amount of 
red tape. Since the Germans control the continental transportation 
and storage facilities, they use these also as a means of influencing the 
movement of goods to suit their own interests. 

Trade relations between Germany and her satellites in South¬ 
eastern Europe, as well as all other trade relations, are regulated by 
periodic bilateral agreements elaborated and adjusted by the bilateral 
inter-governmental committees. 11 

Trade between Germany and her Southeastern Europe satellites con¬ 
tinues to operate under the clearing system. The occupied countries, 
such as Serbia, apparently export to Germany on the account of the 
costs of occupation. Since Germany cannot or does not want to export 
to Southeastern Europe enough goods to pay for her imports, large 
clearing balances remain. To reduce these balances, Germany has 
forced these countries (at least Roumania, Hungary, and Slovakia) to 
repatriate considerable amounts of their German-held government 
bonds, and possibly some stock. Germany probably came into pos¬ 
session of most of these bonds through loot of former creditors of this 
area (France, Belgium, and Holland). 

11 The Reich Group Industry maintains also a special Southeast Committee, whose mem¬ 
bers meet periodically with the industry representatives of various Southeastern European 
countries for discussion of economic and trade relations. 


14 



The clearing system which forces the Southeastern European coun¬ 
tries to export much more to Germany than they wish to, has induced 
them, even under war conditions, to try to export to European neu¬ 
trals, i. e., Switzerland and Sweden, and to some German occupied 
areas. 

Since all goods from and to Southeastern European countries, even 
when coming from and destined for the neutrals, have to be trans¬ 
ported over German controlled facilities, Germany has been able to 
sabotage the traffic between her satellites and the neutrals so far as 
this was not in her interest. In addition, Germany controls fully all 
international payments of the subjugated countries, including trans¬ 
actions with neutrals, and is thus in a position to use this mechanism to 
her own advantage. 

Costs of occupation or protection.— The exaction of huge costs of 
occupation has been developed by the Germans into a destructive 
weapon against their victims. They were set so high in some coun¬ 
tries—in France, for example—that they not only paid for actual costs 
of occupation, but left huge balances at the disposal of the Germans. 
These balances were used to finance the export of large amounts of 
goods of all kinds to Germany, and to buy up a large portion of prop¬ 
erty in the countries occupied by the Germans. Since receipt of oc¬ 
cupation costs represents public revenue for the German Reich, the 
use of these balances by private interest presupposes an internal ac¬ 
counting system between the Reich Government and the private firms, 
but nothing is known on that score. 

The command over large credit balances, which the Germans receive 
as occupation costs in the form of the respective national currencies, 
gives them a powerful instrument for draining markets in the occu¬ 
pied countries in the least conspicuous way. These balances also give 
them the means to strengthen and make more effective all other methods 
of exploitation and penetration described above. 

Analogous to the costs of occupation in the occupied countries are 
the costs for maintenance of the Germany Army in the satellite coun¬ 
tries, since the Germans claim that the presence of their armed forces 
in the territory of their allies is solely for protection purposes. The 
techniques and the consequences of these costs are the same in both the 
occupied and the satellite countries. 

As has been pointed out, there are no published texts of the terms 
of surrender of Yugoslavia or Greece to Germany so that the economic 
conditions of armistice are not known. Serbian costs of occupation 
are, however, estimated by British sources at about 4 billion dinars per 
year. The costs of maintenance of the German Army in Croatia are 
estimated at about 2 billion kunas per month in the second half of 1943, 
and due to the strong inflationary tendencies, may have been consider- 
ablv increased by now. 

Payments for the costs of occupation and protection are made to 
the Reichskreditkasse which is concerned with the financing of the 
German armies abroad. As all of the Southeastern European coun¬ 
tries have large clearing claims on Germany, which are owned by the 
Deutche Verrechnungskasse , it is conceivable that part of the negative 
clearing balances could be used for payment of German credit balances 
on the occupation account if the Germans cannot utilize all their claims 
for occupation and protection costs in the respective countries. Such 


15 



WAR DEPARTMENT PAMPHLET NO. 31-128 



CIVIL AFFAIRS INFORMATION 
GUIDE 


GERMAN PENETRATION OF 
CORPORATE HOLDINGS 
IN SERBIA 



THE NATIONAL WAN COLLEGE JAN 2.9 1948 








■ 









WAR DEPARTMENT, 
Washington 25, D. C., 29 July 1944. 
War Department Pamphlet No. 31-128, Civil Affairs Information 
Guide, German Penetration of Corporate Holdings in Serbia, has 
been prepared bv the Foreign Economic Administration and is pub¬ 
lished for the information and guidance of all concerned. 

[A. G. 461 (26 Jul 44).] 

By order of thei Secretary of War : 

G. C. MARSHALL, 

Chief of Staff. 

Official : 

J. A. ULIO, 

Major General , 

The Adjutant General. 


■ ) 


III 






NOTE 



Civil Affairs Guides and Civil Affairs Information Guides are 
designed to aid Civil Affairs Officers dealing with problems in theaters 
of operation, each Guide being focused upon a specific problem in a 
particular area. These Guides are not basic collections of factual 
information, as are the Civil Affairs Handbooks, nor are the recom¬ 
mendations (or action programs implied in the Guides) intended to 
take the place of plans prepared in the field. They are rather 
designed to point the factual information toward the making and 
executing of plans by those Civil Affairs Officers assigned to this work 
in the theaters of operation. In no sense is a Guide to be taken as an 
order. Such orders will be issued in the normal manner. 

This Guide was prepared under the supervision of the Committee 
on Civil Affairs Guides and is approved by the Committee. 

* " siiment wutaim informatioti a" 


[al defense 

slatifmof 
ohibited by 


This Information Guide should be read in conjunction with: 
Information Guide: German Penetration of Corporate Holdings in 
Croatia , and 

Information Guide: German Economic Penetration and Exploita¬ 
tion of Southeastern Europe. 


IV 






TABLE OF CONTENTS 


Page 

I. Introduction_ 1 

II. Military Government and Economic Exploitation_ 1 

The Military Government_ 1 

The Economic Dictator_ 2 

III. Banking and Insurance_ 3 

Currency, Bank of Issue, and Government Banks_ 3 

Commercial Banking_ 5 

German Minority Banks_ 7 

Insurance_ 8 

IV. Mining- 9 

Copper_ 9 

Chrome_ 10 

Lead and Zinc_ 11 

Coal_ 11 

Other Mining Corporations_ 11 

V. Heavy Industry Contributing to the German War Economy_ 12 

Steel and Metal Works_ 12 

Aircraft_ 13 

Armaments_ 14 

Railroad Rolling Stock_ 14 

Shipbuilding_ 14 

Petroleum and Tar Industry_ 15 

Chemicals_ 10 

VI. Other Industry- 17 

Cement and Building_-_ 17 

Glass_ 17 

Foodstuffs_ 17 

Oil Seeds and Plant Fibres___ 18 

Textiles and Leather_ 19 

VII. Trade__ 20 

Appendix A _ 21 

Corporations Controlled by Commissioners Representing the 
Plenipotentiary General. 

Appendix B_ 21 

Chief German Economic and Technical Experts in Serbia. 

Appendix C_ 22 

Decree Concerning Enemy Assets. 

Appendix D___ _ 23 

Decree Concerning Administration of Enemy Property. 

Appendix E_ 25 

German Trading Firms Operating in Serbia. 


V 







































I. INTRODUCTION 


German penetration of the corporate structure of Southeastern 
European countries before the armed intervention in March and April 
of 1941, was closely related to the conquest and economic coordination 
of the foreign creditors of this area; Austria, Czechoslovakia, France, 
Belgium, and Holland. After the German military occupation of 
Southeastern Europe, the remainder of the important but yet not pene¬ 
trated enterprises were coordinated partly by obtaining title to prop¬ 
erty, partly on the basis of the military law of occupation taking them 
into custody and administration, partly through measures carried out 
by the local Quisling governments. 

This Guide is concerned with the extent of the corporate structure 
in Serbia controlled by Germany, the methods of achieving this con¬ 
trol, and the chief German combines and firms which benefited from 
the spoils. 

One general statement regarding Yugoslavia is, however, necessary 
by way of introduction. Since Yugoslavia was a state created in 1918 
by consolidation of half a dozen independent or autonomous territories, 
it took years to achieve a certain consolidation and unification in the 
institutional and economico-organizational life of the country. But 
at the time of the German invasion Yugoslavia was a country with 
unified economic legislation. Government banks and'other govern¬ 
mental economic institutions operated throughout the territory, large 
commercial banks and insurance companies carried on their business 
on a country-wide basis', traffic in goods and services was free and 
operated on equal terms, taxes were the same, etc. 

With the invasion in April 1941 and the dismemberment of the coun¬ 
try, this unity was destroyed and a race began to remove all existing 
ties between the now separated parts. This meant the development 
of a separate Serbian and a separate Croatian institutional framework, 
and realignment in institutions of the parts annexed by Germany, 
Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, and Hungary to fit into the institutional 
framework of these respective countries. All this involved far-reach¬ 
ing adjustments in the whole economic life of the country and espe¬ 
cially in the field of government enterprises and all those corporate 
enterprises that happened to work in more than one of the new units. 
Needless to say the Germans knew how to profit from this process of 
realignment and adjustment. 

II. MILITARY GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION 

The Military Government 

From April 1941 until August 1941, the Germans maintained a 
purely military government in Serbia (for the borders of 1941 Serbia 
see map), with dependable domestic officials as commissioners in 

1 



charge of various branches of public administration. In August 
1941, they sponsored a Quisling government with General Nedich at 
the head. Although the power of this puppet government has been 
gradually increased as German policy toward Serbia has changed,, 
it has remained wholly subject to the German army of occupation. 

Until recently the Germans had special Military Commanders 
(Militarbefehlshdber) in Serbia and Greece. In matters of civil 
affairs they were subordinate to Hitler and the German High Com¬ 
mand. In charge of economic affairs under the Military Commander 
in Serbia was the Plenipotentiary General for Economics in Serbia 
(GeneraTbewollmdchtigter fiiir Wirtschaft in Serbien) . The Ger¬ 
mans recently abolished the offices of the Serbian and the Greek Mili¬ 
tary Commanders and consolidated them into the office of the Military 
Commander Southeast, whose chief appears to be responsible to the 
German tactical commander in the Balkans theater. The former 
Plenipotentiary General for Economics in Serbia was appointed as 
chief of Military Administration for the whole of the Balkans under 
the Military Commander Southeast. 1 

The Economic Dictator 

The legal and personal pivot of German economic administration,, 
penetration, and exploitation of Serbia is the Plenipotentiary General 
for Economics in Serbia. He exercises his power directly, or by ap¬ 
pointing deputies, by direction and supervision of the operation o^ the 
Serbian puppet government. The case of Franz Neuhausen, compar¬ 
able in some respects to that of Otto Abetz in France, provides an 
extremely interesting example of Nazi economic and political penetra¬ 
tion. 

Franz Neuhausen came to Yugoslavia in 1930 or 1931 as chief of the 
Deutsches Verfcehrsburo , which was also performing the function of 
the headquarters for German economic intelligence in Yugoslavia. 2 
Later he became the official representative of the Nazi Party for Yugo¬ 
slavia, and still later German Consul General in Belgrade. There is 
no doubt that he served as a spearhead for the German economic and 
corporate penetration and economic exploitation of Yugoslavia before 
the invasion and thus prepared for the position of economic dictator 
after the conquest. 

The positions he holds at present are: Plenipotentiary General for 
Economics, Plenipotentiary in Serbia for the Four Year Plan, Chair¬ 
man of the Board of Directors of the Mines de Bor , Chairman of the 
Board of Directors of the Bankverein fur Serbien , etc. He is the man 
in whose name and under whose direction the commissioners in many 
Serbian enterprises operate (see Appendix A) ; he appoints the gov¬ 
ernor and the vice-governor of the Serbian National Bank and a 
German commissioner who supervises the operations of the bank. In¬ 
directly, he controls all the leading economico-administrative and 
business positions in the country. 


1 OSS Doc. R & A No. 1564, February 8, 1944, p. 3. Inasmuch as all the powers and 
functions of the former Plenipotentiary General for Economics in Serbia must have been 
carried over into the new office of the Military Administration in the Balkans (Franz 
Neuhausen headed both offices) and as the data in this Guide refer to earlier periods, 
Neuhausen is here referred to as the Plenipotentiary General for Economics in Serbia 

2 Neuhausen’s chief economic advisor, Dr. Karl Gemiind, is also an old resident of 
Yugoslavia. He came here in 1931, was an associate editor of the Belgrade weekly economic 
magazine Narodno Blagostanje for about three years, and joined Neuhausen in the 
Verkehrsbiiro in 1934. 


2 



In his work as the economic dictator of Serbia he is helped by 
a score of German economic and technical experts (see appendix 
B), who, by filling several interlocking positions as commissioners, 
members of the boards of directors, etc., actually control all that is 
worth controlling in the Serbian economy. Managerial centraliza¬ 
tion of economic enterprises in Serbia has resulted in easier manage¬ 
ment, increasing efficiency, and greatly strengthened political control 
of the economy of Serbia. 

Because the Serbian economic enterprises in which the Germans 
were most interested were state-owned and thus came under their 
control automatically, or prior to the war were under the influence 
of foreign investors (mining, metallurgy, chemicals, sugar, etc.), 
who were either bought out or whose properties were taken into 
custody, the Germans had little need of collaborationists in the field 
of economics as they did in Franee, Belgium, and even Czechoslovakia. 
Their chief quest for Quislings in Serbia was in the political, mili¬ 
tary, academic, and journalistic fields, in which they found enough 
of them. There are, of course, also domestic collaborationists in 
industry and trade, but for the above-mentioned reasons, their im¬ 
portance is secondary. 

Germany obtained the control of a series of industrial enterprises 
through taking over financial organizations and state property. Even 
those establishments such as the State railways, arsenals, coal mines, 
and forests which are owned and managed by the various ministries 
are also under full German control. In addition to the state-owned 
enterprises, many others now owned or managed by the Germans 
were fully or partially owned by foreign investors before the war. * * 3 
Also, a quite a number of corporations have been established by the 
Germans. The following chapters indicate the extent of German 
penetration into the financial and industrial fields in Serbia. 

III. BANKING AND INSURANCE 

Currency, Bank of Issue, and Government Banks 

After the dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Serbia, and Croatia moved 
fast to achieve their administrative and financial separation. 4 The 
national currency—dinar 5 —was exchanged in due time for the newly 
created Serbian dinar and the Croatian kuna on a 1 to 1 basis. The 
central bank of Yugoslavia was liquidated under German and Italian 
supervision and in its place two independent central banks were cre¬ 
ated—National Bank of Serbia and the State Bank of Croatia. In an¬ 
nexed territories, the central banks of the annexing powers took charge 
of monetary matters. 

The Government banks: the Postal Savings System, the State Mort¬ 
gage Bank, the Privileged Agricultural Bank, and the Privileged 
Artisans’ Bank were also split to form independent national units in 
Serbia and Croatia while their holdings in the annexed parts were 
taken over by banks of the annexing countries. 


8 For the basic German Army of occupation decrees relating to enemy-owned enterprises, 

see appendix C—Decree of April 1041, prohibiting the disposal of their assets until further 

notice—and appendix D—the amending decree of July 1, 1041, containinng regulations con¬ 
cerning the administration of enterprises controlled or influenced by enemy citizens. 

4 The debts of the Yugoslav State were split among the succession state® according to a 
special agreement reached in Berlin in July 1042. One of the characteristics of this 
agreement was that the German share of this debt was obviously too low in view of the 
economic strength of the territory that Germany annexed. 

5 The pre-war value of the dinar was approximately two cents, United States currency. 

3 


603247—44-2 





The newly created National Bomb of Serbia is a joint stock company 
with a share capital of 100 million dinars divided into 10,000 shares, 
organized according to a decree of May 29,1941. The functions of the 
bank detailed in this decree are those usually undertaken by the banks 
of issue. 

The executive functions of the bank are in the hands of the governor 
and a vice-governor, both of whom are nominated by the Plenipoten¬ 
tiary for Economics and thus are his puppets. The present governor 
is Dr. Milan Kadosavljevich, a friend of the former pro-Nazi Prime 
Minister Stoyadinovich, who was governor between 1935 and 1939. 
He is known as an able man in his field but also a trusted friend of the 
Germans. The vice-governor, Professor Mirko Kosich, is a Yugoslav 
economist and former member of the parliament of the dictatorial 
regime and known for his pro-fascist leanings. 

But the real power in the bank of issue is in the hands of a Commis¬ 
sioner representing the Plenipotentiary General for Economics in 
Serbia. The Commissioner is Jacobus Soengen, a Director of the 
Reichsbanh. Section 4 of the Decree of May 29,1941, defines his duties 
and prerogatives as follows: 

“A Commissioner appointed by the Plenipotentiary General for 
Economics in Serbia will be attached to the Bank. He will report to 
the Plenipotentiary regularly regarding the situation of the Bank and 
the conduct of its business. 

“All important measures, in particular the granting of credits and 
the fixing of interest rates applicable to the Bank’s operations, require 
the approval of the Commissioner. The Commissioner may give a 
general authorization for particular groups of operations; he may re¬ 
voke this authorization. 

“The Commissioner is entitled to give instructions of a nature to 
further the fulfillment of the Bank’s purposes. He has the right to 
acquaint himself with all transactions of the Bank. 

“The staff, premises and business equipment required by the Com¬ 
missioner for the performance of his functions shall be placed at his 
disposal free of charge. 

“The Commissioner’s remuneration will be fixed by the Plenipoten¬ 
tiary General for Economics in Serbia and will be paid by the Bank.” 

There is no doubt that the chief function of the Serbian central bank 
at present—as in other occupied countries of Southeastern Europe— 
is to provide the Government with most of the funds necessary to 
cover the Government’s expenditures proper, in addition to supplying 
the Government with funds to cover the occupation costs. 

In a country where the tax system is based primarily on indirect 
taxes (consumption and turn-over taxes), wartime reduction in pro¬ 
duction and consumption contracts the taxation base and forces the 
Government to cover more and more of its outlays by borrowing. 
Since the primitive financial structure, small real income, and lack 
of confidence in Government bonds, preclude the issue of large Gov¬ 
ernment loans, the central bank remains, directly or indirectly, the 
chief source of public revenue. 

The above-mentioned four Government banks which are supervised 
by the Quisling Government, and indirectly by the Germans, continue 
to pursue their old functions, 6 and are, on the whole, directed by their 


a See Civil Affairs Handbook : Yugoslavia, Money and Banking, M. 355-5. 


4 




pre-invasion managers. Of course, their field of activity has been 
adjusted to the new territory. The State Mortgage Bank and the 
Postal Savings System before the war were the chief sources of credit 
for the Government and State-owned enterprises and were empowered 
to own stock of such enterprises as Silos Corporation (Public Storage 
Corporation), Yugoslav Steel Corporation, State Corporation of Silk 
Factories, and Danube Shipbuilding Corporation. The production 
facilities of these companies located in Serbia are still partly in the 
hands of the Serbian Government banks but are partly owned by the 
Germans or managed by German commissioners. 

The Privileged Artisans ’ Bamk was never of particular importance 
and is apparently continuing its old functions. 

Only the Privileged Agricultural Bank seems to have acquired 
relatively greater importance under new conditions in Serbia. It 
was established in 1929 to serve as the chief source of cheap credit for 
agriculture in Yugoslavia. The ensuing agricultural and banking 
crisis in Yugoslavia made it impossible for the bank to perform this 
task. Between 1936 and 1941, one of its chief functions was to mobi¬ 
lize and liquidate that part of the peasant debts which, according to a 
special decree of 1936, it took over from private banks. 

The bank served as a link between the agricultural cooperatives and 
the central bank and helped in crediting the current business of the 
Privileged Company for Export of Agricultural Products (Prizad). 
As it was interested in the improvement of storage facilities, it ac¬ 
quired some of the stock of the Silos Corporation. 

The chief present function of the bank is to help in financing succes¬ 
sive Agricultural Plans in Serbia. These are German-inspired plans 
of the Serbian Puppet Government designed to maintain or increase 
Serbian agricultural production and thus Serbia’s capacity to con¬ 
tribute more to the German war machine. The Serbian cooperative 
system, 7 which has been politically coordinated, has also been put into 
the service of the Agricultural Plans. The credit backing of the co¬ 
operatives by the Agricultural Bank has been increased. 

The chairman of the Board of Directors of the Agricultural Bank 
is the governor of the Serbian central bank, and one of the members 
is Vo jin Djuricich, for many years the chairman of the State Mort¬ 
gage Bank. The chairman of the Board of Supervisors is Nicholas 
Stanarevich, General Director of the Postal Savings System. The 
structure of the governing bodies of the bank would seem to indi¬ 
cate a policy of full support of the Serbian agricultural credit by the 
three leading Government banks. 

Commercial Banking 

Private banking in Yugoslavia was characterized by a large number 
(about 600 in 1941) of banks of which more than 550 were small banks 
of purely local character, about 30 of medium size, and about 20 banks 
which were large according to Yugoslav standards. The basic eco¬ 
nomic importance of large banks in Yugoslavia, whether state or 
privately owned, was their function as financiers, promoters, and often 
managers of modern large-scale enterprises. Banks have been one 


7 The present puppet government in Serbia emphasizes greatly the principles of coopera- 
tivism even going so far as to call present Serbia a “Serb Peasant Cooperative State. But 
this, at least in part, is a German-inspired line of propaganda as cooperativism is always 
represented as an antithesis to both the communism of Russia and the capitalism of the 
western Allies. 


5 




of the most important channels through which the Yugoslav economy 
was penetrated by foreign capital, which thus came to control not 
only the banks but also a large portion of industry and trade. Before 
1938 Yugoslav banking felt little German influence. Later, banking 
became one of the chief fields of German penetration, occurring pri¬ 
marily through the absorption of Austrian, Czech, and Belgian 
interests. 

Immediately upon occupation, the Germans put the whole Serbian 
banking system under moratorium, decreed measures limiting with¬ 
drawal of deposits, granting of credit, and the like, and permitted 
the opening of banks only with the prior approval of the Plenipoten¬ 
tiary General for Economics. Of the 188 private banking enterprises 
in the territory of Serbia proper in 1941: 

18 received unconditional licenses. 

25 received licenses after agreeing to increase their capital. 

75 were ordered merged. 

70 were forced into liquidation. 

In Banat, which had 54 credit institutions: 

19 received unconditional licenses. 

6 received conditional licenses. 

3 were merged. 

20 were liquidated. 

6 still were under consideration. 

These data show that the Germans carried out a strong policy of 
“coordination” toward commercial banking in Serbia and that they 
were much more lenient in Banat, where they have a large minority. 

Bamkverein A. G ., Belgrade.. The Bankverein A. G.. Belgrade is 
now the chief banking enterprise in Serbia, and it is almost totally 
German-owned. Originally this was the Belgrade branch of the 
General Yugoslav Banking Corporation which was owned by an 
international group composed of the Creditanstalt-Bankverein, 
Vienna; Societe Generale de Belgique, Brussels; Basler Handelsbank, 
Basle; and Bohemian Union Bank, Prague. After the conquest of 
Belgium, Germany acquired the Belgian share in the bank and pro¬ 
ceeded with its reorganization. The first step was to increase the 
capital from 60 million to 100 million dinars, not only to acquire full 
control of the bank but also to strengthen it financially for its new 
functions. But it was after the dismemberment of the country that 
the bank acquired its present structure, and became the financial 
spearhead of Nazi rule in Serbia. 

After the invasion the bank was split up. The Belgrade branch 
became the Bankverein A. G., Belgrade, which retained the whole 
share capital of the old bank, 100 million dinars. 8 The stock is owned 
as follows: 51 percent by the Creditanstalt-Bankverein , Vienna; 13 
percent by the Deutsche Bank , Berlin; 7 percent by the Bohemian 
Union Bank, Prague; small shares by the C ommerz-umd-Privatbank, 
Berlin; ReichskreditgeseUschaft , Berlin; and Basler Hcmdelbmk, 
Basle. Small interests may also be owned by the Hermarm Goring 
Werke and /. G. Farben, , as people connected with these two combines 


8 The former branches of the General Yugoslav Banking Corporation in Zagreb and 
Ljubljana were put into a new bank Bankverein fiir Kroatien with a share capital of 125 
million kunas. and the branch in Novi Sad was taken over bv the Hungarian branch of 
the Creditanstalt-Bankverein. 


6 




were members of the Board of Directors in 1941. Only one native 
Serb is on this board. 

The Chairman of the Board of Directors is Franz Neuhausen, the 
German economic dictator in Serbia. On the board are representa¬ 
tives of all the firms backing the bank, as well as Jacobus Soengen^ 
the Director of the Reichsbank, who serves as the German Commis¬ 
sioner in the Serbian National Bank. 

The Bankverein has taken over the Belgrade branches of the 
Croatian General Credit Bank, of the Yugoslav Union Bank, and of 
the Prague Credit Bank. 

Siidbank A. G.. Belgrade. Prior to 1943, the Dresdner Bank was 
apparently also interested in the Bankverein A. G., Belgrade, but at 
that time, with the Ldnderbank , Vienna, it organized the Siidbcmk 
A. G.s witli a share capital of 12 million dinars. This bank took over 
the business of the Belgrade branch of the Yugoslav Bank Zagreb 
(now the Croat Country Bank under the control of the Dresdner 
Bank). 

The Bankverein and the Siidbank serve as the sources of short-term 
credit and banking agents for all the big German firms doing business 
in Serbia, although the former always stresses its primary interest in 
financing the export and import business. Nevertheless, it is possible 
that because of its inheritance of the Prague Credit Bank, the Bank¬ 
verein may be engaged considerably in direct ownership of industrial 
facilities in Serbia (see chapters on industries). 

German Minority Banks 

Besides these two Serbian banks which are completely German- 
owned, there are two medium-sized and several smaller banks con¬ 
trolled by the German minority and supported by the Germans. 

One of these is the Donaubank A. G. in Zemun, which is controlled 
by Dr. Hans Moser, the mayor of that city and the leader of the local 
Volksdeutsche. The pro-Nazi Westen family (of German origin) 
which owns the steel mills in Jesenice (Slovenia) and the Bankverein 
fur Kroatien are also interested in the bank. The capital of the bank 
was increased from 20 million to 35 million dinars in 1938, showing that 
the bank was extending its business durin the pre-war German eco¬ 
nomic drive into Yugoslavia while other private banks were still suf¬ 
fering from the results of the banking crisis. Through the Westen 
family and through Dr. Milan Lazarevich, Chairman of the Board of 
Directors, this bank seems also to be in contact with the German tube 
combine of Mannesmann. 

The other, the Pancevoer V oik sbank A. G., Pancevo , which also con¬ 
trols the Vrsacer Volksbank , Vrsac, is the chief German minority bank 
in Banat. The increase of capital from 10 million to 25 million dinars 
in 1941 suggests an increase in business. One of the members of its 
Board of Directors is Eduard von Nicolai, a Viennese banker known 
for his Nazi sympathies and a beneficiary of the Nazi regime (he 
took over the Vienna banking business of Rothschild). 

Agricultural credit needs of the German minority in Banat are sup¬ 
plied primarily by the cooperative organizations. 

One of the medium-sized, but very active, Belgrade banks— Jugo- 
slavische Kreditanetalt A. G ., capital 15 million dinars—was placed 
under a commissioner, on the grounds that the bank was under non- 
Aryan influence. The majority of its stock was held by the TJngar- 


7 





ische Escompte-und Wechsler Bank , Budapest. The bank was espe¬ 
cially active in the financing of export trade, and to keep it as an inde¬ 
pendent unit under a commissioner was probably helpful in maintain¬ 
ing its old-established connections and facilities. 

With full control of these five private banks, the Germans have ac¬ 
quired a commanding position in Serbian commercial banking, and 
through them they also control a considerable portion of Serbian in¬ 
dustry. As the Germans had the power to license the banks, there 
is no doubt that the granting of a license was made under the condition 
of full collaboration. This applied also to banks totally owned by 
domestic investors. 

Insurance 

As in commercial banking, foreign interests were also extremely 
powerful in the insurance business in Yugoslavia. Of primary im¬ 
portance were the branches of the two Italian companies—the Assicura- 
zioni Generali (owning also 40 percent of the capital of Sava) and the 
Riunione Adriatica di Sicurta which also owned the Rossija-Foncier* 
The United Insurance Corporation of Belgrade belonged to certain 
Austrian and Hungarian groups under the influence of Munich 
Reinsurance Company. The Dunav Insurance Corporation was affili¬ 
ated with the Donau Fire Insurance Company of Vienna, which was 
controlled by the Magdeburg Fire Insurance Company. Several 
other Viennese companies such as Allgemeine Elemental % Inter¬ 
nationale , and Phoenix also operated in Yugoslavia (the parent firm 
of the Phoenix in Vienna crashed in 1936 and later caused the liquida¬ 
tion of the Yugoslav branch ) 

Of the French companies doing business in Yugoslavia, the most 
important were VUnion and La Nationale; of the British, the Royal 
Exchange Assurance; and of the Czech companies, the Slavia Mutual 
Insurance Company of Prague. 

In the reinsurance business, in which Yugoslavia became somewhat 
less dependent on foreign companies during the 1930’s, the most im¬ 
portant were the Munich Reinsurance Company and the Compagnie 
Francaise des Reassurances Generates. 

In the realignment process in the field of insurance after the dis¬ 
memberment of Yugoslavia, domestic companies which operated in 
more than one of the new units reorganized their business to fit into 
the new territorial units. The Italian and the German insurance con¬ 
cerns increased their influence both in Serbia and in Croatia. Their 
Zagreb and Belgrade branches became separate companies. 

The Serbian business of the Sava Corporation and the United In¬ 
surance Corporation was merged with that of the Jugoslavia Corpora¬ 
tion under the latter name and the company was put under a commis¬ 
sioner for the Plenipotentiary General for Economics. 

In Croatia the business of the British companies was taken over by 
the newly established state-owned Domovina A. G., Zagreb, and the 
business of the French companies by the Croatian branch of the 
Wiener Stadtische und Wechselseitige Versicheiungs A. G., an affiliate 
of the Munich Reinsurance Company. 


9 These holdings in insurance companies represent practically the only Italian corporate 
holdings in Serbia. 


8 




IV. MINING 

Copper 

Bor Kupferbergwerke-und Hutten A. G., Strassburg-Belgrade 
(formerly C ompagnie Frangaise des Mines de Bor , Concession Saint 
Georges).' The Bor copper mines are the chief mining prize the Ger¬ 
mans obtained in Yugoslavia. The share capital of the company is 120 
million French francs in shares of 200 francs each. 10 The company' 
was one of the most profitable mining enterprises in Europe, and its 
real value was shown in the average price of 440 Swiss francs per 
share that obtained at the Geneva stock exchange between 1931 and 
1937. 

The concession on these copper fields was originally in the hands of 
Georg Weifert, a Serbian of German origin. He sold it to the French 
who established this company in 1904. In the years preceding the 
war the majority of shares belonged to the Paris Banque Mirabaud. 
In 1939 this enterprise produced 984,000 and in 1940, 929,000 tons of 
copper ore and pyrites. The refinery, put into operation in 1938 and 
built by Krupp, had an annual capacity of 12,000 tons of electrolitic 
copper. 

After the conquest of France a German group including the Her¬ 
mann Goring Werke, the Preussische Bergwerks-und Hiltter A. G. 

(Preussag) and Mansfeld A. G., bought through the offices of Pierre 
Laval, the majority of the stock at a price of 3,500 French francs per 
share. The Herman Goring Works took over one-third of the total 
stock. The only alternative offered the French share owners was con¬ 
fiscation of property. The payment was made from the proceeds of 
the occupation costs. 

The chairman of the Board of Directors is Franz Neuhausen: the 
first vice-chairman, Rudolf Stahl of the Salzdetfurth-Konzem and 
deputy leader of the Reich Group “Industry,” the second vice- 
chairman, Heinrich Wisselmann, chairman of the Preussische Berg- 
verks-und Hutten A. G. (Preussag), Berlin, and leader of the Reich 
Group “Mining.” Other German members are Gunther Bergemann, 
Oskar Gabel, and Wilhelm Marotzke who are connected with the 
German Ministry of Economics and the Hermann Goring Works, and 
Herman Schilling of the Prussian State Bank (See Ihandlwig) which 
is the trustee for the German group. Two representatives of the 
French shareholders are still on the Board of Directors. 

The Bor mines are one of the most important sources of copper 
for the German war machine, and the Germans have, according to 
reports, greatly increased the production capacity, so that the mines 
now supply an estimated 44 percent of German copper needs. The 
labor is managed by the Organization Todt , and is largely on a com¬ 
pulsory basis. 

The increase in production required some arrangements with other 
companies, e. g., with the Serbian Weifert concern regarding in¬ 
creased production and supply of coal from its Kostolac mine. 


10 The share capital is divided into 600,000 shares of 200 francs each, of which 48,500 are 
priority shares which w^ere fully repeal and exchanged for nonvoting profit-ksharing certif¬ 
icates : 541,500 common shares A: and 10,000 common shares B. The original share 
capital amounted to 15 million francs. In 1036 it was increased to 60 million in 600,000 
shares of 100 francs each. By absorption of the surplus the share capital was increased 
in 1940 to 120 million francs and the nominal value of the shares increased automatically 
to 200 francs. 


9 




Chrome 

Chrome mines of Yugoslavia are located almost exclusively in the 
territory now occupied by Bulgaria and Albania. It is estimated that 
chrome ore production of Yugoslavia (in 1940 about 70,000 tons) 
constitutes approximately 40 percent of all German supplies. Since 
chrome is one of the most critical war materials for Germany, attempts 
were made to increase Yugoslav production and to control it fully. 
According to reports, in 1943 Yugoslavia supplied Germany with 
about 93,000 metric tons of chrome ore, of which a large percentage 
was low-grade ore. 

The Allatini Mines Ltd., the most important of the chrome-mining 
companies, was British-owned. The two other important companies, 
the Aseo Mining Go. and the Ljuboten Mining , Co., were under strong 
British influence and cooperated closely with Allatini. 

The Aseo interests w T ere taken over by the “ Chromag ” Deutsch- 
bulgarische Chromerzbergbau, A. G., Sofia-Skoplje, established in 
1941 with a capital of 10 million leva, and controlled by Krupp. 
According to newest reports Krupp has consolidated his chrome in¬ 
terests in Yugoslavia and Albania into a single holding company, 
Balkanchrom A. G. The Italian state-owned Azienda Minerali 
MetaMici Italiani which owned the Albanian chrome deposits is also 
interested in this company. Whether this company includes the 
AUatini Mines is not known, but these mines are German managed. 
The Yugo-Chrom A. G., which was established in 1940 with Krupp’s 
backing, was liquidated in 1941. Krupp now controls a large part 
or possibly the whole chrome industry. 

Lead and Zinc 

Trepca Mines Limited, London-Belgrade, is one of the most impor¬ 
tant mining enterprises of Yugoslavia. The company was established 
in 1927 and is owned by the British Selection Trust, London. Share 
capital was originally 107,500 pounds; in 1928, this was raised to 
200,000 pounds; in 1929 to 1,000,000 pounds; in 1930, to 1,125,000 
pounds, and in 1938 to 2,000,000 pounds sterling in five shillings shares. 
This extremely profitable enterprise was engaged in the production 
of lead and zinc, with pyrites and silver as byproducts. 

The Trepca Company also owns the following mines: Belxisica Mines 
Ltd ./ Novo Brdo Mines Ltd.; and Zletovo Mines Ltd. Under pressure 
from the Yugoslav State, and after securing proper tax and other con¬ 
cessions, the company established two special companies in 1938, 
charged with building modern lead and zinc smelting works—the lead 
smelter Topionica Olova A. D. (capital 60 million dinars) in Zvecan 
and the zinc smelter Topionica Cinka A. D., Sabac (capital 30 million 
dinars of which 20 million dinars were paid up by the end of 1939). 
The war has made it impossible to finish building both of these smelters 
but the lead smelter with an annual capacity of 12,000 tons has ap¬ 
parently been completed. 

The Trepca Company sold its pyrites production to the chemical 
factories in.the Danube basin connected with the Czech chemical com¬ 
bine—F erein fur chemische und metallurgische Produktion ( Aussiger 
Verein) including its Yugoslav affiliate, Zorka. Zorka engaged in the 
production of sulphuric acid, copper sulphate, and artificial fertilizers 
and had two plants, one in Subotica and a new and very modern one in 
Sabac near Belgrade. 


10 



After the outbreak of the war Trepca Mines although a British com¬ 
pany, were forced to ship part of their production to Germany. To 
enforce these deliveries, in 1940 the Yugoslav State placed this com¬ 
pany as well as the Bor Mines under state control. 

After the invasion the Germans took the company into custody, put¬ 
ting it under the management of Director Robert Diirrigl as commis¬ 
sioner with headquarters in Skoplje, responsible to the Economic 
Plenipotentiary in Serbia. 

Diirrigl is also on the Board of Directors of Bulgarische Berg- 
werksuntemehmungen A. G ., Sofia-Skoplje. This was originally a 
small French prospecting company but it was taken over by the 
Germans in 1940, and its capital increased from 300,000 to 2,000,000 
levas. It has since acquired large mining concessions in Macedonia. 11 
Through Diirrigl it may be connected with the operation of Trepcti 
Mines and possibly Allatini Mines , Ltd. (chrome). 

Information as to which German combine controls the Trepca 
Mines and the Allatini chrome mines is not available. Reports on 
this subject mention both Krupp and the Herman Goring Werke . 

Coal 

Coal is scarce in Serbia. There are only a few mines and some 
of them have been badly damaged. Inasmuch as Serbian railways 
are a vital link in the German transportation system in the Balkans, 
the Germans must have tried to maintain domestic coal production. 
However, they have had to supply all metallurgical coal as well as 
part of the coal for the railways, the latter apparently from the 
Trifail coal mines in Slovenia. It is reported that the coal mine 
Kostolac belonging to the domestic Weifert concern lias been placed 
under German operation. It serves as the chief source of coal for 
Belgrade and also for the Bor mines. 

Charbonnages d^Alexinatz S. A ., Brussels, Belgium, owns the brown 
coal mines at Alexinatz, Serbia, and belongs to the same Belgian 
and Hungarian groups as the Majdan Pek. The share capital is 
15 million Belgian francs. In both groups some sprinkling of domestic 
capital is involved, represented by the Weifert concern. 

Other Mining Corporations 

Antimon A. G ., Belgrade (share capital 24 million dinars), de¬ 
veloped through the merger, in autumn 1941, of Montania A. G. and 
Lisa Mines , both under German influence for years. The company 
owns antimony mines in Serbia and Bulgaria and a lignite mine in 
Serbia. The majority of stock is owned by the Preussag concern, 
and its affiliates, the Weyl A. G ., Berlin, and the Bleiberger Berg- 
werkmnion , Klagenfurt, Austria. The Board of Directors is headed 
by Heinrich Wisselmann of the Preussag; the other members are 
representatives of the above-mentioned companies with only one native 
representative on the Board—Dr. Danilo Gregorich—who was known 
for years as a link between the pro-German Yugoslavs and German 
authorities. 


11 It is reported that the Germans established in 1943 the Siidost Montan A. Q., Berlin, 
with a capital of RM 20 million, for the development of mineral deposits in the Yugoslav 
parts of Macedonia. No details are available. 


11 





This company also manages the antimony mine Podrinje belonging 
to the British Podrinje Consolidated Mines Ltd ., which also owns a 
smelter at Krupanj, Serbia. 

It is estimated that Serbia accounts for about 30 percent of all pres¬ 
ent German supplies of antimony. 

KrajinaA. G ., Belgrade, was established in June 1940 with a capital 
of 5,000,000 dinars by the Skoda A. G ., Belgrade, which at that time 
was already a part of the Hermann Goring Werhe. Its aim is ex¬ 
ploitation of mines, working of ores, and trade in mining products. 
It is managed by Friedrich Otto who, judging from the numerous 
positions he holds, appears to be the chief metallurgical expert for the 
Hermann Goring Werke in Serbia. 

Lece A. G ., Belgrade, is a reorganized company (known as TJstipraca 
A. G. up to 1940) which crashed in 1934 and was recapitalized in 1936 
with the help of Bor Mines (capital in 1936, 2,000,000 dinars). In 
1940, its capital was increased to 12 million dinars with the support 
of the German-controlled Bor Mines. Lece owns a lumber mill in 
Ustipraca as well as some smaller ore fields in the same region. Its 
contribution to the Bor mines is probably mine timber. 

Rudna Glawa A. G ., Belgrade, is also a German-sponsored mining 
enterprise established in August 1939, first with a capital of two million 
dinars, increased to four million dinars in 1940. 

Balkan-Metall A. G ., Belgrade, was established in February 1942 
with a share capital of 1.5 million dinars by the Preussag concern and 
engages in the management of mines and the smelting of ore. This 
is apparently a typical management corporation. 

Asbestminengesellschaft Sudost A. G., Belgrade, was established in 
July 1940 with a capital of only 1.5 million dinars. After the dismem¬ 
berment of Yugoslavia, the company was reorganized in June 1941 
and its share capital increased to 25 million dinars. Most of the 
company’s capital is owned by German cement interests, apparently 
under the leadership of the Deutsche Asbestzement A. G ., Berlin. 

Kupferminen von Majdan-Pek A. G ., Liege, Belgium, is a copper, 
pyrites, and iron ore mining company established originally in 1905 
by Belgian interests. Since 1927, the share capital has been 10 mil¬ 
lion Belgian francs. Until the invasion the company seems to have 
been owned mostly by Belgian and Hungarian interests, although 
Frenph and British groups have had a small interest in the company 
through Sartid. The company owns some good pyrites and iron 
ore deposits which have been used since 1937 by Sartid, which built a 
blast furnace in Majdan Pek. 

This company has also been placed under German management and 
is operated as a unit with Sartid. The general manager of Sartid, 
Othmar Henn, is also the German commissioner at Majdan Pek. 

V. HEAVY INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTING TO THE GERMAN WAR 

ECONOMY 


Steel and Metal Works 

Serbische Berg—und Hiittenmdustrie A. G. (Sartid), Belgrade, is a 

company operating a leased blast furnace at Majdan-Pek, and a steel 
furnace, machinery plant and shipyard at Smederovo, near Belgrade. 
It was one of the most important metallurgical enterprises in Yugo¬ 
slavia, and was partly engaged in armaments production. Up to 1931, 

12 



the Austrian. Creditanstalt had an important interest in the firm, but 
it sold to British and French' interests. It had a capital of 45 million 
dinars, with widely distributed ownership (Vickers, possibly Schnei- 
der-Creusot, and Skoda, and the domestic firms: Yugoslav Union 
Bank, Transportation Bank, and the Weifert concern among others). 
In 1936 it made arrangements for a T-year bonded credit of 6 million 
dinars (repayment began in 1939) in machinery with a London firm 
for the extension of its rolling mills. 

According to the German sources, about 35,000 out of the total of 
45,000 shares are now in the hands of Cisatlantic Corporation, New 
York. This transfer apparently took place for precautionary reasons 
shortly before the war or before the French collapse. The remaining 
10,000 shares were presumably owned by the domestic interests, who 
were not able to transfer their shares abroad. 

Immediately after the invasion, a German commissioner was put 
in charge of the enterprise for the Economic Plenipotentiary. In 
June 1942 the management was shifted to the Eisen-und Huttenwerke 
A. G ., Cologne, whose representative, Josef Kleif, runs the enterprise 
as commissioner. 

It is probable that the Germans have bought all or part of the do¬ 
mestically owned shares of the company as it was under the influence 
of the enemy nationals and thus the shares had to be reported. 

“ Osvit ” A. G ., Industrie fur Metallwaren , chemische and pyrotech- 
nische Produkte , Belgrade, capital 2 million dinars, is under a com¬ 
missioner for the Economic Plenipotentiary. 

Belgrade Maschinenfabrik und Eisenkostruktions A. G., Belgrade, 
is another factory belonging formerly to the Prague Credit Bank and 
now presumably to the Hermarm Goring Werke. 

Aircraft 

Motoren—Industrie A. G., Belgrade, with a capital of 60 million 
dinars since 1939, was established with French participation in 1928, 
but the French interests were sold to the Yugoslav state and some 
domestic groups. The company has a factory in Rakovica near Bel¬ 
grade producing parts of airplane motors under foreign licenses, had 
an assembly plant for airplanes, and later also started to produce 
automobiles, or trucks, but on small scale and under foreign license. 
The Germans have continued to operate the plant and have seemingly 
acquired the property as it was largely state-owned. 

Erste Serbische Flugzeugfabrik Z. $., Rogozarski A. G., Belgrade 
(capital, 6 million dinars), engaged in assembly and repair of airplanes 
and airplane motors. The majority of stock was owned by the Gen¬ 
eral Trade Bank of Belgrade which in March 1942 merged into the 
Belgrade Commercial Bank (capital 30 million dinars). As an arma¬ 
ment-producing company Rogozarski was under the control of the 
state. The capacity of the plant working now for the Germans has 
been, reported, considerably increased. 

Flugzeugfabrik “Utva” A. G., Belgrade, was established in April 
1940 with the help of the State Mortgage Bank, several other Belgrade 
banks, and under participation of the Belgrade branch of the Prague 
Credit Bank. The metallurgical interests of this bank in Yugoslavia 
have apparently been taken over by Hermann Goring Werke and other 
interests by the Deutsche Bank through the Bankverein. The cap¬ 
ital of Utva is 12 million dinars. The plant was located in Pancevo 

13 



and engaged not only in the assembly and repair of airplanes, but also 
in the production and repair of automobile motors, tractors, and 
various other machinery (including agricultural machinery), and 
tools. 

Armaments 

“Nestor” A. G., Fabrik fur Prezisionsmechanik A. G., Belgrade, (capi¬ 
tal 1,200,000 dinars) has a plant in Belgrade which produces precision 
instruments, including machine guns for airplanes. It is managed by 
a commissioner for the Economic Plenipotentiary. 

“Vistad” Valjevoer Industrie Ing. Sfankovich A. G., Belgrade, prior to 
1942 had an armaments and ammunition factory at Visegrad on the 
border between Serbia and Bosnia. In 1942, the factory was shipped 
to Valjevo in Serbia. It is now, reportedly, engaged in the production 
of agricultural machinery as well as in the production of armaments. 
It was established in 1935 under participation of Skoda with a capital 
of five million dinars increased in 1937 to 20 million dinars. 

The majority of shares belongs now through the concern Waffen- 
Union Skoda-Brunn , Berlin, to the Hermann Goring Werke. Chair¬ 
man of the Board of Directors is Dr. Wilhelm Voss, of the Hermann 
Goring Werke. Among the domestic interests represented in this 
company is also the Savcich concern. 

Skoda A. G., Belgrade, was established by the Czech Skoda combine 
in 1932 as its sales agent with a capital of 1 million dinars. In 1939, 
it was taken over by the Hermamn Goring Werke , and in 1942 its capital 
was increased to 10 million dinars. It serves now not only as a sales 
agency but perhaps primarily as a holding company, participations 
amounting to over four million dinars. Part of the trading opera¬ 
tions are carried on by its special trading subsidiary Omnipol A. G. 
The chairman of the Board of Directors is Dr. Wilhelm Voss of the 
Hermann Goring Werke and the general manager is Friedrich Ott. 

Railroad Rolling Stock 

Krusevac A. G., Belgrade, established in 1939 by the Savcich concern 
(Transportation Bank) with a capital of 5 million dinars, owns a rail¬ 
road car factory in Krusevac. The plan of the company was to de¬ 
velop a whole line of iron and steel products. It cooperates with the 
Germans, and they have a property interest in the company as the 
German commissioner in Jasenica A. G ., is a member of the Board of 
Directors of this company. The German group interested in this com¬ 
pany is presumably Hermann Goring Werke. 

Jasenica A. G., Belgrade (capital 25 million dinars), owned a plant 
in Smederevo Palanka for the production and repair of railroad roll¬ 
ing stock, primarily cars. It was owned up to January 1940 by the 
French concern Societe Lorraine des ancient Establissments de Die- 
trick et Cie , Luneville. At that time it may have been taken over by 
the Yugoslav state or some domestic group. Since the occupation it 
has been in custody of the Economic Plenipotentiary and presumably 
operated as part of Hermann Goring Werke in Serbia. 

Shipbuilding 

Donau Schiffswerft A. G., Belgrade, is a Danube shipbuilding com¬ 
pany that was established in May 1940 by the State Mortgage Bank 
(owning about 30 percent of shares) : Belgrade branch of the Prague 
Credit Bank; the Skoda A. G., of Belgrade; and the Omnipol A. G. 

14 



(Skoda’s trading corporation,), of Belgrade. The company is now 
dominated by the Hermann Goring Werke. It has a capital of 25 
million dinar, but until the end of 1941 only 7.5 million were paid up. 
The company has a 20-year monopoly of shipbuilding in the Yugo¬ 
slav part of the Danube and its tributaries and a state guarantee for 
the following 25 years of a minimum 10 per cent customs duty on 
imported ships. 

This is one of the few companies in Serbia in which a German com¬ 
bine shares ownership with the Quisling state. (One of the other 
important examples is co-ownership in the state silk factories.) 

The chairman of the Board of Directors of this company is Franz 
Neuhausen. The general manager of the State Mortgage Bank is vice- 
chairman, and the other members are Hermann Goring combine men. 
Friedrich Ott is the general manager. 

The most important Serbian shipping company on the Danube was 
the Serbische I)ampfschiff ahrtsgeseUschaft with a capital of 20 million 
dinars, the majority of which was in the hands of the state. Because 
of state-ownership, it is assumed that its ships and its shipbuilding 
facilities at Cukarica near Belgrade were taken over by the Germans 
and integrated into the greatly extended Danube shipping business, 
which is largely under the control of the Hermann Goring Werke. A 
small private shipping company, Labud A. G., is also, apparently, 
controlled by the German transportation concern, Schenker <& Co. 

Petroleum end Ter Industry 

Belgrader Asphalt—und Teerproduktenfabrif A. G., Belgrade, capi¬ 
tal 1 million dinars, owns a factory for the production of asphalt 
and is engaged in road repair work: now under German management. 

Panonija Petroleum A. G., Belgrade, was established in 1938 with a 
capital of 6 million dinars in which the Yugoslav state had a 25-percent 
participation. It had a general concession on oil prospecting and 
the working of wells. In 1939, the “Geverkschaft Elwerath ”•— 
Erdolwerke , Hanover, obtained from the “Panonija” the concession 
rights in the territory of Croatia, which, by the way, possesses the 
only known oil and gas fields in Yugoslavia (Mur Island and Golio 
District), so that this Serbian company must be of little importance. 12 

Serbische Shell A. G., Belgrade, apparently maintains the Serbian 
facilities of the former Yugoslav Shell Oil Corporation. The new 
company with a capital of 5 million dinars was organized in March 
1942. 

All of the directors of the company are Germans, among them, 
Dr. Ekhart von Klass, one of the key men in the German natural and 
synthetic oil industry (Benzin-Verband Ruhr, Bochum; Benzol 
Verband, Bochum, etc.) and the deputy leader of the Reich Group 
“Oil Industry” (Kraftstoffindustrie). 

Mineraloelraffinerie Smederevo A. G., Belgrade, was established in 
1942 with a capital of 20 million dinars and took over the already 
existing oil refinery of the Sumadia Credit Bank in Smederevo, which 
was later enlarged. The bank received 25 per cent of the shares. The 
remaining 75 per cent is owned by Petrol A. G ., Belgrade (German 
controlled, see section on “Trade”), “ Aypollo ” oil refinery, Bratislava, 
Slovakia, on which A. G. Dynamit Nobel , Bratislava, and thus the 
I. G. Farben is interested. That I. G. Farben is interested in the 


12 For the monopoly of imports and trade of kerosene, see the chapter on “Trade.” 


15 



Smederevo oil refinery is shown also by the presence on its Board of 
Directors of Dragan Tomljenovich, for many years the chief I. G. 
Farben representative in Yugoslavia. 

Chemicals 

“lorka” chemische Industrie, A. G., Belgrade, had a capital of 15 
million dinars until 1939 when it was increased to 25 million. Zorka 
is the most important Yugoslav chemical enterprise, having an annual 
capacity of about 100,000 tons of superphosphate,, and 30,000 tons of 
copper sulphate, among other products. The company owned first a 
chemical factory in Subotica (taken over at the end of 1941 by the 
“Hungaria” A. G., Budapest). In 1937 it built a large chemical fac¬ 
tory in Sabac, Serbia, where in 1938 the Trepca Mines began the 
construction of its zinc smelter (Topionica Cinka A. G.), so that the 
Zorka may utilize pyrites and other byproducts of this smelter. 

The majority of Zorka shares is in the hands of the important 
Czech chemical combine— Verein fur chemische u/rui metallu/rgische 
Produktion y (Aussiger Verein) Prague—Aussig, which for decades 
has been in close contact with the Belgian Solvay combine (in which 
reportedly Hermann Goring Werke now has an interest) and seems 
to have escaped ownership control by the Germans. Of course, it 
had for years a number of cartel agreements for various products with 
the I. G. Farben. From the composition of the Board of Directors 
since 1941 it would appear that Zorka is now in close contact with the 
Deutsche Solvay Werke A. G., the German potash producers, and the 
Belgrade Bankverein , although it is maintained that the large ma¬ 
jority of the stock is still in the Czech hands. 

Zorka was a leading member in almost all Yugoslav cartels for 
chemical products and was thus bound through cartel agreements to 
Czech, German, and Hungarian firms. 

The chairman of the Board of Directors of the Zorka is Dr. Bernhard 
Adolf, now chairman of the Aussiger Verein , and vice-chairman Dr. 
Adolf von Clemm, of the Deutsche Solvay Werke A. G ., Bernburg, and 
of the German potash syndicate. Zorka had at the same time some 
other interests in Yugoslavia, e. g., in “ Danica ” A. G ., for the produc¬ 
tion of artificial fertilizers in Koprivaica, Croatia, which was put out 
of work in 1937. The “ Jugokolor ” A. G ., in Belgrade, is a trading 
company for chemicals and metal products serving Zorka. 13 

Odol Compagnie A. G., Belgrade, producing tooth paste and mouth: 
water, increased its capital from 1 million dinars to 3.5 million dinars 
at the beginning of March 1941 and to 5 million dinars at the end of 
the same month. It belongs to the concern: Lingner-Werke A. G. r 
Dresden. It has probably changed over during the war to the produc¬ 
tion of war materials. 

Reichhold, Hugger & Bocking A. G., Belgrade, a subsidiary of the 
Yienese firm of the same name, was established in 1930 and increased 
its capital in June 1942 from 1.2 to 3 million dinars. In its factory 
in the neighborhood of Belgrade it produces paints and varnishes. 


P er cent of the share capital in the Croatian state-con¬ 
trolled company Chemsche Fabnken A. G., Zagreb, which plans to build proper facilities 
and supply the same products to Croatia as Zorka supplies to Serbia. (See Information 
Guide, German Penetration of Corporate Holdings in Croatia, section on ‘‘Chemicals”) 


16 



VI. OTHER INDUSTRY 


Cement and Building 

“Ograd” allgemeine Bau A. G., fur offentliche Arbeiten in Belgrade, 
is in close contact with and partly owned by German interests. It 
engages in executing building contracts for the Serbian state. 

There is no direct evidence of German ownership in the two Serbian 
cement factories—the Franzosisch-serbische Zement-und Kohlen- 
Industrie A. G ., Popovac, which is owned by French groups close 
to the Banque Franco-Serbe in Belgrade and some domestic interests, 
and the Raljaer Zement fabrik A. G ., Ralja, near Belgrade, which is 
owned by domestic interests. As cement is an essential war material, 
it must be presumed that the collaboration of these companies has 
been assured by other means. 

Glass 

The Serbische Glasfabrik A. G., at Paracin is controlled by the 
Slovenian family Abel, of German origin, which owns several glass 
factories in German-annexed parts of Slovenia and in Croatia. This 
company has a capital of only 5 million dinars in which Reich Ger¬ 
mans appear to own shares as well as the Abel family. 

The modern and more important Erste mechanische Fensterglas¬ 
fabrik A. G ., in Pancevo, Banat, which was established in 1930 by 
the French and Czech interests (capital 27 million dinars) and which 
supplied all the needs of window glass of Yugoslavia and several other 
glass products, is now almost fully owned by the German glass inter¬ 
ests ( Gorhart G. m. b. II., Fabrik fur feurfeste Erzeugnisse , Aachen, 
and the Deutsche Tafelglas A. G. (Detag), Fiirth, Bavaria. 

Foodstuffs 

Certain branches of the Yugoslav foodstuffs industry, particularly 
where large fixed capital was involved, as in sugar production, were 
owned largely by foreign investors before the war. Also, in the 
sugar industry, the state owned a considerable part. Through the 
acquisition of the state-owned factory in Cukarica, near Belgrade, 
and penetration of foreign-owned factories, the Germans are in a 
controlling position in this industry. 

The Serbisch-bohmische Zuckerfabrik und Raffinerie A. G., Cuprija, 
capital 30 million dinars, was controlled by the Prague Credit Bank 
of Belgrade, which w 7 as absorbed by the Bankverein A. G., the Bel¬ 
grade affiliate of the Deutsche Bank. On the Board of Directors of 
this company is among others also Ernst Preissner, one of the im¬ 
portant German key technicians in the exploitation of Serbia. 

Grossbetschkereker Zuckerfabriks-Aktiengesellschaft, Veliki Beck- 
erek (Banat), is another sugar company in which German capital 
has entered in recent years. The majority of the stock was in the 
hands of the Ungarische Escompte-und Wechslerbcmk, Budapest, 
which in 1935 sold a considerable portion of this stock to the Schweizer- 
ische Kreditanstalt , Zurich. 

The 1941 Board of Directors was composed in part of the repre¬ 
sentatives of the Hungarian and the Swiss interests; other members 
were Eduard v. Nicolai, the important Vienna Nazi banker, and his 
German associate, August von Finck, of the banking house Merck, 
Finck & Co., Munich. The Swiss share is apparently still intact, 

17 


so it is assumed that the Germans have acquired part of the formerly 
Hugarian-owned stock. 

Bierbrauerei, Malz-und Presshefefabrik, M. J. Kosovljcinin A. G., 

Jogadina, has a brewery, malt, and yeast factory in Jagodina and 11 
ice factories in various cities of Serbia. Its capacity is 100,000 hecto¬ 
liters of beer, 300 tons of yeast, and 1,500 tons of malt annually. The 
company is controlled by the Deutsche Bank through the absorption 
of the Belgrade branch of the Prague Credit Bank by the Bankverein. 

A. G. fur Maisvercarbeitung, Pancevo, has a share capital of 10.2 
million dinars and owns a factory in Jabuka near Belgrade for the 
production of corn syrup and related products. This was originally 
an American establishment, but is now under the control of the Ger¬ 
man concern Deutsche Maizena Werke A. G., Hamburg. 

Erste Bcmater Oelfabrik, A. G., Vel. Beckerek (formerly Oelfabrik 
Beograd , A. G., Belgrade) owns facilities for the production of edible 
and technical oils in Veliki Beckerek. Presumably it was reorganized 
through “aryanization” and is now under a commissioner for the Eco¬ 
nomic Plenipotentiary. 

Oilseeds and Plant Fibres 

Uljarica A. G.—6lsaatenanbau-und Agrarprodukten-Vertriebsge- 
sellschaft, Belgrade, is an important corporation directing German 
plans to increase the oilseeds and plant fibres production of Yugo¬ 
slavia. It was established in 1935 with a capital of one million dinars 
that was increased to 5 million in 1937, and to 10 million in 1940. The 
company itself specializes in the production of hemp and flax, and in 
the trade of hemp, flax, grains, oilseeds, fruits, and medicinal plants. 
Chairman of its Board of Directors is Hans Brudna (the chief Ger¬ 
man agent managing the agricultural exploitation of Serbia, holding 
several key positions), and among other important members are Dr. 
Johannes Loest, of the Deutsche Zentralgenossenschaftskasse , and of 
the Gesellschaft fur Getreidehandel A. G ., Berlin , and J. A. Stein- 
hardt of the Sperling Getreide A. G ., Berlin. 

For special lines of production and to comply with the political 
changes in the country, the company developed into a holding com¬ 
pany for several other enterprises. It owns all of the “UljorodZ* Ser- 
bische Olsaatenanbau A. G., Belgrade (capital one million dinars) ; 50 
percent in the u Uljoplod ” Kroatische Olsaatenanbau A. G ., Ruma 
(capital 1 million kunas), operating soya growing fields around Brcko 
and Samac in Bosnia; all of the “ Bcmater TJljarica ” A. G ., Pancevo 
(capital 1 million dinars); and 50 percent in the “ Oleumd 5 Bcmater 
Olsaatenanbau A. G ., Pancevo. 

The Uljarica concern is the Yugoslav link in a whole chain of oil¬ 
seeds and plant fibres producing and working companies that the 
Germans developed in Southeastern Europe (Boumania, Bulgaria, 
Hungary). The original survey of growing conditions of oil seeds 
was begun first by the I. G. Farben in 1934 in Boumania. Over a 
period of several years prior to the war, I. G. Farben and the Bou- 
manian Government had agreements on compensation of oilseeds for 
chemicals. But it seems that the I. G. Farben did not remain perma¬ 
nently in the field. 

To increase and maintain oilseeds production, the governments of 
the states named above decreed fixed prices and delivery quotas for 
oilseeds. In some states they were to be delivered to government 

18 




agencies which then sold the goods to German firms. The increase in 
oilseeds production in Southeastern Europe was one of the outstand¬ 
ing cases of agricultural reorientation under German pressure. But 
as this production is relatively costly, the problem will arise what to 
do with it after the war. 

Textiles and Leather 

In pre-war years Serbia had a well-developed textile industry cen¬ 
tering in Belgrade, Paracin, and Leskovac. The industry was based 
on imported raw materials (raw cotton and wool, and cotton and wool 
thread), the traditional sources of which were cut off by blockade. 
It is reported that a part of the Serbian textile industry works at 
intervals, presumably only on German orders for military purposes. 
This, of course, could be done only with German-supplied raw mate¬ 
rials, as the greatly reduced domestic wool production would keep 
the industry busy only for a few weeks, if that long. 

The domestic production of wool, although greatly reduced, and 
the increased production of flax and hemp is surely used up by the 
Germans, especially flax and hemp. As noted earlier, the German- 
sponsored company Uljarico has been active in this very field. 

Because of the lack of timber reserves, no attempt was made in 
Serbia proper to develop cellulose production as the basis of produc¬ 
tion of artificial fibres, but some attempts in that direction were made 
in Croatia. 

Whether through “aryanization,” or by taking of enemy-owned es¬ 
tablishments into custody, or simply through military command, 
several Serbian textile plants have been placed under hjs commis¬ 
sioners by the Economic Plenipotentiary. Among those are: Bel- 
grader Teostilwerke A. G., Belgrade; “ Moravija ” Strick-vmd Wirk- 
warenfabrik A. G., Belgrade; etc. 

The Germans thought it advisable to secure and increase in Yugo¬ 
slavia the production of natural silk. For purposes of agricultural 
subsidization and to reduce the dependence on imports (saving ex¬ 
change), Yugoslavia pushed the production of natural silk before the 
war. The technical facilities for silk production were state-owned and 
were consolidated in 1939 into a state-owned corporation under the 
name of Privilegierte Aktiengesellschaft der staalichen Seidenfab- 
riken. The capital of the company was 30 million dinars, of which 
the state owned half, and the State Mortgage Bank, the Postal Savings 
System, and the Privileged Agricultural Bank owned equal shares of 
the other half. 

After the invasion, a German textile concern, the Mitteldeutsche 
Spinnhiitte G. m. b. H.< Celle, Hannover, bought for four million 
dinars the state-owned silk-producing facilities situated in Banat. 
But the money received had to be used by the Serbian government for 
the construction of another silk factory in Jagodina, in Serbia proper, 
and the Mitteldeutsche Spinnhiitte delivered the machinery for this 
factory. The German concern owns now 49 percent of the shares of 
the Serbian state silk corporation. 

The most important leather-producing plant in Serbia, the Leder- 
fabrik A. G ., Nis, has been put under a German commissioner. 


19 


VII. TRADE 


German-owned companies control almost all export and import 
business in Serbia, as well as a large portion of internal trade. Besides, 
internal trade is strictly controlled by the Puppet Government and 
thus indirectly by the German Economic Plenipotentiary. 

A list of these German and German-controlled firms, with the indica¬ 
tion of the year of their establishment, the share capital, and nature 
of their business is given in appendix E. These firms are usually 
branches of important German industrial combines and trading firms, 
although several of these represent a considerable number of firms. 

Of special interest are two particular firms, the TJljarica A. G., al¬ 
ready mentioned, and the Petrol A. G. This is a German firm, which 
has obtained the monopoly of imports and internal trade of kerosene, 
a monopoly article of the Serbian Government. As the Germans also 
control the Serbische Shell A. G., and the oil refinery in Smederevo, 
they are in absolute control of imports and distribution of liquid fuels 
in Serbia. 

Another factor important in the trade and exports of agricultural 
articles, especially in Banat, are German minority cooperatives. 

The Germans have taken over and manage the State-owned trading 
companies. Under the existing rules regarding crop collection in 
Serbia, government trading companies are pure monopolists for sev¬ 
eral agricultural articles. 

Serbische Agrarprodukfen A. G., Belgrade (formerly Privileged 
State Company for Export of Agricultural Products-“Prizad” and 
established originally in 1931) is the most important state trading 
company. Up to 1941, it had the monopoly of grain exports from 
Yugoslavia. Its capital is 50 million dinars in 50,000 shares of 
which 49,500 are owned by the state. This company executes a part 
of the German program of collecting and exporting of agricultural 
articles in Serbia (such as grains, oil seeds, fruits, plant fibres, and 
wool). It is now managed by a German commissioner, Hans Brudna, 
in the name of the Economic Plenipotentiary. This company owns a 
part interest in the Silos A. G. 

Privilegierte Silos Aktiengesellschaft, Belgrade, has a capital of 220 
million dinars in 220,000 shares of which 60,000 were in the hands of 
the state, 40,000 each in the hands of the State Mortgage Bank, Postal 
Savings System, and the Privileged Agrarian Bank, and 20,000 in the 
hands of the above-mentioned “Prizad.” The aim of the company was 
to build and manage a series of warehouses primarily for grains, as 
well as the granting of credit on the basis of stored commodities. 
According to German sources the company has built 23 grain storage 
units and four meat-cooling plants. 

As the company was owned either by the government itself or by 
government banks and agencies, and as its facilities are of basic im¬ 
portance for the German supply operations, the German Economic 
Plenipotentiary has taken the company into his custody and put it 
under a commissioner. 


20 




Appendix A 


CORPORATIONS CONTROLLED BY COMMISSIONERS REPRE¬ 
SENTING THE PLENIPOTENTIARY GENERAL 


Central Bank -Serbian National Bank 

Commercial Banks -Jugoslavische Kreditanstalt 

Diskont-Handelsbank 

Insurance -Jugoslavia 

Mining --Trepca Mines, Ltd. 

Podrinje Consolidated Mines, Ltd. 
Majdan Pek 

Machinery -Sartid 

Jasenica 

Nestor 

Osvit 

Textiles —--Belgrader Textilwerke 

Moravija 

Leather -Lederfabrik, Nis 

Bata 

Trading -Serbische Agrarprodukten A. G. 

Food -Erste Banater Oelfabrik 

Storage -Silos A. G. 


Appendix B 

CHIEF GERMAN ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL EXPERTS 

IN SERBIA 


Name Position Occupied 

Franz Neuliausen_Plenipotentiary General for Economics; Chair¬ 

man, Board of Directors: Bankverein ; Bor; 
Donau-Schiffswerft. 

Dr. Karl Geiniind_Chief Economic Advisor to the Plenipotentiary 

General; Member of the Board of Directors: 
Donau-Schiffswerft; Krajina; Lece; Rohstoff. 

Jacobus Soengen_Commissioner: Serbian National Bank; Member 

of the Board of Directors: Bankverein. 

Georg Saal_ Manager : Bankverein ; Member of the Board of 

Directors: Skoda; Dynamit Nobel; Zorka; 
Uljorod: Continental Guma ; Rudna Glava. 

Friedrich Ott_Manager: Skoda; Krajina; Donau-Schiffswerft; 

Member of the Board of Directors: Vistad. 

Robert Diirrigl_:_Commissioner: Trepca ; possibly also managing 

part of the chrome mines in Macedonia. 

Josef Kleff_Commissioner: Sartid 

Othmar Henn_ Manager: Sartid ; Commissioner: Majdan Pek 

Karl Busse_ Commissioner: Jasenica; Member of the Board 

of Directors: Krusevac. 

Ernst Preissner-Manager: Antimon; Member of the Board of 

Directors: Brewery Kosovljanin; Zuckerfa- 
brik, Cuprija. 

Wilhelm Ross_Chairman of the Board of Directors: Zucker- 

fabrik, Cuprija ; Member of the Board of Direc¬ 
tors : Donau-Schiffswerft; Utva; Brewery 
Kosovljanin; Belgrader Maschinenfabrik. 

Dr. Otto Kampf_ Manager: Petrol; Mineralolraffinerie Smede- 

revo. 

21 
























Position Occupied 

Commissioner: Serbische Agrarprodukten A. G.; 
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Man¬ 
ager : Uljarica; Chairman of the Board of Di¬ 
rectors: Uljorod. 

Commissioner: Silos 

Member of the Board of Directors: Bankverein ; 
Anilin; Dynamit Nobel; Mineralolraffinerie 
Smederevo. 

Appendix C 

DECREE 

Concerning Enemy Assets in the Occupied Territory. 

Pursuant to the authority vested in me by the Commander in Chief 
of the Army, I hereby decree the following: 

Section 1 

1. Concerning enemy assets in the occupied area of citizens of the 
following countries: 

(i a ) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with its over¬ 
seas possessions, colonies, protectorates and mandates as 
well as the Dominion of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, 
and the Union of South Africa; 

(b) France, including its possessions, colonies, protectorates, and 

mandated territories; 

( c) The Kingdom of Norway; 

( d ) The Kingdom of the Netherlands, including the Netherlands 

Indies, Surinam, and Curacao; 

( e ) The Kingdom of Belgium together with the Belgian Congo 

and mandated territory of Ruanda-Urundi; 

(/) The Grand Duchy of Luxemburg; 

( g) Egypt; 

(h) Sudan (North Africa) ; 

(i) Iraq; 

as well as of persons who maintain their legal residence or are domi¬ 
ciled in the “occupied territories.” They cannot dispose of their as¬ 
sets untid further notice. Only involuntary transfers of property ef¬ 
fected pursuant to confiscatory measures (foreclosures, or temporary 
sequestration) are recognized. 

2. Confiscatory, food-provisioning, consumption, forestry decrees 
now in effect, which form the basis for disposals of assets, together 
with interpretative or administrative regulations pertaining thereto, 
will not be altered in any way or rescinded by the issuance of this 
decree. 

3. The regulations in paragraph 1 relating to the disposal of prop¬ 
erty in the occupied territories does not apply to: 

(a) Transfers (disposals) effected during the course of and in¬ 

cidental to business, real estate or household management. 

(b) Disposals made by a trustee, operator, administrator or re¬ 

ceiver duly appointed by the German authorities. 

4. Furthermore, these regulations relating to transfer of property 
in occupied territories do not apply to transfers made by a person who 

22 


Name 

Hans Brudna. 


Richard Harting- 

Dragan Tomljenovich. 





has the right of disposal, and has his legal residence or domicile in the 
occupied area of the country of which he is a citizen, where the trans¬ 
fer is made to, or in favor of, a person who is a resident of the occupied 
territory. 

5. Transfers effected between May 10, 1940, and the effective date 
of this decree are not valid until further notice. 

Paragraphs 2, 3, and 4 are subject to the same interpretation. 

Section 2 

All of the foregoing applies to associations, societies, enterprises, 
and undertakings as well as to the enemy states and their possessions 
(Gebietkoerperschaften) and public officials. 

Section 3 

The designated German authorities have the power to make excep¬ 
tions to the terms of this decree. They may also issue supplementary 
regulations. 

Section 4 

This decree is effective as of the date of its issuance, April 1941. 

Commander in Chief 
of the Occupation Forces. 

[Verordnwngsblatt des Militarbefehlshabers in Serbien (1941), 
No. 3.] 

Basically the same treatment was decreed for American-owned 
property by the Ordinance of the Military Commander in Serbia of 
October 18,1941, VB1, No. 22 (1941). 

Appendix D 

DECREE (EXCERPTS) 

Amending the Decree relating to Enemy Property in the Occupied t 
Territories {Enemy Property Decree ) 

Pursuant to article 3 of the Decree relating to Enemy Property in 
the Occupied Territories (Decree Journal for the Occupied Yugoslav 
Territory, No. 3, p. 34), I hereby decree: 

THE ADMINISTRATION OF ENTERPRISES 

Article 9 

PROVISIONS 

In the case of juridical entities, corporations, associations, foun¬ 
dations and other holding companies and individual firms which have 
their office or a branch office in the territory under the Commander in 
Serbia, an administrator can be appointed for the safeguarding of 
the property when the enterprise is directly or indirectly under suffi- 


23 



cient enemy influence. Whether an enterprise is under sufficient 
enemy influence is to be decided in cases of doubt by the Commis¬ 
sioner General for Commerce in Serbia. 

The cost of the administration is to be borne by the enterprise 
concerned. 

Article 10 

PROCEDURE 

The administrator is appointed by the Commissioner General for 
Commerce in Serbia. 

Article 11 

THE OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR 

(1) Provided no other limitations have been established at the time 
of his appointment, the administrator is authorized to effect all busi¬ 
ness and administrative transactions, in and out of court, which the 
administration of such an enterprise entails. During such adminis¬ 
tration, the competence of the directors or other representatives to 
act for the enterprise remains in abeyance; the same applies to the 
other executive bodies (organs). 

(2) If the enterprise is registered in the commercial register, the 
appointment of the administrator must be officially recorded free of 
charge. 

Article 12 


DUTY OF CAREFUL ADMINISTRATION 

(1) The administrator must exercise the degree of care applied by 
a good administrator in the execution of his duties. 

(2) The administrator is under the supervision of the Commis¬ 
sioner General for Commerce in Serbia. 

Article 13 

COMPENSATION 

The administrator has the right to reimbursement for cash outlays 
and to suitable compensation for his services. The amount shall be 
established by the Commissioner General for Commerce in Serbia. 

Article 14 


THE RECALLING OF THE ADMINISTRATION 

The Commissioner General for Commerce in Serbia can terminate 
the administration at any time and recall the appointment of the ad¬ 
ministrator. If the enterprise is registered in the commercial register, 
ofcharge ° f ^ admmistrator must be recorded in that register free 


24 


Article 15 


REAL ESTATE AND OTHER PROPERTY ASSETS 


The regulatory provisions of this decree apply also to real estate 
and other property. 


Article 16 


July 1 , 1941. 


For the Commanding Military Officer 
in JSenhia. 

Plenipotentiary General for Economics 
in Serbia. 


[Verordnungsblatt des Militarbefehlsh&bers in Serbien, (1941) 
No. 22] 


Appendix E 

IMPORTANT GERMAN TRADING FIRMS OPERATING 

IN SERBIA 


Name 

Year of 
estab¬ 
lish¬ 
ment 

Share 

capital 

in 

dinars 

Representing 

Qebr. Bdhler & Co. A. G_. 

1941 

1,000,000 

Gebr. Bohlcr & Co.. A. G. 

“Dunav” A. G_ 

1939 

3,000,000 

Vienna. 

General agent for German 

Ferrowolff A. G_ _ 

1940 

3, 500,000 
500,000 

firms. 

Otto Wolff, Cologne.- 

Industrie — und Handels 

Alpine—Montanbetriebe 

A. G. 

Mannesmannrohren - und 

1928 

12, 000,000 

“Hermann Goring.” 
Mannessmann Werke, Diis- 

Eisen A. G. 

"Olympia” A. G.. 

1938 

2,000,000 
1,000,000 

10,000,000 

seldorf. 

A. E. G., Berlin- . 

Poldicelik A. G_. 

Poldihiitte — H. Goring 
Works. 

Skoda—H. Goring Works... 

Skoda A. G_ 

1932 

Omnipol A. G_ 

1940 

2. 000,000 
500,000 

. do. _ _ . . 

Balkan-Kohlen A. G_ 

1939 

Haniel & Cie., Duisburg- 

Petrol A. G___ 

1941 

5,000, 000 

Ruhrort. 

“Gewerkschaft Elwerath”- 

A. G. Zum Vertrieb von 

1939 

1, 000,000 

Erdolwerke, Hanover. 
Deutsches Kali Syndikat_ 

Kalisalzen. 


Asbest A. G_ 

1935 

500,000 

Feodor Burgmann, Dresden. 

Anilin A. G.; Juganil K. G. 

1926 

2, 000,000 


A. G. Dynamit Nobel; 

1942 

5,000, 000 

•I. G. Farben.. 

Continental Gummiwerke, 

Bayer K. G.; Zyklon A. 
G. 

Continental Guma A. G__ 

1941 

1, 500,000 

Serbische A. E. G., A. G_. 

__ 

5,000, 000 

Hannover. 

A. E. G. Berlin..... 

Serbische Siemens A. G_. 


3,000,000 

1, 500, 000 

Siemens, Berlin.... 

Omni-Promet A. G_ 

1940 

Riensch & Held, Hamburg.. 

Rohstoff A. G--_.. . 


2, 000, 000 

1,000,000 

Kontropa A. G., Vienna, 
possible H.Gfiring Works. 
Berlin firms___ 

DonaulSndische Bettfe- 

1941 

dern-export A. G. 



Julius Meinl A. G _ 


3, 500,000 
10, 000,000 

1,100,000 

Julius Meinl, Vienna_ 

Uljarica A. G. 

1935 

Several German firms.. 

Cereal Frucht A. G_ 

1942 

Siidosteuropaische Getreide 

Cereal Export A. G. 

1939 

5,000,000 

Handels A. G., Vienna. 

Donau Cereal A. G., Pan- 

1941 

2, 500, 000 


cevo. 




Carlowitz, A. G.. 

1940 

1,100, 000 

Carlowitz & Co., Hamburg.. 

"Herba” Banater Vegeta- 

1942 

1,000, 000 

Hellmuth Carroux, Ham- 

bilien A. G., V. Kikinda. 


burg. 


Product 


Iron and steel. 

Machinery and vehicles. 

Metals. 

Iron and steel. 

Tubes, iron and steel. 

Office machines. 

Iron and steel. 

Armaments, machinery 
(also holding company). 
Armaments, machinery. 
Coal. 


Monopoly of kerosene im¬ 
ports and trade. 

Potash. 

Asbestos. 

Dyes. 

Chemicals, artificial ferti¬ 
lizers, explosives. 
Pharmaceuticals. 
Fungicides. 

Rubber products. 

Electrical appliances. 

Do. 

Hides, furs, wool. 

Scrap. 

Feathers. 

Food canning and trade. 
Oil seeds, grains, fibres 
(also a holding company). 
Agricultural products. 


Do. 


Foodstuffs. 
Medicinal plants. 


25 














































IMPORTANT GERMAN TRADING FIRMS OPERATING 

IN SERBIA—Continued 


Name 

Year of 
estab¬ 
lish¬ 
ment 

Share 

capital 

in 

dinars 

Representing 

Product 

Sudnsfc— Film A. G 

1941 

2,000,000 
2,000.000 
20,000,000 

1,000,000 

Various German firms_ 

Moving pictures. 

'T'ftslR Film A. G 

1939 

_do _ _ 

Do. 

Radio Roograd A. G 

1941 


Construction and manage¬ 
ment of broadcasting sta¬ 
tions and trade in radio 
equipment. 

Deliveries to the State, 

Yugoholding A. G_ 

1932 

General agent for German 

Schenker & Co., A. G 


5, 000, 000 

1,000,000 
500,000 

big business. 

Schenker & Co., A. G., Ber¬ 
lin. 

German owned -.. 

representation, advice 
and trustee. 
Transportation. 

Do. 

“Intercontinentale” A. G. 


Transportkontor Siidost, 
A. G. 


.do .. 

Do. 






26 


U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1944 
























WAR DEPARTMENT PAMPHLET NO. 31-T29 



i * 

CIVIL AFFAIRS INFORMATION 
GUIDE 


GERMAN PENETRATION OF 
CORPORATE HOLDINGS IN 
CROATIA 









NOTE 



Civil Affairs Guides and Civil Affairs Information Guides are de¬ 
signed to aid Civil Affairs Officers dealing with problems in theaters 
of operation, each Guide being focused upon a specific problem in a 
particular area. These Guides are not basic collections of factual in¬ 
formation, as are the Civil Affairs Handbooks, nor are the recommenda¬ 
tions (or action programs implied in the Guides) intended to take the 
place of plans prepared in the field. They are rather designed to point 
the factual information toward the making and executing of plans by 
those Civil Affairs Officers assigned to this work in the theaters of 
operation. In no sense is a Guide to be taken as an order . Such orders 
will be issued in the normal manner. 

This Guide was prepared under the supervision of the Committee 
onjCivil Affairs Guides and is approved by the Committee. 


This Information Guide should be read in conjunction with— 
Information Guide: German Penetration of Corporate Holdings in 
Serbia , and 

Information Guide: German Economic Penetration and Exploita¬ 
tion of Southeastern Europe . 


IV 




TABLE OF CONTENTS 


Pago 

CREATION OF PUPPET GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMIC EXPLOITA¬ 
TION: 

Introduction__ 1 

Economic Exploitation_ 2 

Changes in Corporate Structure of Croatia and the German Part 

Therein_ 3 

BANKING: 

Central Bank_ 4 

State Banks_ 4 

Commercial Banking____ 5 

Credit Institutes of the German Minority in Croatia_7 

Insurance_ 8 

MINING: 

Bauxite_/_ 8 

Coal__ 9 

HEAVY INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTING TO THE GERMAN WAR ECONOMY: 

Iron and Steel_ 10 

Aircraft_ 10 

Machinery_ 11 

Petroleum_ 11 

Chemicals__ 12 

OTHER INDUSTRY: 

Cement__'.. 14 

Danube Shipping_ 14 

Electrotechnical Industry_ 14 

Glass_ 14 

Lumber_ 15 

Shoes_ 15 

Sugar_ 16 

Textiles_ 16 

TRADE. . 17 

APPENDICES: 

A. Italian Holdings in Croatia_ 18 

B. Decree of Office for Economic Restoration_ 19 

C. Decree on Nationalization of Jewish Property- 21 

D. Decree on Nationalization of Financial Institutions- 23 

E. Croat State Holding Agencies_ 25 

F. German Trading Firms Operating in Croatia- 27 




V 





































/ 


\ 


CREATION OF PUPPET GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMIC 
EXPLOITATION 


Introduction 

German economic penetration and exploitation of Croatia is con¬ 
siderably less open than that of Serbia. This is due primarily to the 
fact that Croatia is considered one of the satellite states where German 
control and pressure is exercised indirectly. There is, officially, no 
German army of occupation in Croatia and thus no German military 
government. 

From the establishment of the “independent” state of Croatia (see 
map) to the time of the Italian collapse, Croatia was officially bound 
more to Italy than to Germany. Croatia is a member of the Axis 
and had several economic accords with Germany, but it was considered 
as being more within the Italian sphere of influence. Croatia had spe¬ 
cial political treaties with Italy guaranteeing her borders and Italian 
military support. In fact, in the southwestern parts of the official 
Croatian territory (excluding Italian annexed parts of Dalmatia), 
Italian troops were stationed “for reasons of military security,” and in 
that region there was in operation some sort of Italian military 
government. 

From the beginning there were two groups among the politicians in 
Croatia, those that leaned toward Italy, and those tnat leaned toward 
Germany. As Italy’s political and military powers waned, the former 
took more and more to the German camp, and when the Italian col¬ 
lapse came, the complete change-over of the former group was 
accomplished. 

It should be stressed, however, that even if Germany was not of¬ 
ficially in control of Croatia between April 1941 and September 1943, 
and even if it is not officially in control now, it was Germany and Ger¬ 
man military power and police that kept and are now keeping the 
Croatian Quisling regime in power. It was the German Minister in 
Croatia, Siegfried Kasche (a S. A. Leader), who has been and is now 
wielding the real power in Croatia. 1 In order to keep the Ustashi 
regime going and to protect its flank against the Partisans of Yugo¬ 
slavia, Germany was forced to station a greater number of troops in 
Croatia. 2 

Moreover, Germany had to supply arms for all the Croatian troops 
(Ustashi Party militia and military). 


1 Of course, Croatia is militarily under the authority of the German Military Command 
Southeast. 

* The Ustashi Party is the Croatian fascist group comprising the present puppet regime 
in Croatia under Dr. Ante Pavelich. As fascist parties in other countries ft has its own 
party army—the Ustashis. The nucleus of the party was established in 1932 by the 
Croatian extremists in exile in Italy and Hungary and financed by these states. In its 
ultra-nationalistic aspects, the Ustashi Party represents, however, the continuation of 
certain political groups of long standing in Croatia. 


1 





Economic Exploitation 

Italy had coordinated and exploited the industry and economy of 
those Yugoslav regions along the Adriatic (Dalmatia) and in the Pro- 
vincia di Lubiana that were annexed, as well as the few enterprises in 
Montenegro. 3 The chief industrial contributions of Dalmatia were 
cement, chemical fertilizers, bauxite, aluminum, and canned fish; tim¬ 
ber was obtained in Slovenia and Montenegro. Part of this industry, 
especially cement and canned fish, was Italian controlled even before 
the war. Under the Italian rule, most of these industries were, report¬ 
edly, managed by the State-owned Ivstituto Reconstruzione Industricde 
(IRI). It is not known what happened to the property rights in in¬ 
dustry in the regions Italy had annexed and which reverted to Croatia 
upon the Italian collapse or became parts of the German administered 
Adriatic Coastal Operational Zone. 

In the formerly Italian annexed and occupied Croatian regions, the 
most important resources for the enemy war economy were bauxite and 
aluminum, which were chiefly exploited for the account of Germany. 
Most of the firms which owned the mines were registered in Zagreb and 
were, or became, German owned or operated. 

The main economic resources of Croatia are located outside of the 
regions that were, up to September 1943, under Italian control. These 
included food production, timber, and industry. Because Germany, 
unlike Italy, was in a position during the past years to supply Croatia 
with such essential materials as machinery, fuel, chemicals, and other 
industrial goods, and because Germany had a strong advance start in 
the infiltration of the Croatian economy through taking over of Aus¬ 
trian and Czechoslovakian firms and through thet acquisition of many 
Western European investments in Yugoslavia, Germany assumed a 
dominant position in Croatian economic life. Moreover, there is a 
strong and well-organized German minority in Croatia which largely 
controls the most productive agricultural regions in the northeastern 
parts of the country, and serves the German cause economically and 
politically. 

Compared with Serbia (including Banat), Croatia contributed rel¬ 
atively little in terms of raw materials and foods vital to the German 
war economy. With the exception of bauxite, Croatia does not pro¬ 
duce any nonferrous metals worth mentioning. Production of oil, 
even if considerably increased, could hardly exceed domestic consump¬ 
tion. Coal production, especially since September 1943, was perhaps 
not capable of covering domestic requirements for either transporta¬ 
tion or metallurgy. There may have been some contribution in iron 
and steel, but this was not of importance for the German war economy. 
However, there may have been a considerable surplus of iron ore avail¬ 
able, as well as large surplus supplies of lumber. The industrial con¬ 
tribution of Croatia to Germany has been small. It included cement, 
boards for prefabricated houses, tanning extracts, soda ash, caustic 
soda, and some ferro-alloys. 

As to agricultural products, Croatia was able to contribute con¬ 
siderable amounts of fruits, oilseeds, and plant fibers, and some meat, 
lard, and hides. The production of oilseeds and fibers was increased 
under German stimulation, especially in regions inhabited by the 

* For the Italian holdings in Croatia proper see Appendix A. 


2 



German minority. German troops in Croatia, of course, endeavored 
to live as much off the country as possible; their maintenance is esti¬ 
mated to cost the Croat Government about two billion kunas a month. 
The burden of the protection costs on the Croat economy is reportedly 
crushing, especially since it is borne by only a part of the Croatian 
territory. 

Croatia is not only considerably poorer than Serbia in militarily 
important natural resources, but guerilla operations and sabotage of 
plants and communications in her territory have been of such pro¬ 
portions, intensity, and geographic spread that the existing resources 
could be only partly utilized. The conclusion seems to be warranted 
that Croatia, apart from its contribution in labor and fighting man¬ 
power, has not been as much of an economic asset to Germany as 
other Southeastern European countries. 

Changes in Corporate Structure of Croatia and the German Part Therein 

The two basic tenets of the Ustashi Government with respect to the 
country’s economic activity at the inception of the “independent” state 
of Croatia were, first, to remove non-Aryan, Serbian, and other non- 
Axis influence, and second, to increase the industrial self-sufficiency 
of the country by developing new industrial enterprises in selected 
fields. In respect to the second task, a great deal of planning and 
propaganda has been carried on, but, because of lack of capital, en¬ 
gineering and labor skill, and raw materials, and political insecurity, 
little has been accomplished. 

The achievement of the first task was easier inasmuch as a Fascist 
regime, disregarding all principles of decency and equity, can con- 
I fiscate and transfer property with an appalling ease. Among the 
basic decrees with respect to nationalization of property of persons 
considered inimical to the new state was that of May 2, 1941, estab¬ 
lishing the Office for Economic Restoration (see Appendix B). The 
decree, with retroactive force, on nationalization of Jewish property 
was published October*30, 1942 (Appendix C), and the decree on 
nationalization of financial institutions under control of persons in¬ 
imical to the new state was published on July 8, 1941 (Appendix D). 

Paragraph (b) of Article 2 of the Decree of May 2, 1941, gives to 
the Office of Economic Restoration, by implication, sweeping author¬ 
ity in the field of property relations: 

The duties of the office shall be— 

(b) To take charge of all business enterprises if the owner or 
the responsible executive organ is of unknown domicile, or if he 
has departed from his place of residence for an indefinite period 
and has not given proper instructions for the continued operation 
of the business. 

This paragraph gave the State the right to all property belonging 
to proscribed peoples, especially Jews and Serbs, who fled the reign 
of terror that ensued upon the establishment of the Ustashi Govern¬ 
ment in Croatia. In addition, the decrees empowered the State to 
take charge also of almost all property owned by Allied nationals. 
On the basis of Jewish decrees some neutral, e. g., Swiss, property was 
also nationalized. Through this property nationalization the Croat 
State became, through its administrative agencies, banks, and holding 
companies, the most important banker, mine owner, industrialist, 


632710 0 - 45 -2 


3 



«nH trader in the country. 4 Some of the nationalized properties were 
later sold to individuals favored by the Ustashi Government. 

* Considering the absolute military, political, and economic, depend¬ 
ence of the Ustashi Government on Germany, all the property of the 
Croat state may be regarded as completely at the disposal of the 
Germans, although there are no known formal agreements to that 
effect. Actually, the economic legislation and administration o 
Croatia is geared to serve the needs of the German war maclnne. 

Germany may have acquired some of the property marked for na¬ 
tionalization in Croatia, but the important German holdings m Croatia 
are in several big banks and, through them, in a considerable number 
of selected industrial and mining enterprises. Germany also con¬ 
trols a sizeable part of the Croatian insurance business and the bulk 
of the Croatian foreign trade, through German companies or jointly 
with Croatian Government enterprises. 


BANKING 


Central Bank 

The Groat State Bank is a corporation with a share capital of 300 
million kunas divided into 60,000 names shares which can be owned only 
by Croatian citizens or Croatian corporations. * 6 The bank has the 
monopoly of banknote issue and performs other functions of a bank 

of issue. , x , 

German influence in the bank is not based on the monetary laws or 
the charter of the bank. The reported appointment by the Reichs- 
bank of two “technical advisers” to the Croatian State Bank would, 
under the political conditions in Croatia, amount to practical control. 
The bank is governed by a State Commissioner, who is assisted by a 
Deputy Commissioner and is under the direct supervision of the 
Treasury. . 

The bank is now the chief source of Croatian State credit and most 
of the current increase in banknote circulation is used to cover the 
maintenance costs of the German armed forces stationed in Croatia. 

State Banks 

The former Zagreb branches of the State Mortage Bank (now called 
State Credit Institute ), the Postal Savings System , the Privileged 
Agricultural Bank , and the Privileged Artisans ’ Bank were trans¬ 
formed into independent agencies and took over the business and 
functions of these banks on the present Croatian territory. No formal 
German influence is apparent in these banks. 

The Sparkassa des VnaFhangigen Staates Kroatien (formerly Sav¬ 
ings Bank of Banovina Croatia), already under the Banovina Croatia 


* See section on “State Banks,’’ and Appendix E. 

6 A special tool of German pressure in Croatia has been the well-organized and powerful 
German minority. This minority largely controls the most fertile agricultural regions of 
the Croatian State, namely Savonia and Srijem. Although it numbers only about 2.5 
percent of the total population of Croatia, it has, reportedly, supplied the Croat Government 
food monopolies with 40 to 50 percent of all food delivered to them in 1942 and 1943. One 
of the minority leaders, Dr. Stefan Kraft, is the director of the Food Supply Agency in the 
Ministry of Economics. As food was the basic problem of the Croat State, the Germans 
thus had a powerful means of pressure in the control of the most important internal food 
supplies. 

®The kuna, the Croatian monetary unit exchanged in 1941 for Yugoslav dinar on a 1 to 
1 basis. Pre-war value of dinar was approximtelay 2 cents, United States currency. 


4 




(August 1939-April 1941), was considered the chief vehicle for the 
financing of banovinal industrial and other enterprises as the State 
Mortage Bank was for the Government in Belgrade. 

Since 1941, this bank has developed into an important Government 
holding company. * 7 The most important industrial enterprise of this 
bank is the Waggon-Maschinen-wnd Bruekenbau A. G. in Brod on 
Sava, of which it acquired the majority of stock in 1942 and which 
is administered by a Government commissioner. It is engaged in pro¬ 
duction and repair of rolling stock, bridge construction, and arma¬ 
ments production. As a result of the partial nationalization of the 
former Serbian Bank of Zagreb (now called Handels-1ndustriebank 
A. G.), in which it obtained, on the basis of discriminatory legislation, 
a controlling percentage of shares, the bank acquired part interest in 
a series of industrial (e. g. Georg Schicht A . G ., Osijek) and shipping 
enterprises. It probably has sold part of these interests as e. g., in 
“Sartid ,” Smederevo, and its interests in shipping are purely nominal 
as all ships are either sunk or outside of Croatian control. 

Commercial Banking 

The following large Croatian commercial banks are under the di¬ 
rect German influence: Bcttnkverein fur Kroatien A. G. (up to 1941 
General Yugoslav Banking Corporation) j Kroatische Landesbcmk A. 
G. (up to 1941 the Yugoslav Bank) both in Zagreb; and the Landes- 
bavk fur Bosnien und Herzegovina (Country Bank for Bosnia and 
Herzegovina), in Sarajevo. In addition, the Kroatische Allgemeine 
Kreditbank (Croat General Credit Bank) is at least indirectly under 
German influence. 8 

The Bankverem fur Kroatien A. G., Zagreb, a new bank created 
after the dismemberment of Yugoslavia, took over the business of the 
Zagreb, Zemun, and Ljubljana branches of the former General Yugo¬ 
slav Banking Corporation. The latter was, before the war, strongly 
under the influence of the Creditanstalt-Bmkverein , but Swiss, Bel¬ 
gian, and Czech interests also participated. By the absorption of 
Czech and Belgian interests in 1939 and 1940 and the acquisition of 
new stock, the bank came fully under the influence of the Creditan- 
stalt-Bankverein and its Berlin parent, Deutsche Bank . 

After the dismemberment of Yugoslavia, the bank was split. Since 
the Serbian unit retained the whole capital stock of 100 million dinars, 
the Croat unit had to be completely capitalized. The capital of the 
Bankverein fur Kroatien was put at 125 million kunas and is owned by 
the Creditanstcdt-Bcmkverein (55 percent), the Deutsche Bank (15 
percent), the Bohmische Unionbank —Prague affiliate of the Deutsche 
Bank—(10 percent), and smaller shares by the Commerz-uud Prvvat- 
bank and the Reichskreditgesellschaft. A small share of stock is 
probably owned by the domestic groups. The Bosier Handelsbank , 


1 For the two other Government holding agencies, the “Zempro” and the “Pohit’’ A. G., 

as well as various ministries that administer large economic enterprises, see Appendix E. 

8 Of the remaining large banks, the First Croat Savings Bank, capital 200 million kunas, 
and the Trade and Industry Bank (formerly Serbian Bank) capital 60 million kunas, 
remained as before purely domestically owned; the Croat Union Bank {formerly Yugoslav 
Union Bank), capital 100 million kunas, which was largely owned by a mixed international 
group (French, Swiss, Austrian, British, Belgian) became almost completely domestically 
owned (except for the Belgian Solvay group) shortly before the outbreak of the war in 
Europe; the Croat Bank, capital 100 million kunas, was before the war and since then 
remained a subsidiary of the Banca Commerciale Italians. The war and the ensuing 
political and economic changes on Yugoslav territory necessitated far-reaching adjustments 
in all these banks. 


5 



Basle, which maintained its holdings in the Bankverein, Belgrade, and 
in the Landesbank fur Bosnien und Herzegovina, Sarajevo, received 
no stock in the new bank. 

Unlike the Belgrade Bankverein, there are no official representatives 
of the Hermann Goring Werke, of the I. G. Farben, or of German 
State or the Nazi Party on the Board of Directors of the Zagreb 
Bankverein. The Creditanstalt-Bankverein is represented by Josef 
Joham, Deutsche Bank by Hermann J. Abs, Commerz-und Privatbank 
by Eugene Bandel, Reichskreditgesellschaft by August Rhodewald, 
and Bohmische Unionbank by Walter Pohle, Prague. 

The chief function of the Zagreb Bankverein, as of that in Bel¬ 
grade, is officially stated to be the financing of import and export busi¬ 
ness with the neighboring countries, especially Germany. But there 
is little doubt that this bank serves as one of the chief sources of short¬ 
term credit for companies working for the German account, and to¬ 
gether with the Zagreb affiliate of the Dresdner Bank, as the banking 
outlet for the big German concerns in Croatia. In line with the prac¬ 
tice of the former General Yugoslav Banking Corporation, the Zag¬ 
reb Bankverein apparently has no large industrial investments, 
although it owns some lumber mills and may have acquired some new 
industrial investments since 1942. Since there is no official German 
control of Croatian finance and economy, it may be assumed that an 
important part of the unofficial control for the Reich is exercised by 
the three main German-controlled banks in Croatia. 

The Kroatische Landesbank A. G ., Zagreb, up to 1939, belonged to 
the sphere of interest of the Zivnostenska Banka , Prague, which owned 
50 percent of its capital of 50 million dinars. When many of the 
foreign interests of this Czech bank were taken over by the Dresdner 
Bank, the above Croatian bank came also under the influence of this 
German bank. The reorganization of the Kroatische Landesbank took 
place in 1941. Its capital was increased to 100 million kunas, the 
Dresdner Bomk and its Vienna affiliate, the Ldnderbank y taking the 
whole new issue and thus acquiring 50 percent of its capital. The 
Zivnostenska Banka retained its investment, which now amounted to 
only 25 percent of the total. The German banks mentioned above 
probably own also a part of the remaining 25 percent. 

The chairman of the Board of Directors of the Kroatische Landes¬ 
bank is Dr. Emil Heinrich Meyer, one of the directors of the Dresdner 
Bank. The Landerbank, Vienna, is represented by Franz Gold. 
Representatives of the Zivnostenska Banka, and of the domestic share 
holders are also on the Board of Directors. 

With the acquisition of the Kroatische Landesbank, the Dresdner 
Bank acquired indirect control of a number of Croatian industrial 
enterprises. 9 These corporations are controlled by the bank through 
ownership of shares, but it may be assumed that numerous other enter¬ 
prises are controlled, or at least influenced, through their dependence 
on the bank for credit. 

The Landesbank fur Bosnien und Herzegovina , Sarajevo, was con¬ 
trolled, up to 1940, by the same foreign banking group that controlled 
the General Yugoslav Banking Corporation. In 1940 and 1941, the 


® These firms are: Osijeker Eisengiesserei und Maschinenfabrik A. G., Osijek • “Titan” 
A. G., Krainische Eisen- und SChiosserwarenfabrik und Giesserei, Zagreb (plant’in Stein 
Slovenia); “Ltteaa” Linoleum, Tejypiche, Gardinen A. G., Zagreb; Erste kroat.-slavon 
%$£S22& Tek>ta A ■ fUr Tea>tiUn 4**trie, Zagreb-Marlbor; stnd 


6 



Deutsche Bank and the Creditanstalt-Bankverein acquired a control¬ 
ling share of the~capital, but left the interest of the Bosier Handelsbank 
intact. Shares in the hands of local Serbs and Jews were taken either 
by the Germans or by the local Croats and Moslems. 

This bank has only small interests in industry (e. g., Akticnbrauerei 
A. G ., Sarajevo), but it is the most important source of private bank 
credit for the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 

The Kroatische Allgemeine Kreditbank A. G ., Zagreb. There is 
little definite information on the present ownership of this bank. It 
has a share capital of 50 million kunas, and is in closest contact with the 
Ungarische Allgemeine Kreditbank , Budapest. During the early 
1930’s, shares were also owned by the Creditanstalt-Bankverein, 
Vienna; Mendelsohn & Co., Berlin (both taken over by the Deutsche 
Bank) ; Bohmische Escomptebank, Prague (taken over by the Dres- 
dner Bank; Banque de l’Union Parisienne, Paris, and the Schneider 
combine through the Union Europeenne. 

Through the acquisition of a minority holding (at least 16 percent) 
in the Ungarische Allgemeine Kreditbank in recent years, the Dres - 
drier Bank is able to exercise some influence in the above Croat bank. 
But German interest in this bank may be considerably greater than 
indirect participation through the Ungarische Allgemeine Kreditbank, 
because the Central, Eastern and Southeastern European interests of 
the French Schneider-Creusot combine apparently have been fully 
taken by German groups. The Board of Directors in 1941 was com¬ 
posed oi only Hungarian and domestic representatives, but changes 
may have taken place during 1942 and 1943, and after the German 
occupation of Hungary in March 1944. The Ungarische Allgemeine 
Kreditbank was largely controlled by Jewish interests (Rothschild), 
and changes have undoubtedly been made in its ownership. Control 
of the Kroatische Allgemeine Kreditbank is of considerable importance 
for the Germans, as it participates in a series of important mining 
and industrial enterprises and in some of them, German participation 
is clearly indicated. 10 Due to the political changes in the country, the 
Belgrade branch of this bank was taken over by the Bankverein A. G., 
Belgrade, and the Subotica and Susak branches by the Budapest parent 
bank. 


Credit Institutes of the German Minority in Croatia 


In Crotia, as in the Serbian Banat, the German minority has its 
own credit organization. Three small banks belong to the minority— 
the Bank der Deutschen in Kroatien , in Osijek, capital 750,000 kunas; 
the Deutsche Volkssparkassa A. G., Nova Pazova, capital 200,000 
kunas; and the Deutsche Volksbank A. G ., Ruma, capital 1.5 million 
kunas. 

Much more important than these banks, however, are the powerful 
credit and other cooperatives (numbering more than 300) of the Ger¬ 
mans in Croatia. The central organization of the German minority 
credit cooperatives is the Deutsche Zentral-Kreditgenossenschaft in 
Kroatien , Osijek. This federation serves not only as a creditor to its 


10 The fully or partly controlled enterprises of the Kroatische Allgemeine Kreditbank are : 
Kontinentale Bauxit-Bergbau- und Industrie A. G., Zagreb; “Pira” A. G., Zagreb; A. G. filr 
Fischzucht, Zagreb; A. E. G. Kroatische Electricitdts A. G., Zagreb; Textil Industrie 
“Tivar” A G., Varazein; Umschlags-Lagarhduser A. G., Zemun; < ‘Croatia ,) Portland- 
Cements-A. G., Podsused (near Zagreb) ; and Beooiner Cementfabriks A. G.. Beocin. 


7 



members, but also as a clearing house for all German cooperatives in 
Croatia. One of the important units is the Deutsche Kredit- und 
Wirtschaftsgenossenschaft, Zagreb. Other federations of German 
minority cooperatives in Croatia are: the Hauptverband dev deutschen 
bauerlichen und gewerblichen Genossenschaften , Osijek; the Deutsche 
Molkerei-Zentral-Genossenschaft, Osijek; and the “ Agraria ” Deutsche 
Zentral-Ein und Verkaufsgenossenschaft, Osijek. The latter controls 
the agricultural production and trade of the German minority. 

Insurance 

For the development of the insurance business in Croatia after April 
1941, see CAD Information Guide, German Penetration of Corporate 
Holdings in Serbia, section on “Insurance.” 


MINING 


Bauxite 

The territory of Croatia is very rich in bauxite. Its production was 
steadily increasing during the 1930’s until in 1938, it reached 400,000 
metric tons, of which 380,000 tons were exported. Yugoslavia had an 
alumina plant in Moste, Slovenia, with a reported capacity of 10,000 
tons annually, owned by Gebr. Giulini of Ludwigshaven. In 1938 a 
group of domestic industrialists established an aluminum plant, the 
Fabrika AVuminijuma A. D ., at Lozovac, near Sibenik in Dalmatia 
(capital 20 million dinars). This plant, which was reported in 1939 to 
have a capacity of 3,600 tons, used the energy from the Supuk power 
plant on Krka River. Part of the alumina was produced in their own 
alumina plant and part was obtained from Moste. 

Foreign interests have always played a prominent role in the Yugo¬ 
slav bauxite mining. A considerable number of domestic companies 
were formed for prospecting and obtaining of concessions. Even 
before the war, German aluminum companies were interested in Yugo¬ 
slav bauxiate mining and alumina production through Giulini and 
through the Swiss companies under their control. Since the dismem¬ 
berment of Yugoslavia, Germany had been in a commanding position 
in Croatian bauxite and aluminum production. The important com¬ 
panies under German control are discussed below. 

The Kontinentale Banxit- Bergbau- und Industrie A. G. % Zagrab, 
share capital 10 million kunas, was established in 192*9 and is the most 
important bauxite producer in Croatia. Its annual capacity is about 
200,000 metric tons, or one-half of the total Yugoslav production in 
1938. It is owned by the Kroatische Allgemeine Kreditbank, Zagreb, 
the Ungarische Allgemeine Kreditbank, and the Swiss and German 
members of the Aluminum Trust, Zurich, primarily the Vereinigte 
Aluminium Werke, controlled by the German State-owned holding 
company Vereinigte Industrie TJnternehrrmngen, A. G. (VIAG). It 
operates bauxite mines near Drnis in Dalmatia and near Mostar in 
Herzegovina; besides working its own properties, it has leased several 
other concessions. 

The Adriabauxit” Erzbergbau- und Industrie A. G., Zagreb, capital 
5 million kunas, began operating in 1920 and is perhaps the oldest 
bauxite producing company in Yugoslavia. It is controlled primarily 

8 




by the TJngarische Allgemeine Kreditbank , and the Gebr. GvuZini G. 
m. b. H., Ludwigshaven, but the Kroatische Allgememe Kreditbank 
also may have a part interest. 

The Dalmatia Bauxit Bergwerks- und Industrie A. G., Zagreb, capi¬ 
tal 500,000 kunas, was, until 1942, a cooperative enterprise. It co¬ 
operates closely with the “ Adriabauxit ” and is probably controlled by 
the same group, although the directors of the Dresdner Bank affiliate 
of Zagreb—the Kroatische Landesbcmk —are also on the Board of Di¬ 
rectors of this company. 

Ugrovaca Minen A. G ., Zagreb, capital one million kunas, owns 
rights to large deposits of bauxite of excellent quality in the Mostar 
region, and is controlled by the German Aluminium Walzwerke Sin- 
gen , Konstanz, and Swiss interests. 

Rudnica A. G., Dubrovnik, capital two million kunas, was estab¬ 
lished in 1940 and is one of the few companies in Croatia showing open 
participation of the Hermann Goring Werke. It owned and operated 
bauxite mines in Herzegovina. 

In addition to the bauxite-mining companies, there is also an alumi¬ 
num plant— Aluminiwwwerke A. G. (formerly Fabrika Aluminijuma 
A. D., Lozovac), registered now at Zagreb, which has been put under 
the administration of a German commissioner, presumably on the 
basis of a German-Italian agreement. The company was partly Jew¬ 
ish owned. 

The Kroatische Alumrvinum A. G. , Zagreb, capital 20 million kunas, 
was established in 1942 by the Croatian Government to develop bauxite 
fields around Mostar and to establish an alumina and an aluminum 
factory. Since both capital and skill were lacking in Croatia, the 
German Vereimgte Aluminium Werke participated in the company. 
There is no definite evidence to show how far the construction work 
has progressed. It is, however, established that several of the bauxite 
mines in Herzegovina and on the Dalmatia-Bosnian border belonging 
to the Croatian Government had been leased to the Vereipiigte Alu- 
miniu/m Werke and to the Hansa Leichtmetalle , a typical Nazi pene¬ 
tration corporation owned by the Vereinigte Aluminium Werke , the 
Junkers Flugzeug-und Motoremverke, and the Diirener Metallwerke. 
Labor was on a compulsory basis and supervised by the Organization 
Todt. 

The Yugoslav bauxite mines may have been of some importance for 
Germany in 1941 and 1942, but by 1943 the bauxite regions had been 
greatly affected by guerrilla warfare and the estimated 1943 produc¬ 
tion was only about half of the 1940 production. Moreover, the trans¬ 
portation problem (rail, road, and sea) became unmanageable due to 
guerrilla warfare and Allied air operations. 

Coal 

Most of the coal mines that are not a part of the Kroatische Berg-wid 
Huttenwerke A. G., are managed by the Direktion dev Stoatsbergwerk- 
sunterv^hmungen, Sarajevo, an agency of the Ministry of Forests and 
Mines. This agency also manages the salt mines at Kreka, near 
Tuzla in Bosnia. 

The “Mima” Kohlenberghau A. G. owns brown coal and lignite 
mines in Croatia proper and has become part of the “Fohit” A. G. 
through “aryanization.” The Kroatische Bergbau A. G., Zagreb, 


9 



operates a coal mine at Ivanec near Varazdin in Croatia. Its capital 
is 5.5 million kunas and it belongs to an Austrian concern. 

There are several other brown coal and lignite mines in Croatia, 
but they are owned by private domestic interests. As the sabotage 
of mines and communications, especially in Bosnia, has assumed large 
proportions, Croatia probably has been forced since the fall of 1943 
to import part of its coal requirements. Most of its imported coal 
probably came from the nearby Trifail coal mines in Slovenia which 
were taken over by the Gau Steiermark and which maintains a sales 
agency in Zagreb. Some coal may have been imported also from 
Czechoslovakia and Silesia. 

INDUSTRIES CONTRIBUTING TO THE GERMAN WAR 
ECONOMY 


Iron and Steel 

The Kroatische Berg - wnd Hiittenmerke A. G., Sarajevo, formerly 
known as the Yugoslav Steel Corporation, was organized in 1938 by 
combining several State-owned coal mines, iron ore mines, pig iron 
plants and steel mills (Vares and Zenica). The capital of this com¬ 
pany in 1938 was 600 million dinars, of which the State Mortgage 
Bank owned 200 million. In 1941 the capital was increased to 700 
million dinars. As the facilities of this company are located in Bosnia, 
the territory of the “independent” state of Croatia, the Croat State 
inherited the company. It is managed by a Board of Directors under 
the direction and supervision of the Ministry of Forests and Mines. 

The modernization of the steel producing facilities in Zenica was 
carried out by several German firms under the leadership of Krupp, 
and the plant started to operate August 1 , 1937. Thus, although 
Krupp has no property interest in the above company, this German 
combine might indirectly control the production and the utilization 
of its facilities. Since there is no shortage of steel in Germany, the 
plant may not be of particular importance to the Germans. The small 
pig iron and cast iron producing facilities of the Vareser Eisenindm- 
trie A. G. are leased to the above State-owned company. 

The fact that the labor management is in.the hands of the Organiza¬ 
tion Todt indicates that the Germans have a hand in Bosnian steel 
and coal production. 

Aircraft 

Four of the pre-war Yugoslav airplane plants were located on Croat 
territory, all in Zemun across the Sava River from Belgrade. The 
Erste serbisohe Flugzeugfabrik Z. S. Rogozarski A. G., capital 6 
million dinars, engaged in assembly and repair of airplanes. 11 The 
“Ikaruf 1 A. G ., with a capital of 5 million kunas was, up to 1941, owned 
by various private interests in Serbia and may have been partly owned 
by the Yugoslav State. The company designed, produced, and as¬ 
sembled planes. The FlugzeugTrwtoren-GeseUschaft Hispano-Suiza 
A. G ., capital 3.5 million kunas, was controlled by the Societe Fran¬ 
chise Hispcmo-Smza. The Fhigzeugfdbrik “ Zma'f A. G., capital 8 
million kunas, was owned by Belgrade private interests. 


Sectkm V AD Inform&tion Guide > German Penetration of Corporate Holdings in Serbia , 


10 




According to reports all these facilities have been pooled and put 
at the disposal of the Germans for the repair of Messerschmitt planes 
and possibly also for the production of parts. The plants are re¬ 
portedly managed by the Wiener Neustadter Flugzeugfabrik A. G ., 
but there is no definite information on the ownership relations. 

In addition to these Zemun factories, a new airplane plant, the 
Kroatische MetaUfabriks-A. G ., was established in Zagreb in 1943, 
reportedly for the production of aircraft engines. It is, however, more 
probable that the factory engages in airframe assembly and repairs. 
No data are available on the ownership of this factory, but it is prob¬ 
able that the Croat State is at least a part owner. 

Machinery 

Waggon , Maschineru- und Bruekenbau A. G., Brod on Sava, is the 
most important rolling stock, steel construction, and now possibly 
armaments plant in Croatia. It is owned by the Sparkassa des 
Unabhiingigen Staates Kroatien and thus its facilities are at the dis¬ 
posal of Germany. The capital of the company was increased at the 
beginning of 1944 from 55 to 100 million kunas. The Germans directly, 
or one of the German-controlled banks in Zagreb, may have acquired 
a part interest in the plant. 

There are two Croatian machinery factories, controlled indirectly 
but through ownership rights by the Germans. The Osijeker Eisen - 
giesserei, vmd Maschinenfabrik A. G., Osijek, capital 5 million kunas, 
is owned by the Kroatische Landesbank , Zagreb, and thus indirectly 
by the Dresdner Bank. The factory produces a number of types of 
simple machines, such as agricultural machinery, flour-mill machinery, 
radiators, ovens, and since 1935, producer-gas generators. “Titan” 
A. G., Krainische Eisen- vmd Schlosserwarenfabrik vmd Giesserei , 
Zagreb, capital three million kunas, has an iron products factory at 
Stein, Slovenia. It also belongs to the Kroatische Landesbank , and 
thus to the Dresdner Bank . This factory is located in territory an¬ 
nexed by Germany, and the ownership may have been transferred 
from the Kroatische Landesbank to the Laanderbank or some other 
concern in Austria. 

Petroleum 

Prior to the war, Yugoslavia’s oil production was negligible. On 
the average about 160,000 tons of petroleum products were imported 
annually, mostly by way of the Danube from Roumania, and about TO 
percent was in the form of crude oil. Refining and distribution of oil 
was carried on by the Yugoslav Shell Oil Corporation (capital 100 
million dinars, refinery at Caprag) and the Yugoslav Standard-V ac- 
vvm Oil Company (capital 175 million dinars, refinery at Brod on 
Sava). Both companies maintained storage facilities in several cities 
and harbors. The marketing of petroleum products was regulated 
by a cartel agreement. The two companies had a special cartel ar¬ 
rangement with a third very small petroleum corporation, “Ipoil.” 

The Shell company is now managed by a German, and one of the 
members of its Board of Directors is Eckhardt von Klass (a key man 
in the German oil industry), who is also in the Serbian Shell A. G. 
The Standard-Vacuum company is now managed by an all-Croat 
Board of Directors. Since the monopoly of import, export, and sale 

11 


632710 0 - 45 -3 





of petroleum products is in the hands of the “ Paklina ” Privilegierte 
Petroleum A. G .,, a Government-controlled corporation (60 percent of 
capital of 5 million kunas), it may be presumed that the chief func¬ 
tion of the two former companies is to supply technical facilities. 
This is suggested also by the fact that the Board of Directors of the 
Paklvna A. G. includes Directors of both the above companies. 

There has been considerable prospecting for oil and natural gas in 
Croatia in recent years. Two Italian-controlled companies engaged in 
the field are discussed in Appendix A. Some domestic groups and 
especially the German Gewerksohaft “ Elwerath ”— Erdolwerke , Han- ] 
over, are also engaged in the oil industry. -The production of crude | 
oil in Croatia was estimated at about 50,000 metric tons in 1943. 

Of the domestic companies, the most important is the “ Uljanik ” 

A. G. with a capital of 15 million kunas. It is completely controlled ] 
by the First Croat Savings Bank. The Gewerkscliaft “ Elwerath ” (one j 
of the participants in the Kontinentale Oel A. G.) through its sub¬ 
sidiary Petr ole) A. G., capital 25 million kunas, has several conces¬ 
sions and has contributed most to the increase of production in the 
past 3 years. 12 The Kroatisehe Oe wnd Gas A. G., established in 1942 
with a capital of 1 million kunas, is partly owmed by the oil-drilling 
firm of Rautenkranz of Celle, Hanover. The Riitgerswerke A. G., Ber¬ 
lin, has a part interest in the natural gas-producing company Methan 
A. G ., (capital 3 million kunas) which works in close cooperation with 
the Uljanik and of which the majority of stock is also owned by the 
First Croat Savings Bank. 


Chemicals 


A. G. fur Explosiv und chemische Erzeugnisse , Zagreb, capital 4 
million kunas, produces explosives and other chemicals and is con¬ 
trolled by the A. G. Dynamit Nobel , Bratislava, a subsidiary of the 
I. G. Farben. Lack-und Olindustrie A. G ., Zagreb, capital 9 million 
kunas, produces varnish, lacquer, and dyes in its plant in Zagreb, and 
is owned by the First Croat Savings Bank and the I. G. Farben. 

Bosnische Electricitats-A. G ., Jajce, Bosnia, owns a power plant 
in Jajce and produces chlorine, chlorine derivatives, fertilizers, and 
ferrosilicon. The company, whose capital was increased in 1943 from 
13.5 million kunas to 35 million kunas, is owned by the A. G. Dynamit 
Nobel , Bratislava and the I. G. Farben. As its plant is located in the 
territory controlled until recently by the Yugoslav National Army 
of Liberation, it is improbable that it is still working. 

The Solvay A. G ., Lukavac, near Tuzla, is another heavy chemical 
factory located in Bosnia. Prior to the war, its capital of 80 million 
dinars was in the hands of the Belgian Solvay , the Aussiger Verein , 
and the Yugoslav Union Bank. The company produces caustic soda 
soda ash, calcium chloride, and other products. The Belgian Solvay 
is reported to be controlled by the Hermann Goring Werke. The 
Lukavac plant is also in a region where guerrilla warfare was intense 
and it is probable that its facilities have been damaged. 

The “ 'Behring ’’ Institut A. G ., Zagreb, has a plant in Zagreb for 
the production of sera, vaccines, and various pharmaceutical products. 


The existing concessions of the Gewerhschaft “Elwerath” in Croatia and several nther 
countries were expressly recognized in the charter of the Kontinentale Oe? A G which 
was set up to control petroleum resources in the conquered and satellite countries’ 


12 


632710—45 








Capital of the company is 3 million kunas and a part interest is owned 
by I. G. Farben , whose patents the plant uses. “ Chromos ” A. G. 
Fabrik graphischer Farben. Zagreb, owns a plant near Zagreb and 
another in Zemun. It produces printing ink, varnish, and lacquer. 
The capital of the firm is 10 million kunas, and is partly owned by 
German firms. It serves also as a general trading agent for several 
German firms. 

Georg Schicht A. G ., Osijek, is the most important Yugoslav pro¬ 
ducer of soap, toilet articles, and glycerin. The capital of the com¬ 
pany amounts to 50 million kunas. A portion of the stock of this com¬ 
pany was formerly in the hands of the Serbian Bank in Zagreb which 
in 1941 came under Government control. Foreign groups interested 
in the firm included Schicht , Aussig, Czechoslovakia, and especially 
the British Lever interests. As Schicht , Aussig, was formerly con¬ 
nected with the Deutsche Jurgens Werke , Hamburg, it can be assumed 
that the Croat firm is now controlled by the Germans. 

A small chemical plant u Danicd ” A. G. at Koprivnica, had facili¬ 
ties for the production of chemical fertilizers and sulphuric acid. 
Production was stopped in 1937 as a result of a cartel arrangement with 
Zorka A. G., ri but according to some reports work has been resumed 
since the creation of the Croat State. 

Chemische Fabriken A. G ., Zagreb, was established in 1942 with the 
backing of the Croat State, domestic private interests, and the Aus¬ 
sig er Verein , of which the reported participation amounts to 48 per¬ 
cent. The company’s capital is 50 million kunas and its plan is to 
build sufficient capacity to cover the Croatian needs of copper sul¬ 
phate, sulphuric acid, superphosphate and other fertilizers. There is 
no information as to how far the proposed work of the company has 
progressed. This company may have taken over fhe facilities of Dan- 
ica A. G. 

An important Croat contribution to Germany is in the form of 
tanning extracts of which there is a shortage in Germany. The 
amount supplied is perhaps 10,000 to 15,000 metric tons. Three chief 
companies 14 are engaged in that work—the Nasicer Tanninfabrik und 
Dampfsage A. G.; the Gerbertraktwerke A. G., Sisak, capital 10 mil¬ 
lion kunas, and the S. H. Gutmann A. G . 15 Prior to the war, these 
companies had a sales cartel agreement and maintained a special sales 
company Tannin A. G. in Zagreb. The majority of shares of all these 
companies is now in the hands of the Croat Government and thus only 
indirectly under German control. 

The Croat State has set up a company for the production of cellu¬ 
lose, the Zellutose A. G ., with a proposed share capital of 750 mil¬ 
lion kunas. 

Before the war there was a cellulose plant in Yugoslavia situated 
in Drvar, Bosnia, and belonging to the Government lumber company, 
Si pad. Its annual production was about 8,000 metric tons. Shortly 
before the war, plans were drawn up for the establishment of two ad¬ 
ditional plants, one in Bosnia and the other in Gorski Kotar Croatia, 
probably with French capital, but the war made execution of these 

13 See Information Guide, German Penetration of Corporate Holdings in Serbia, section 

° n n AnoSe? important Yugoslav producer of tanning extracts is Yugo-Tannin A. G., which 
owned a plant in Sevnica. now German-annexed part of Slovenia. It was French owned 
but is now Germanized. According to one report, this plant has been dismantled and the 
machinery shipped to Germany. 

15 See also section on “Lumber.” 


13 



plans impossible. It may well be that the plans of Zellulose A. G., will 
also not be carried out for a long time. The most important lumber- 
producing regions of Croatia are now under Partisan control. 


OTHER INDUSTRY 


Cement 16 

“ Croatia ” Portland-Cementfabriks A. G.< Podsused near Zagreb, 
has a share capital of 14 million kunas and an annual capacity of 120,- 
000 metric tons. It is controlled by the Croat General Credit Bank 
and the First Croat Savings Bank , but since the Dresdner Bank has a 
part interest in the Ungarische Allgemeine Kreditbank , Budapest, 
which controls the Croat General Credit Bank, at least some indirect, 
and possibly some direct German interest in the company is indicated. 

Beociner C ementfabriks-A. G. in Beocin, Slavonia, is one of the 
biggest cement plants in Yugoslavia, producing about 300,000 tons an¬ 
nually. Its capital is 40.5 million kunas and it is controlled by the 
Ungarische Allgemeine Kreditbank and the Croat General Credit 
Bank. Thus Dresdner Bank has an indirect interest also in this 
company. 

It is reported that the Germans are producing steel reinforced con¬ 
crete beams for export in the neighborhood of Zagreb and that this 
is one of the three largest European plants, the other two being 
in Paris and Hamburg. It is probable that “Croatia” cement mill is 
used for that purpose. 

Danube Shipping 

As Croatia control? a considerable portion of the right bank of the 
Danube and as Yugoslav Danube shipping was formerly controlled 
from Belgrade, Croatia established its own Kroatsche Flusschiffahrts 
A. G. “Hribrod ”, at Zagreb, in 1941. The company has a capital of 
100 million kunas. The majority of shares is in the hands of the Croat 
State and the minority in the hands of the Hermann Gorvng Werke 
shipping affiliates. 


Electrotechnical Industry 

The Kontakt-Werke A. G.. Zagreb, capital 11.5 million kunas, was 
established in 1942, and has a plant in Zagreb producing electrotechni¬ 
cal material as well as dry batteries. Part interest in the company 
is owned by the Aecvmulatorenfabrik A. G ., Berlin. “ Munja ” Ac¬ 
cumulator enfabrik A. G ., Zagreb, capital 5 million kunas, is an old 
company established in 1920 which is partly owned by the above Berlin 
firm. It produces electrical batteries under German licenses. 


Glass 

The Vereinigts Glasfabriken A. G ., in Zagreb, which owns several 
glass factories in Slovenia and Croatia, is controlled by the First Croat 
Savings Bank and the members of the Abel family. The Abel family 
is of German origin and some German capital from the Reich is in- 


10 About 60 percent of the Yugoslav pre-war cement-producing capacity (about 1 6 million 
tons a year) was located near Split in Dalmatia and was largely Italian owSed 


14 






vested in their holdings in Yugoslava. Keramische Industrie A. G. y 
Zagreb, which has two pottery factories in Slovenia is also owned by 
the Vereinigte Glasfabriken. 

Lumber 

“ Slavex ” A. G. fur Forstindustrie, Zagreb, with a capital of 15 mil¬ 
lion kunas, operates several lumber mills in Slavonia. It is controlled 
by the Bankverein fur Kroatien, Zagreb , and the Creditanstalt-Bank- 
verein , Vienna, and, through them, by the Deutsche Bank, Berlin. 
“Slavex” also owns the “ Zvecevo Novo ” Forstindustrie A. G ., a lumber 
firm with a capital of 3 million kunas. 

The Croatian State came automatically into the possession of a con¬ 
siderable portion of the Yugoslav timber industry formerly owned by 
the Yugoslav state and now in Croatian territoiw. The most im¬ 
portant corporation is the F orstindustrie-Unternehrmmg “ Bipad” A. 

G. , Sarajevo, with a capital of 65 million kunas. The company oper¬ 
ated several large lumber mills in Bosnia as well as a narrow-gauge 
railroad between Prijedor and Knin. These mills have been out of 
operation since late in 1941 due to guerrilla warfare in that region. 

The most important part of the Croatian lumber industry, how¬ 
ever, came into the Statens hands through “aryanization” and national¬ 
ization of Jewish owned property. In this way the State obtained S . 

H. Gutmann A. G ., Belisce, capital 73 million kunas 17 (now Forst¬ 
industrie A. G .), operating several timber products plants including 
a tanning-extract plant; and the Nihag A. G., capital 6 million kunas 
(now Bilog ora A. G.). Moreover, the State and its lumber com¬ 
panies acquired considerable assets from a dozen or so timber enter¬ 
prises in Croatia that were forced into liquidation. 

The State has also taken over the Nasicer Tanninfabrik wnd Dam/pf- 
sage A. G. y capital 30 million kunas, producing various types of build¬ 
ing and construction timber as well as operating an important tan¬ 
ning-extract factory. This company is owned by the Swiss-British 
holding company, Union des Usines et des Exploitations Forestieres 
de Nasic, S. A ., Geneva, which had protested to Croatia through the 
Swiss Government against its seizure as Jewish property. 

There is little doubt that all producing facilities of these State 
companies are at the disposal of the Germans. Reportedly Croatia 
produces and supplies Germany, by way of the Danube, with a con¬ 
siderable portion of material for the German program of prefabricated 
houses. It seems that the facilities of the former S. H. Gutmann A. G ., 
have been divided for that purpose, and a part of the plant incorporated 
in a special company, Veleploca A. G ., Belisce, capital 50 million 
kunas. 

Shoes 

“Bata” Kroatische Gummi- und Schuhfabriken A. G ., Borovo, is 
the former Yugoslav and now Croat affiliate of the Great Czech shoe 
firm of Bata , Zhn. Normal production capacity is about 7 million pairs 
of shoes. The Germans seemingly have not taken title to the property 
of this Czech firm, thus leaving its Croatian affiliate also in Czech hands, 
but the Germans control the management of the parent company. 


1T A part, of the shares of this company are in German hands. 


15 




This mav also be the reason that the Croatian Bata company has 
been allowed to expand its share capital from 40 to 150 million kunas. 
Because of the leather and shoe shortage in Croatia, the Bata plant is 
producing rubber compound for soles. Shoe production for civilian 
use has been greatly curtailed. Of course, the plant may be working on 
German shoe orders with imported materials. Moreover, it has re¬ 
portedly, with the help of the State, developed several large shoe-repair 
shops in important cities. ~ 

Knock A. G., Riemen- wnd Schuhfabnk, Zagreb, is a German-con¬ 
trolled company -which owns a factory producing shoes and belting in 
Zagreb. 


Sugar 

Erste kroatisch-slavo?iische Zuekerindustrie A. G., Osijek, capital 
30 million kunas, is owned by the Kroatische Landesbank and thus in¬ 
directly by the Dresdner Bank. A part of the shares is owned by the 
Zivnostmska Banka , Prague. . 

At the time of the formation of the “independent” state of Croatia, 
this was the only sugar factory on Croatian territory. Its capacity 
was perhaps sufficient to cover one-fourth to one-fifth of the domestic 
pre-war sugar consumption. To increase the sugar production, the 
State sponsored and partly financed a new corporation, Zucker- 
fdbriken A. G., with a capital of 100 million kunas, through which it 
was planned to develop within 6 years a sugar industry capable of 
supplying the domestic sugar deficit. 

Textiles 

Prior to the war, the Croat regions, just as Serbia, had a well-de¬ 
veloped textile industry, especially in cotton. The Germans had no 
need for additional textile-manufacturing capacity. They were, how¬ 
ever, interested in the Croat production of hemp and flax, and hold 
part ownership in several hemp mills. 

The “ Albert ” Industrie und Handels A. G ., Zagreb, capital 15 mil¬ 
lion kunas, has been taken over partly by the Croat State holding 
company “Pohit” (35 percent), 32 percent of the shares is owmed by the 
Bremer Ostafrika G. m. b. H. Bremen, and 33 percent remains in the 
hands of the Albert family. The company is interested in producing, 
working, and exporting hemp, flax, and other textiles. 

The Jute Industrie A. G ., Karlovac, is capitalized at 3 million kunas. 
The Flachs-Industrie A. G., Osijek, capital 12 million kunas, has two 
flax and hemp mills, at Osijek and at Vladislavci, near Osijek. The 
company is controlled by the Kroatische Landesbank and thus in¬ 
directly by the Dresdner Bank. This bank also indirectly controls the 
cotton mill of the Ivancica A. G ., capital 3 million kunas, and the 
woolen mill of the Zagorjaner /Schafwolhoarqnfabrik A. G., capital 5 
million kunas. 

Osijeker Seidenweberei A. G., Osijek, capital 10 million kunas, has a 
silk goods plant in Osijek. Most of the capital of this firm is owned by 
Swiss silk interests, but Viennese firms have a part interest. 

Another important hemp factory in Croatia—the Vukovarer Hanf- 
fabrik und Spinnerei A. G., Vukovar, capital 6 million kunas—is 
owned by the First Croat Savings Bank, but it can be safely assumed 
that its production is earmarked for Germany. 


16 



Trade 

The foreign trade of Croatia is largely dominated by German firms 
(see Appendix F). The German central cooperative “ Agraria at 
Osijek, is probably the most important exporter of foods, oilseeds, and 
plant fibers. Croatia probably contributes more food to the German 
Army stationed in Croatia than it exports to Germany. 

Trade with Germany, and all other countries as far as it exists, is 
regulated by bilateral treaties stipulating the exact types of goods, 
their prices, and the quantities to be exchanged. Payments resulting 
from trade and all other sources, such as wages of Croatian workers in 
Germany, are handled in the clearing account. Croatia has always 
been a creditor in clearing account with Germany and her State Bank 
has mobilized these balances. 


17 




Appendix A 


ITALIAN HOLDINGS IN CROATIA OUTSIDE THE FORMERLY 
ITALIAN-ANNEXED AREAS 

Italian corporate holdings in Croatia outside the formerly Italian- 
annexed parts of Dalmatia (excluding Provincia di Lubiana and 
Montenegro) were small, except in the field of insurance. One of the 
most important of the pre-war holdings was in the Groat Bank , at 
Zagreb. Before 1941, this was a medium-sized bank with a capital of 
20 million dinars (kunas); but after the establishment of Croatia in 
1941, an increase in capital to 100 million kunas was authorized, and 
the business of the bank considerably extended. The bank is an affil¬ 
iate of the Banca Commerciale Italiana. 

Among the pre-war industrial investments, the most important was 
perhaps a large share in TJgar A. G ., at Sarajevo, a lumber company 
with a capital of 30 million kunas, which operated three lumber mills 
in Bosnia and controlled considerable forest properties. The mills 
have not been working since the beginning of the war due to guer¬ 
rilla fighting in those regions. 

Among the trading corporations are the affiliates of Fiat (vehicles, 
capital 1 million kunas); Montecatini (chemicals, capital 1 million 
kunas); Pirelli (rubber, capital 500,000 kunas); “ Indwvod 5 A. G. 
(textiles, capital 1 million kunas, representing Itcdviscosa , Milano). 

The most important among the trading companies is the Kroatisch - 
Italienische Handels A. G ., capital 2.5 million kunas, which dealt in 
agricultural products. It is owned jointly by the Croat State hold¬ 
ing company “ Pohit ,” the First Croat Savings Bank , the Italian State- 
controlled bank Banca Nationale del Lavoro , and the Italian State- 
controlled Compagnia Italiana Scambi Cereali, Legwmi e Atfmi 
which had the monopoly of imports of rye, corn, and legumes. * 

In the last 3 years, the Italians had established a number of develop¬ 
ment companies: ^ 

1. “ Rudnik ” A. 6L Zagreb, capital 1 million kunas, carries on gen- 
eml prospecting and trade in mineral products. This company if an 
affiliate of the/S'. A. Miner arm Siderurgica “ Ferromin ”, of Genoa, and 
of the A M. M. /. (Azienda Minerali MetaUici ItalianL a quasi-gov- 
emmental corporation). ^ 6 

r‘ Pe,r ° K) • ~ d “ s ‘ s,d in p*" 01 '™ 

Petrolewn } A - G-, Zagreb, capital 6,250,000 kunas is 
the *4 r' Pe / r p eUm P r °*P ectln g an d exploitation corporation of which 
Soifal^‘/;t£ 0wns 75 P ercent * nd the Cr °at state 25 percent The 
kunas. 1 f th pany was reduced >n January 1944 to 9 K mills™? 


aSmTS:£s i“n Tpfo is bu :if ing c ? t « ,ion *- the 


18 


Appendix B 


DECREE (excerpts) 


Concerning the establishment of the Office for Economic 
Restoration. 


Article 1 


In the Ministry of National Economy, there shall be established an 
Office for Economic Restoration. 

The head of this Office will be subordinate to the Section for In¬ 
dustry and Commerce in the said Ministry. The minister will issue 
special orders for the complete organization of this Office. 

Article 2 


The duties of this office shall be as follows: 

(a) To supervise all business enterprises. 

(b) To take charge of all business enterprises if the owner or the 
responsible executive organ is of unknown domicile, or if he has de¬ 
parted from his place of residence for an indefinite period, and has not 
given proper instructions for the continued operation of the business. 

(c) To take charge of business enterprises, which, in accordance 
with Article 3, of the basic law cencerning sabotage in business enter¬ 
prises, have become the property of the government. 

(d) To take charge oi the purchase and sale of business enterprises, 
their share of stock, immovable properties, and other valuable interests 
for the interest of the State. 

(e) To nominate, with the approval of the Minister of National 
Economy, and to discharge the Commissioners who are placed in the 
business enterprises, to control the work of the commissioners and in¬ 
struct them ip administration in order to obtain better business lead¬ 
ership for business enterprises. 

(f) To execute all other business and administrative functions 
which may be assigned to them. 


Article 5 


In accordance with Article 2 of this Decree and in order to estimate 
the proper value of the confiscated business enterprises and to hear 
the evidence of the interested party concerned, the Office for Economic 
Restoration has established an Advisory Council composed of the 
representatives of the Ministry and the representatives of business 
enterprises. The number of the representatives shall be determined 
by the Ministry Section for Industry and Commerce 

Article 6 

All business enterprises are required to submit all necessary infor¬ 
mation of whatever nature is required and whenever the Office for 
Economic Restoration has requested them to do so. 


19 



Article 8 


The Minister of National Economy will be authorized to execute 
this Decree, and from time to time he will explain and interpret the 
legal effect of this Decree. 


Article 9 


This Decree shall be effective on the date of its publication in 
Narodne Novine} 


Zagreb, May 2, 1941. 


1 Published in Narodne Nomne. No. 18, May 8. 1941. 







20 





Appendix C 

DECREE (excerpts) 

Concerning the Nationalization of Jewish Property 

Section 1 

All property and property rights belonging to persons who are 
Jews by virtue of Article 3 of the Decree concerning Racial Relations 
(classifications) issued on April 30, 1941, No. XLV—68 Z—1941, and 
all legacies left by such persons where they have died after February 
10, 1941, become, upon publication of this decree, the property of the 
Independent State of Croatia, as of February 10, 1941. 

Section 2 

Property and property rights forfeited under Section 1 of this decree 
shall be managed by the State Treasury, Section for State Property, 
Credits and Debts, Office for Nationalized Property, in accordance 
with the existing regulations. 


Section 3 

All recorders’ offices, commercial courts, appellate courts and other 
courts, together with mining offices and other authorities which record 
the transfer of property, must, in the interests of proper procedure, 
record the transfers which will be effected pursuant to this decree. 

Section 5 

The said Office for Nationalized Property may, after the completion 
of the recording of the transfer, void all agreements or other legal 
transactions on the basis of which third persons have acquired pos¬ 
session of property or any part thereof belonging to Jews; and may 
require that all such property shall be turned over within a specified 
period of time to the said Office for Nationalized Property. 

If the property subject to nationalization is not delivered within the 
proper time and according to the proper procedure, the administrative 
authority of the first instance shall, upon the request of the Office for 
Nationalized Property, effect the immediate delivery of such property. 

Section 6 

All persons affected by Section 1 of this Decree are obligated within 
the period of 8 days 1 following the publication of this decree to de- 


1 This period of time was extended to November 30, 1942, by Decree dated November 6, 
1942, No. 1268, ZborrUk , No. 33-34, p. 1448. (Published in N<irodne Novine, No. 255, 
Nov. 10, 1942.) 


21 







liver to the competent tax collectors’ office or to some other competent 
authority designated by the Office for Nationalized Property, stocks, 
insurance policies, securities, bank books, and other valuables including 
gold, silver, articles made of precious metals, rugs, objects of artistic 
value, and the like. 

Section 7 

Stocks, insurance policies, securities and savings books which are 
the property of persons affected by Section 1 of this decree which are 
not delivered within the period prescribed by Section 6, must be can¬ 
celed at the requestion of the Office for Naturalized Property. The 
provision of Section 7 of the law concerning legal procedure, July 24, 
1934, No. 71, 720, shall not apply to these cancelations. Decisions 
ordering the cancelation of stocks, insurance policies, securities, and 
bank books will be published once in Narodne Novine. Decisions with 
respect to the cancelation of stocks shall also apply to coupons which 
have not yet been paid, to coupon sheets, and to the stubs. 

Section 8 

All rights and privileges arising from the ownership of stocks, in¬ 
surance policies, securities, and bank books shall, on the basis of the 
aforementioned decisions, remain in existence until new stocks, etc., 
are issued. 

The firms or economic enterprises originally issuing the said stocks, 
insurance policies, securities, and bank books which have been nation¬ 
alized are obligated, upon the request of the Office for Nationalized 
Property, to issue to the said Office new stocks, insurance policies, 
securities, or bank books as the case may be. Such issuance or 
transfer shall be exempt from duties or stamp taxes of any nature 
whatsoever. 

Section 14 

There shall be no judicial review of any decisions made by the Office 
for Nationalized Property pursuant to this decree. 

Section 19 

This decree shall become effective on the date of its publication in 
the Narodne Novine. 2 On that date all contrary or conflicting regula¬ 
tions shall be void. 

Zagreb, October 30, 1942. 


* Published in Narodne Novine, No. 246, October 30, 1942. 


22 





Appendix D 

DECREE 

Concerning the taking over (preuzimanje) of financial institutions 

Article 1 

In the interests of state and national well being, the State Treasury, 
in agreement with the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, may order 
that a financial institution which functions as a corporation, together 
with all its possessions, can be taken over by the State; or the State 
Treasury can order such financial institution to decrease or increase its 
capital shares of outstanding stock, and can freely decide who is to 
take over the new shares and under what conditions. The manner of 
taking over, and the determination of what action is to be taken on 
obligations of the confiscated financial institution, shall be decided by 
the State Treasury in agreement with the Ministry of Industry and 
Commerce despite the basic law regulating trade relations. Such 
decisions are always final and no appeal can be taken therefrom. 

Article 2 

The management of the financial institution so confiscated shall be 
in the hands of government financial institutions authorized by the 
State Treasury. In certain cases, however, the management may be 
entrusted to certain private financial institutions which will be estab¬ 
lished for that purpose. 

Article 3 

Property belonging to financial institutions which have been con¬ 
fiscated becomes the property of the State and will be administered 
separately until a final determination on such property has been made 
by the State Treasury. 

Article 4 

The State Treasury will appoint a commission which will consist of 
five persons who are not members of the government, which commission 
will have complete supervision and control over the said financial 
institution. 

Article 5 

As soon as a decision is made by the government to take over a finan¬ 
cial institution, the administrative and other officials of the said insti¬ 
tution will cease to have any legal authority and may consider their 
employment terminated. 


23 




The Land Register shall be changed upon such confiscation, and the 
property shall be entered in the register as a State possession. 

Article 6 

All matters concerning insurance and involving the protection of 
financial institutes by the government and by their creditors will re¬ 
main unchanged until the State Treasury decides upon a definite course 
of action. 

Article 7 

The execution of this decree shall be entrusted to the State Treasury 
and to the Ministry of Industry and Commerce. The President of 
the Legislative Commission is authorized to interpret this decree. 

Article 8 

This decree shall be effective on the date of its publication in Narodne 

Novine . 1 

Zagreb, July 8,1941. 


1 Published in Narodne Novine, No. 70, July 8, 1941, 


24 




Appendix E 


“ZEMPRO” AND “POHITCROAT STATE HOLDING 
AGENCIES 

1. The “Zempro” Staatliche Geschaftszentrale fur Bodenerzeug- 
nisse (Government Central Agency for Agricultural Products), Zag¬ 
reb, is a government agency financed by government funds and under 
the supervision of the Ministry of Economics. Originally, under the 
name of “ Pogod ,” it was the Croatian banovinal corporation that took 
over the business of the “ Prizad ” on the Croatian territory in 1939. Its 
name was later changed to Plodina A. G ., and in February 1942, it 
dropped the corporate form and became a government agency under 
the name of “Zempro.” 

Because the problem of food supply was one of the most pressing 
for the Croat State, the principal crops were declared Government 
monopolies. Collection of crops, wholesale buying and selling of ag¬ 
ricultural products, accumulation of stocks and regulation of the do¬ 
mestic and export traffic in agricultural products were placed under this 
Government agency. 1 The agency also took part in setting prices to be 
paid to the peasants for the agricultural products to be delivered or sold 
to the State. 

In those districts of Croatia where the German minority accounted 
for more than 20 percent of the total population, the food adminis¬ 
tration activities of the “Zempro” were carried on by Agraria, the 
German cooperative association in Osijek. 

Besides serving as an administrative and operating agency, “Zem¬ 
pro” is also a holding agency, participating in some companies to- 

f ether with private and Government-controlled German and Italian 
rms. These include the Kroatische Schenker A. G ., Zagreb (trans¬ 
portation) ; the Uljoplod A. G ., Ruma (oil-seed cultivation); the 
Kroatiscli-Italienische Handels-A. G., Zagreb (import-export); the 
Donavdandische-Handels-A. G., Zagreb (import-export); the Gim- 
pex A. G ., Zagreb (import-export); Gospodarstvo A. G ., Zagreb 
(publishing); and “ Pohit ” A. G ., Zagreb (State holding company). 

2. The Privilegierte Kroatische Industrie-Handels A. G. “Point”, 
Zagreb, has a share capital of 100 million kunas. All shares are reg¬ 
istered and can be transferred only with the permission of the Min¬ 
istry of Economics, which supervises the company, owns the majority 
of shares, and directs its activities through its nigh officials on the 
Board of Directors. The “Pohit” was established in 1940 to serve as 
the holding company of the autonomous Banovina Croatia created in 
August 1939, to handle investments in industry and trade, thus sup- 


1 In March 1944, Croatia reorganized the State food administration, creating a central 
supply agency, under the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, which combined the food- 
administration functions of the “Zempro” and various “associations” and “centrals.’ 


25 




plementing the activities of the Savings Bank of the Banovina 
Croatia. 

The chief function of the “Pohit” under the Ustashi regime in 
Croatia was to take over and manage a part of the industrial and com¬ 
mercial enterprises which the State acquired through confiscation or 
expropriation of Jewish and Serbian properties, and to engage in the 
establishment of trading enterprises. It also acquired interests in the 
insurance field through the nationalization of part of British and 
Serbian insurance business in Croat territory. Among the enterprises 
in which the “Pohit” participated as of 1942 were: “ Domovina ” Kroat- 
ische Versichenmgs A. G. (insurance); “ Albert ” Industrie und Han¬ 
dels A. G. (textiles, especially hemp); Erste Kroatische OlfaJbrik A. G. 
(edible oil); Zagreber Bierbrauerei A. G. (beer); Zagreber Papier- 
fabriks-A . G. (paper); “Mbma,” Koldenbergwerke A. G. (coal min¬ 
ing) ; “ Obnova ” A. G. fur Handel wnd Verarbeitwng von Produkten 
(metal and textile scrap); “ Sirovina 5 ” A. G. fur Handel wnd Verar - 
beitung von Abfallen (scrap); “ Croatia ” Informationburo A. G.; 
Kroatiseh-Itcdienische Handelsgesellschaft A. G. (export-import). 

These two State holding companies control only a relatively small 
part of the business property in the hands of the Croatian State. 
Banking and some industrial interests are controlled through the State 
banks, some industrial enterprises directly by the Ministry of Eco¬ 
nomics, mining and timber by the Ministry of Forests and Mines, 
shipping and State railways by the Ministry of Transportation, pro¬ 
duction and sale of government monopoly articles (such as tobacco, 
salt, and cigarette paper) by the Treasury, and the few arsenals by 
the Ministry of War. 


26 





Appendix F 


MPORTANT GERMAN TRADING FIRMS OPERATING IN 

CROATIA 


Name 

Year of 
estab¬ 
lish¬ 
ment 

Share capi¬ 
tal in 
Kunas 

Representing 

Product 

“Asphalt-Beton” A. Q. 

1939 

2,000,000 

Viennese firms... 

Building material. 

“Montan” Handels A. Q- 

1942 

500,000 

Haniel & Cie, Duisburg. 

Coal, fertilizers. 

Montan Syndikat A. G- 


750,000 

Allpine-Montan betriebe— 
Hermann Gbring Works. 

Machinery, iron and 
steel, metals. 

“Seona” Kohlenbergwerks A. 
G. 

“Alat” Industrie A. G. _ 

1940 

2,000,000 

Various German firms. 

Coal, minerals. 


2,000,000 

2,000,000 

Various German firms_ 

Tools. 

Gebr. Bfihler & Co. A. G- 

1941 

Gebr. Bohler & Co., A. G., 
Vienna. 

Iron and steel, metals, 
coal. 

“Embeag” Handels-Indus- 
trie A. G. 

1941 

3,000,000 

Maschinenbau-und Bahnbe- 
darf A. G., Berlin. 

Metals, rolling stock. 

Ferro Wolff A. G._. 

1941 

500,000 

Otto Wolff, Cologne.. 

Metals, machinery. 

“Obnova’ A. G- 

1941 

30,000,000 

Kontropa A. G., Vienna_ 

Alplae Montanbetriebe-Her- 
mann Gfiring Works. 

Scrap. 

Industrie-’undHandels A. G. 

1928 

Iron and steel. 

Kroatische Schoeller-Bleck- 
lrann A. G. 


1,500,000 

Sohoeller Bleckmann Stahl- 
werke A. G., Vienna. 

Iron and steel. 

Marnesmafinrohren-und Ei- 
sen A. G. 

1942 

12,000,000 

Mannesmann Werke, Diis- 
seldorf. 

Tubes, iron, and steol. 

Kontinentale A. G. fiir Eisen- 
handel. 

1937 

1,000,000 

Czech steel firms... 

Iron and steel. 

N ational Register Kassen 
A. G. 

1939 

1,000,000 

National-Krupp Register 
Kassen G. m. b. H., Berlin. 

Office machines. 

Oberhiitten Silesia Stahl A. 
G. 

1943 

750,000 

Oberhiitten Silesia Stahl.... 

Iron and steel ma¬ 
chinery. 

“Olympia” Buromaschinen 
A. G. 

Kroatische Klockner-Hum- 
boldt-Deutz. 

1941 

1,000,000 

A. E. G., Berlin.. 

Office machines. 

1925 

3,000,000 

Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz, 

Cologne. 

Machinery, motors, 
armaments. 

Anilokemika A. G. fiir tech- 

1923 

2,000,000 

I. G. Farben... 

Chemicals. 

nisc-h-chemische Industrie. 




Pharmaceuticals. 

Odol A. G_ 

1941 

2, 000,000 

Lingner-Werke, Dresden_ 

Pira, A. G___ 

1923 

1,200,000 

I. G. Farben, Mauser Werke. 

Explosives,arm aments. 

Julius Meinl A. G_ 

1920 

10,000,000 

Julius Meinl A. G., Vienna.. 

Coffee and food. 

“Transmar” Handels A. G... 

1941 

2,000,000 

Gesellschaft fur Aussen- 
handel, Vienna. 

General trading. 

A. E. G. Kroatische Elektri- 

1922 

1,000,000 

A. E. G., Berlin. 

Electrical appliances. 

cit&ts A. G. 




Electrical appliances. 

Kroatische Siemens A. G_ 

1921 

1,500,000 

Siemens A. G., Berlin_ 

“Elin” A. G. fur elektrische 

1922 

3,500,000 

“Elin” A. G., Vienna. 

Electrical appliances. 

Industrie. 

1941 

16,000,000 

2,000,000 

German radio firms.. 

Radio equipment. 

“Ufa” Kroatische Film A. G. 

1942 

“Ufa” Film, Berlin_ 

Moving pictures. 

Continental—Caoutchouc A. 
o 

1924 

2,000,900 

Continental Gummi Werke, 
Hannover. 

Rubber products. 

Semperit A. G. 

A. G. fiir Industrie, Anbau 

1922 

550,000 

Semperit Werke, Vienna.... 

Rubber products. 

1942 

500,000 

Siidostropa A. G., Berlin— 

Agricultural products. 

und Handel A. G. “Siido- 





stropa.” 

“Timex” A. G.- 

1940 

1,000,000 

Hellmuth Carrous & Cie, 
Hamburg. 

General trading. 

Kroatische Schenker A. G. . 

1942 

3,000,000 

Schenker Co., A. G., Berlin. 

Transportation. 

“Intercontinentale” A. G_ 

1942 

3,000,000 

German controlled_ 

Transportation. 

Internationale Transport A. Q 

1938 

600,000 

German controlled- 

Transportation. 


U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 0—1945 


27 











































\ 















WAR DEPARTMENT PAMPHLET No. 31-130 


4 


( 


MILITARY GOVERNMENT INFORMATION GUIDE ’ 49 


BUSINESS HOLDINGS IN AUSTRIA 


OF UNITED STATES FIRMS 


WAR 






AGO 24B 



UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
WASHINGTON : 1 84S 


THE NATIONAL WAS COLLEGE JAN 2 3 34o 


>■ V 
























WAR DEPARTMENT 
Washington 25, D. C., 20 January 1945 

War Department Pamphlet No. 31-130, Military Government 
Information Guide, Business Holdings in Austria of United States 
Firms , is published for the information and guidance of all concerned. 
[AG 461 (16 Dec 44)] 

By order of the Secretary of War: 


Official: G. C. MARSHALL 

J. A. ULIO Chief of Staff 

Major General 
The Adjutant General 


Distribution: 

AAF (5); AGF (5); ASF (2); Special Distribution. 
For explanation of symbols, see FM 21-6. 


AGO 24B 




CONTENTS 



Page 


I. INTRODUCTION. 1 

II. BUSINESS HOLDINGS IN AUSTRIA OF UNITED STATES 

FIRMS. 

Austrogasco_ 3 

Benzin- & Oelindustrie AG “Kagran”_ 4 

Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum-Gesellschaft Ver- 

kaufsniederlassung Wien GmbH_ 5 

Ebano Asphalt Werke AG Verkaufsniederlassung, 

Wien GmbH_ 6 

Hoffman Biigelmaschinen GmbH_ 7 

Hugo Stinnes GmbH_ 8 

Internationale Geschaftsmaschinen Vertriebsgesellschaft 

mbll_ 9 

Kontinentale Eisenhandels Gesellschaft Kern & Com¬ 
pany (Limited partnership; possibly a KG)_ 10 

Mix & Genest Ostmarkische Telefonwerke GmbH_ 12 

National Registrier-Kassen GmbH_ 13 

Oesterreichische “Borvisk” Patent-VerwertungsGmbH_ 14 
Oesterreichische Ganz’sche Elektrizitats gesellschaft 

mbH_ 15 

Rohoel-Gewinnungs AG_ 18 

Salzburger Eisengrosshandlung GmbH__ 20 

Substantia GmbH_ 21 

Swift & Company, Ltd_ 22 

Wm. Szalav & Sohn AG_ 23 

United Shoe Machinery Corporation (Branch)_ 24 

Vacuum Oil Company AG_ 25 

Vereinigte Telefon- und Telegrafen-Werke AG_ 26 

Worthington Pumpen und Maschinenbau GmbH_ 28 

Wurm, Stegmtiller GmbH- 29 

APPENDIX A. Index by Type of Business of Business Holdings in 

Austria by United States Firms- 30 

B. Index by United States Firms of Their Business Hold¬ 
ings in Austria_ 31 


AGO 24B 































NOTE 


/ 


Military Government and Civil Affairs Guides and Information 
Guides are designed to aid Civil Affairs Officers dealing with problems 
in theaters of operation, each Guide being focused upon a specific 
problem in a particular area. These Guides are not basic collections 
of factual information, as are the Military Government and Civil 
Affairs Handbooks, nor are the recommendations (or action programs 
implied in the Guides) intended to take the place of plans prepared 
in the field. They are rather designed to point the factual informa¬ 
tion toward the making and executing of plans by those Civil Affairs 
Officers assigned to this work in the theaters of operation. In no 
sense is a Guide to be taken as an order. Such orders will be issued 
in the normal manner. 


This Guide was prepared under the supervision of the Committee 
on Civil Affairs Studies and is approved by the Committee. 



In connection with this report, War Department Pamphlet No. 
31-126, Military Government Information Guide, Business Holdings 
in Germany oj United States Firms , is of interest. 


II 


AGO 24B 




I. INTRODUCTION 


This report is a systematic presentation of available information 
regarding business holdings in Austria in which United States firms 
have an interest. The holdings may comprise tangible or intangible 
property, such as real property, equipment, machinery, stocks, bonds, 
patents, contracts, or rights. 

The information presented was taken from forms based on reports 
furnished to the United States Treasury Department in accordance 
with Special Regulation No. 1, issued June 1, 1943, and as amended, 
requiring reports on Form TFR-500 by “ (a) every person subject to 
the jurisdiction of the United States having at the close of business 
on May 31, 1943, any interest whatsoever, direct or indirect, in any 
property in a foreign country on such date and by (b) every person 
subject to the jurisdiction of the United States with whom any foreign 
organization was allied on such date.” [sec. 137.1 The forms used 
as a basis for this report represent the complete returns submitted to 
the United States Treasury by United States firms with respect to 
their business holdings in Austria. Comparable or additional infor¬ 
mation was derived from certain reports of the Foreign Property- 
Holders Protective Committee organized by the National Foreign 
Trade Council, Inc. 

In the text of this report, the business holdings in Austria are 
arranged alphabetically in accordance with a U. S. Treasury check¬ 
list. Tnirteen items of information are furnished, when available, 
with respect to each holding in Austria in which a United States firm 
has an interest. Item (1) gives the name of the business holding in 
Austria, (2) its location in Austria, and (3) its nature. Items (4) 
volume of output, (5) value of output, and (6) estimated annual 
capacity, apply only to those businesses engaged in actual production; 
where tne businesses are engaged in distribution, as distinguished 
from production, the lack of applicability of items (4)-(6) is indicated 
as follows: Item (7) gives the name and address of the United States 
firm, which has an interest in the business holding in Austria (item 1) 
and has reported the same on Form TFR-500. Item (8) gives the 
name and address of any foreign organization through which the 
United States interest is held. In this case, “foreign organization” 
means any corporation or other organization created and existing 
under the laws in force in Austria, and includes any foreign branch or 
office of an organization which is subject to the jurisdiction of the 


AGO 24B 


1 




United States. Item (9) gives the total value, and item (10) the 
percent, of the United States interest in the Austrian business holding 
(item 1), as reported by the United States firm. It should be under¬ 
stood that the total value, as reported, is only approximate, and that 
the percent of the holding is subject to error. In some cases, the 
value has already been written off as a debit by the reporting company. 
Item (11) gives the proportionate interest in the Austrian business 
holding of persons or corporate entities other than the United States 
firm reporting. Item (12) lists any foreign organizations affiliated 
with the business holding in Austria, and item (13) the officers and 
directors of the latter. 

Two indexes have been provided in the appendix: an index of the 
business holdings in Austria by type of business, and an index by the 
United States firms reporting such holdings. Since all but one of the 
holdings are located in Vienna, a location index has not been included. 
In the indexes, reference is made to the business holding in Austria 
by its name. Information about the holding can then be located in 
the text either by the page number given in the contents, where the 
names of the holding are listed alphabetically, or by leafing through 
the text where the holdings are also arranged alphabetically. As a 
dictionary aid, the first two or three words of the name of the holding 
are shown on the upper outside corner of each page. 

The more important business enterprises in Austria are in the form 
of legal entities with limited liability which must be registered in the 
Handelsregister (Commercial Register). The distinction between the 
more common types of legal entities is as follows: The shares of the 
Aktiengesellschaft can be freely negotiated, or negotiated with fewer 
restrictions than the participations in a Gesellschajt mit beschrdnkter 
Haftung. The Genossenschajt mit beschrdnkter Hajtung is a cooperative 
with limited liability, the members of which cannot negotiate their 
shares. In the ojfene Handelsgesellschajt (ordinary partnership), all 
partners are responsible for the debts of the partnership. In the 
Kommanditgesellschaft (limited partnership), one or more partners are 
liable only to the extent of their investment, while in the Kommandit 
Aktiengesellschaft , the limited liability is expressed in shares (Aktien ). 

The abbreviations used throughout this report are as follows: 


Aktiengesellschaft _AG 

Gesellschaft mit beschrdnkter Haftung _GmbH 

Kommanditgesellschaft _KG 

Information not available_n. a. 


It should be noted, however, that in Austria a Gesellschaft mit 
beschrdnkter Haftung is abbreviated Ges.mbH, to distinguish it from 
a Genossenschajt mit beschrdnkter Hajtung, abbreviated Gen.mbH. 


2 


AGO 24B 







II. BUSINESS HOLDINGS IN AUSTRIA 
OF UNITED STATES FIRMS 


Austrogasco 


1 . Name 

2 . Address 

3. Type of business 

4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6 . Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8 . Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10 . Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11 . Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 


Austrogasco 
am Heumarkt 10 
Vienna 3, Austria 
Production, refining, and mar¬ 
keting of petroleum products 


Standard Oil Companj' (New 
Jersey) 

30 Rockefeller Plaza 

New York, N. Y. 

Deutsch-Amerikanische Petro- 

leum-Gesellschaft 

Neuer Jungfernstieg 21 

Hamburg 36, Germany 

$459,280 

100 percent 

n. a. 

n. a. 


Name 

Address 

Citi¬ 

zenship 

Office 

R. P. Bolton 

am Heumarkt 10 

British 

President 

Baron Franz von Baillon 

Vienna 3, Austria 
Do. 

German 

Director 

Dr. Friedrich Breme 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Eng. Friedrich Kummer 

Do. 

Austrian 

Do. 



Benzin- & Oelindustrie 

1 . Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 

4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 


13. Directors and officers of (1) 


Benzin- & Oelindustrie AG 
“Kagran” 

Breitenleerstrasse 363 
Vienna 21, Austria 
Rental of manufacturing facili¬ 
ties to Vacuum Oil Company 
AG, Vienna 


Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, 
Inc. 

26 Broadway 
New York, N. Y. 

Vacuum Oil Company AG 
Canovagasse 5 
Vienna 1, Austria 
RM 375,964 

100 percent 

n. a. 

Benzin- & Oelindustrie AG 
“ Kagran” was merged with 
Vacuum Oil Company AG as 
of June 30, 1941 
See Vacuum Oil Company AG 



Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum 


1 . Name 

a 9 i W ,3niJ83Bli i >b9ui*luB2h9V 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 

4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 

Name 


Deutsch-Amerikanische Petrole- 
um-Gesellschaft Verkaufsnieder- 
lassung, Wien GmbH 
Canovagasse 5 
Vienna 1, Austria 
Marketing of lubricating oils 


Standard Oil Company (New 

Jersey) 

30 Rockefeller Plaza 
New York, N. Y. 
Deutsch-Amerikanische Petrole- 
um-Gesellschaft 
Neuer Jungfernstieg 21 
Hamburg, Germany 
$22,000 

100 percent 

None 

n. a. 

Citizen- 

Address ship Office 


Josef Widmann 
Walter Feldmann 


Canovagasse 5, 
Vienna 1 
Do. 


n. a. Director 
n. a. Do. 




AGO 24B 622602° —45- 2 


5 






Ebano Asphalt Werk« 


1. Name 


2. Address 

3. Type of business 

4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 

Name Address 

Hans Ganss Traungasse 12 

Vienna 3 

Christoph Schmidt Do. 

Karl Hurz Do. 

Franz Kocourek Do. 


Ebano Asphalt Werke AG 
Verkaufsniederlassung, Wien 
GmbH 

Traungasse 12 
Vienna 3, Austria 
Marketing of asphalt 


Pan-Foreign Corporation 
30 Rockefeller Plaza 
New York, N. Y. 

Ebano Asphalt Werke AG 
Esplanade 6 
Hamburg 36, Germany 
RM 24,496 

100 percent 

None 

n. a. 

Citizen¬ 
ship Office 

German Director 

Do. Do. 

Do. Manager in charge 
Do. Do. 


6 


AGO 24B 



Hoffman Biigelmaschinen 


1, Name 


Hoffman Biigelmaschinen 
GmbH 

Vienna, Austria 

Sale of garment-pressing 
machines 


2. Address 

3. Type of business 


4. Volume of output _ 

5. Value of output _ 

6. Estimated annual capacity _ 

7. Name and address of American U. S. Hoffman Machinery Cor- 


interest in (1) 


poration 

105 Fourth Avenue 


New York 3, N. Y. 


8. Name and address of foreign None 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest re- $6,448 
ported by (7) in (1) 


10. Proportionate interest reported 100 percent 
by (7) in (1) 


11. Proportionate interest of None 
persons other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) None 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 


Walter Schlein 
Karl S. Cate 


Name 


Vienna 

105 Fourth Ave., 
New York, N. Y. 


Address 


Citizenship Office 
Austrian Manager 
U. S. Director 


Calvin Weidmer 


Berlin, Germany 


Swiss 


Do. 


j AGO 24B 


7 




Hugo Stinnes 


1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 

4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 


Hugo Stinnes GmbH 
Vienna, Austria 

Dealer in coal and coal products 


Hugo Stinnes Industries, Inc. 
420 Lexington Avenue 
New York 17, N. Y. 

Hugo Stinnes GmbH 
Mulheim-Ruhr, Germany 


100 percent 

n. a. 

n. a. 
n. a. 


8 


AGO 24B 




Internationale Geschaftsmaschinen 


1. Name 


2. Address 

3. Type of business 


4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 

Name 

Thomas J. Watson 


Internationale Geschaftsma¬ 
schinen Vertriebsgesellschaft 
mbH 

33 Wipplingerstrasse 
Vienna, Austria 

Sells or leases various kinds of 
business machines and sells 
supplies used in connection 
therewith 


International Business Machine 

Corporation 

590 Madison Avenue 

New York, N. Y. 

None 


$77,702 
100 percent 
None 
None 


Address Citizenship Office 

590 Madison Avenue U. S. Partner 

New York, N.Y. 


AGO 24B 


9 


Kontinentale Eisenhandels 


1. Name 


2. Address 

3. Type of business 


4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 


Kontinentale Eisenhandels Ge- 
sellschaft Kern & Company 
(Limited partnership; possibly 
a KG) 

Vienna, Austria 
Selling organization to assist in 
export of products of Wit- 
kowitz Mines, Steel & Iron 
Corporation 


Witroth Corporation 
100 West Tenth Street 
Wilmington, Del. 

None 


K 211,630.50* 
n. a. 


•The value may be given in Krone although this unit of currency has not been recognized since the new 
currency was established on Dec. 20, 1924. 


10 


AGO 24B 




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AGO 24B 


11 


Mix & Genest Ostmarkische 


1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 


Mix & Genest Ostmarkische 
Telefonwerke GmbH 
Mariahilferstrasse 47 
Vienna 7, Austria 
Agency for Mix & Genest AG, 
Berlin, Germany, both for sale 
and rental of telephone equip¬ 
ment 


4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign or¬ 
ganization (through which Amer¬ 
ican interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of persons 
other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 


International Telephone and 
Telegraph Corporation 
67 Broad Street 
New York, N. Y. 

Mix & Genest AG 
Genest Strasse 5 
Berlin-Schoneberg, Germany 
KM 389,020 

100 percent 

None 

n. a. 


Name 

Address 

Citizenship 

Office 

A. Hoffmann 

Veilchenstr. 2, Ber- 
lin-Lichterfelde, Ger¬ 
many 

German 

Chairman of 
Board 

W. Hahnemann 

Hranitzkystr. 13 B 
Berlin - Marienfelde, 
Germany 

German 

Deputy Chair¬ 
man of Board 

L. Rupp 

Mariahilferstr. 47, 
Vienna 7 

Austrian 

Director 

K. Becker 

Do. 

German 

Joint Manager 

A. Wegscheider 

Do. 

Austrian 

Do. 


12 


AGO 24B 



National Registrtet-Kassen 


1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 


National Regis trier-Kassen 

GmbH 

57-59 Mariahilferstrasse 
Vienna 6, Austria 
Sales organization for cash 
registers, accounting machines, 
and kindred devices 


4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1). 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 


The National Cash Register 
Company 

Main and K Streets 
Dayton, Ohio 

National-Krupp Registrier- 
Kassen GmbH 
1-11 Thiemannstrasse 
Berlin (Neukolln), Germany 
RM 589,885 

100 

None 

n. a. 


Name Address Citizenship Office 

E. R. Waechter Berlin, Germany German Manager 

L. P. Luzius do do do 


-8 


AGO 24B G22602 0 — 46- 


13 






OcsJerreichische “Borvisk" 


1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 

4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7.) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 


Oesterreichische “Borvisk” 
Patent-Verwertungs GmbH 
Elisabethstrasse 1 
Vienna 1, Austria 
Manufacture of synthetic fiber 
and granting of licenses on its 
patents and processes 
n. a. 
n. a. 
n. a. 

Swiss “Borvisk” Company 
100 West 10th Street 
Wilmington, Del. 

None 


n. a. 

76 percent 


Type oj in - Per- 

Name Address Citizenship terest cent 

Otto Paneth Untere Weissgarber- Austrian Anted (par- 24 
strasse 42, Vienna 3, ticipation) 

Austria 

12. Organizations allied with (1) n. a. 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 


Name 

Otto Paneth 

Dr. Ignaz 
Nussbrecher 
Benno Borzy- 
kowski 


Address Citizenship 

Untere Weissgarberstrasse Austrian 
42, Vienna 3, Austria 
Elizabethstr 1, Vienna 1 do 

60 East 96th Street Polish 

New York, N. Y. 


Office 

Director 

do 

Chairman 


14 


AG0 24B 



Oesterreichischs Ganz'sche 


1. Name 


Oesterreichische Ganz’sche 

Elektrizitatsgesellschaft mbH 

9 Wallnerstrasse 

Vienna, Austria 

Producer of hydroelectric power 

n. a. 

n. a. 

n. a. 


2. Address 


3. Type of business 

4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 


7. Name and address of American Irving Trust Company 


interest in (1) 


1 Wall Street 
New York 15, N. Y. 


8. Name and address of foreign None 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value if interest reported $23,431 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 9.7789 percent 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 


l! 


AGO 24B 


15 





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JOOS41 





12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 


n. a. 


Oesterreichische Ganz’sche 




Citizen¬ 


Name Address 

ship 

Office 

Dr. Heinrich Foglar-Deinhardstein 

n. a. 

n. a. 

Director 

Adolph Kleisinger 

n. a. 

n. a. 

Do. 

Ing. Franz Wrann 

n. a. 

n. a. 

Manager 


ioD IiO mifnaiTJV / oo3 naor 


O 


i AGO 24B 


17 



Rohoel-Gcwinnungs 


1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 


Rohoel-Gewinnungs AG 
Schwarzenbergplatz 18 
Vienna 1, Austria 
Exploring and developing oil 
lands 


4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 


8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held). 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 


Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, 
Inc. 

26 Broadway 
New York, N. Y. 

None 


$1,091,339 
50 percent 




Citizen - 

Type of Per - 

Name 

Address 

ship 

interest cent 

De Bataafsche Petroleum The 

Dutch 

Common 50 

Maatschappij 

Hague 


stock 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. directors and officers of (1) 

None 

Citizen- 


Name 

Address 

ship 

Office 

W. G. Corwin 

26 Broadway, 

New York, N. Y. 

U. S. 

Ch airman of 
Board and Di¬ 
rector 

M. Engel 

Semperhaus B, 
Hamburg 1, Ger¬ 
many 

German 

Director 

E. von Hoefft 

Liechtensteinstr. 12, 
Vienna 

Do. 

Do. 

W. C. Knoops 

van Calcarlaan 31, 
Wassenaar, Nether¬ 
lands 

Dutch 

Vice-Chairman of 
Board and Di¬ 
rector 


18 


AGO 24B 




Rohoel-Gewinnunss 




Citizen¬ 


Name 

Address 

ship 

Office 

C. Schmidt 

Semperhaus B, 
Hamburg 1, Ger¬ 

German 

Director 


many 



L. Uhl 

n. a. 

Do. 

Do. 

C. Hauswirth 

Schwarzenbergplatz 

Austrian 

Member, Man¬ 


iS, 


agement Com¬ 


Vienna 1 


mittee 

R. Janoschek 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 




Salzburger Eisengrosshandlung 


1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 

4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of persons 
other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 

Name Address 

P. Szipuris Vienna, Austria 


Salzburger Eisengrosshandlung 
GmbH 

Salzburg, Austria 
Iron handling, retailing 


Hugo Stinnes Corporation 
10 Light Street 
Baltimore, Md. 

Wm. Szalay & Sohm (through 
Hugo Stinnes GmbH) 

Vienna, Austria 
n. a. 

100 percent 
n. a. 

n. a. 


Citizenship Office 
German Manager 


20 


AGO 24B 






Substantia 


1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 


Substantia GmbH 
14 Marchettigasse 
Vienna, Austria 
Manufacture and importation 
of medicines and cosmetics 


4. Volume of output _ 

5. Value of output _ 

6. Estimated annual capacity _■ 

7. Name and address of American William R. Warner & Co., Inc. 

interest in (1) (Del.) 


113 West 18th Street 
New York, N. Y. 

8. Name and address of foreign None 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported $17,045 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 100 percent 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 


Citizen - Type of 

Name Address ship interest 

International Affili- 113 West 18th U. S. Accounts 
ated Corporation Street payable 

New York, N. Y. 


Per - 
cent 
56 


12. Organizations allied with(l) None 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 


Name 

0. R. Pfeifferer 


Address Citizenship Office 

Marchettigasse 14 Austrian Director 

Vienna 




AGO 24B 


21 



Swift & Company 


1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 

4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of persons 
other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 

Name 

W. J. Miiller 


Swift & Company, Ltd. 

2 Schwarzenbergplatz 

Vienna, Austria 

Sale of meat and meat products 


Swift & Company (Ill.) 
Union Stock Yards 
Chicago, Ill. 

None 


$20,050 
100 percent 
None 
None 


Address 

Hamburg, Germany 


Citizenship Office 
German Manager 


S2 


AGO 24B 



1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 

4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 


Wm. Szalay 

Wm. Szalay & Sohn AG 

Vienna, Austria 

Iron handling, retailing 


Hugo Stinnes Corporation 
10 Light Street 
Baltimore, Md. 

Hugo Stinnes GmbH 
Mulheim-Ruhr, Germany 

n. a. 

99.18 percent 

n. a. 

n. a. 
n. a. 


AGO 24B 


23 



United Shoe Machinery 


1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 


4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign or¬ 
ganization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of persons 
other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 


United Shoe Machinery Cor¬ 
poration (Branch) 

85 Schottenfeldgasse 
Vienna, Austria 
Importing, buying, selling, 
leasing, etc., of machines and 
accessories for shoe manu¬ 
facturing 


United Shoe Machinery 

Corporation 

140 Federal Street 

Boston, Mass. 

Deutsche Vereinigte Schuh- 
maschinen Gesellschaft 
13-31 Hohenzollern - Anlage 
Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany 
n. a. 

n. a. 

n. a. 

n. a. 
n. a. 


24 


AGO 24B 



Vacuum Oil 


1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 

4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of persons 
other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 


13. Directors and officers of (1) 


Vacuum Oil Company AG 
Canovagasse 5 
Vienna 1, Austria 
Refiners and marketers of pe¬ 
troleum and allied products 
427,024 barrels 
$2,658,122 
550,000 barrels 

Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, 
Inc. 

26 Broadway, 

New York, N. Y. 

None 


$3,755,194 
100 percent 


n. a. 


Benzin- & Oelindustrie AG 
“Kagran” was merged with 
Vacuum Oil AG as of June 30, 
1941 


Name 
M. Engel 


C. Gotz 
O. Griffa 

L. A. Blumenthal 

G. Behrens 

E. Engelbrecht 
G. Jakoncig 


Address Citizenship 

Semperhaus B, German 
Hamburg 1, Ger¬ 
many 

do. do. 

Canovagasse 5, Austrian 
Vienna 1 

26 Broadway, U. S. 
New York, N. Y. 
Semperhaus B, German 
Hamburg 1 


do. do. 

Canovagasse 5, n. a. 
Vienna 1 


Office 

Member of Man¬ 
agement Com¬ 
mittee 
Do. 

Do. 

Director 

Chairman of 
Board and Di¬ 
rector 
Director 

Do. 


AGO 24B 


25 





Vereinigte Telcfon 


1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 


4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 


Vereinigte Telefon- und Tele- 
grafen-Werke AG 
Dresdner Strasse 75 
Vienna 22, Austria 
Manufacture, sale, and installa¬ 
tion of telephone exchanges, 
telephone, telegraph and radio 
apparatus, and allied equipment 
2,282,000 (approximately); unit 
not given 
n. a. 

2,2S2,000 (approximately); unit 
not given 

International Standard Electric 
Corporation 
67 Broad Street 
New York, N. Y. 

None 


$1,340,406 
88.18 percent 
n. a. 

None 


Name 

Address 

Citizenship 

Office 

G. A. Westrick 

Stubenrauchstr. 8, 

Berlin-Neubabelsberg, 

Germany 

German 

Chairman of 
Board 

G. Meindl 

n. a. 

Austrian 

Deputy Chair¬ 
man 

W. Hahnemann 

Hranitzkystr. 13B, 
Berlin - Marienfelde, 
Germany 

German 

Do. 

V. Enzmann 

n. a. 

Austrian 

Director 

A. Hoffmann 

Veilchenstr. 2, Ber- 
lin-Lichterfelde, Ger¬ 
many 

German 

Do. 

F. Pichler 

n. a. 

Austrian 

Do. 


AGO 24B 



Vereinigtc Tclefon 


Name 

Address 

Citizenship 

Office 

C. Schmid 

Giesebrechtstr. 13, 
Berlin - Charlotten- 
burg, Germany 

German 

Director 

P. W. Schafer 

Gustav - Tschermak 
Gasse 13, Vienna 18 

do. 

Joint Manager 

J. Simon 

Coloredogasse 38, 
Vienna 

do. 

Do. 

J. Dittrich 

Dreadner Str. 75, 
Vienna 22 

Austrian 

Works Manager 

F. Thurner 

do. 

do. 

Comptroller 

K. Neuberger 

do. 

do. 

Chief Engineer 

H. Nisal 

Hietzinger Haufestr. 

do. 

Sales Manager 


29, Vienna 


Worthington Pumpen 

1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 

4. Volume of output 

5. Value of output 

6. Estimated annual capacity 

7. Name and address of American 
interest in (1) 

8. Name and address of foreign 
organization (through which 
American interest is held) 

9. Total value of interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of per¬ 
sons other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) 

13. Directors and officers of (1) 

Name 

Hermann Betten- 

hauser 

A. Pabeschitz 


Worthington Pumpen und Mas- 
chinenbau GmbH 
22 Gurkgasse 
Vienna 89, Austria 
Operation of small shop leased 
to German affiliate (Deutsche 
Worthington GmbH) 
n. a. 

$20,000 

$20,000 

Worthington Pump and Ma¬ 
chinery Corporation 
401 Worthington Avenue 
Harrison, N. J. 

None 


$32,362 
100 percent 
None 
None 


Address Citizenship Office 

Scheibenbergstrasse Austrian Manager 

Vienna, Austria 

Vienna Do. Do. 


28 


AGO 24B 



Wurm, Stegmu\ler 


1. Name 

2. Address 

3. Type of business 


Wurm, Stegmiiller GmbH 

Vienna, Austria 

Iron handling, retailing 


4. Volume of output _ 

5. Value of output _ 

6. Estimated annual capacity _ 

7. Name and address of American Hugo Stinnes Corporation 


interest in (1) 


10 Light Street 
Baltimore, Md. 


8. Name and address of foreign or- None 
ganization (through which Ameri¬ 
can interest is held) 


9. Total value of interest reported n. a. 
by (7) in (1) 

10. Proportionate interest reported 100 percent 
by (7) in (1) 

11. Proportionate interest of persons n. a. 
other than (7) in (1) 

12. Organizations allied with (1) n. a. 

13. Directors and officers of (1) n. a. 


AGO 24B 


29 



APPENDIX A 


INDEX BY TYPE OF BUSINESS OF BUSINESS HOLDINGS IN 
AUSTRIA OF UNITED STATES FIRMS 


Building Materials 

Ebano Asphalt Werke AG 
Verkaufsniederlassung, Wien GmbH 

Coal and Coal Products 

Hugo Stinnes GmbH 

Electric Power 

Oesterreichische Ganz’sche 
Elektrizitatsgesellschaft mbH 

Food Products 

Swift & Company, Ltd. 

Iron Handling 

Salzburger Eisengrosshandlung GmbH 
Wm. Szalay & Sohn AG 
Wurm, Stegmiiller GmbH 

Machinery and Machine Products 

Hoffman Bugelmascliinen GmbH 

Internationale Geschaftsmaschinen Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH 
National Registrier-Kassen GmbH 
United Shoe Machinery Corporation 
Worthington Pumpen und Maschinenbau GmbH 

Metal and Metal Products 

Kontinentale Eisenhandels Gesellschaft 
Kern & Company 

Miscellaneous 

Oesterreichische “Borvisk” Patent-Verwertungs GmbH 
Substantia GmbH 

Petroleum and Petroleum Products 

Austrogasco 

Benzin- & Oelindustrie AG “Kagran” 

Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum-Gesellschaft 
Verkaufsniederlassung Wien GmbH 
Rohoel-Gewinnungs AG 
Vacuum Oil Company AG 
Telephone, Telegraph and Radio Equipment 

Mix & Genest Ostmarkische Telefonwerke GmbH 
Vereinigte Telefon- und Telegrafen-Werke AG 

30 

AGO 24B 





APPENDIX B 


INDEX BY UNITED STATES FIRMS OF THEIR BUSINESS 
HOLDINGS IN AUSTRIA 


U. S. Firm 

Hugo Stinnes Corporation 
10 Light Street 
Baltimore, Md. 

Hugo Stinnes Industries, Inc. 

420 Lexington Avenue 
New York 17, N. Y. 

International Business Machines 
Corporation 
590 Madison Avenue 
| New York, N. Y. 

International Standard Electric 
Corporation 
67 Broad Street 
New York, N. Y. 

International Telephone and Tele¬ 
graph Corporation 
67 Broad Street 
New York, N. Y. 

Irving Trust Company 

1 Wall Street 

New York 15, N. Y. 

The National Cash Register Com¬ 
pany 

Main and K Streets 
Dayton, Ohio 
Pan-Foreign Corporation 
30 Rockefeller Plaza 
New York, N. Y. 

Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Inc. 
26 Broadway 
New York, N. Y. 


Business Holdings in Austria 
Salzburger Eisengrosshandlung 
GmbH 

Wm. Szalay & Sohn AG 
Wurm, Stegmuller GmbH 
Hugo Stinnes GmbH 

Internationale Gesch&ftsma- 
schinen 

Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH 

Vereinigte Telefon- und Tele- 
grafen-Werke AG 

Mix & Genest Ostmarkische 
Telefonwerke GmbH 


Oesterreichische Ganz’sche 
Elektrizitatsgesellschaft mbH 

National Registrier-Kassen 
GmbH 


Ebano Asphalt Werke AG 
Verkaufsniederlassung, Wien 
GmbH 

Benzin-& Oelindustrie AG “Ka- 
gran” 

Rohoel-Gewinnungs Ag 
Vacuum Oil Company AG 


AGO 24B 


31 





U. S. Firm 

Standard Oil Company (N. J.) 

30 Rockefeller Plaza 
New York, N. Y. 

Swift & Company (Ill.) 

Union Stock Yards 
Chicago, Ill. 

Swiss ‘‘Borvisk” Company 
100 West 10th Street 
Wilmington, Del. 

United Shoe Machinery Corporation 
140 Federal Street 
Boston, Mass. 

United States Hoffman Machinery 

Corporation 

105 Fourth Avenue 

New York 3, N. Y. 

William R. Warner & Co., Inc. 

(Del.) 

113 West 18th Street 
New York, N. Y. 

Worthington Pump and Machinery 
Corporation 

401 Worthington Avenue 
Harrison, N. J. 


Business Holdings in Austria 
Austrogasco 

Deutsch-Amerikanische Petro- 
leum-Gesellschaft Verkufsnie- 
derlassung Wien GmbH 
Swift & Company, Ltd. 

Oesterreichische “Borvisk” Pat¬ 
en t-Werwertungs GmbH 

Lhiited Shoe Machinery Cor¬ 
poration 

Hoffman Biigelmaschinen 
GmbH 


Substantia GmbH 


Worthington Pumpen und Ma- 
schinenbau GmbH 


32 


AGO 24B 


H. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPFICEl 1948 



WAR DEPARTMENT PAMPHLET 


No. 31-131 



THE EIGHT METALS 


INDUSTRY IN GERMANY 

UBr ARv 

^Pnt ^S 

ING room U3Ll mous 

_Tlassigied ' —— 

PBRARY OE CONGRESS 

F.A.C. File No. 

WAR DEPARTMENT • MAY 1945 

APR 1 41364 

W o-\' firm# 

ftUTWnB i Ti a y;^ • ,— ri/ , 






UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 


WASHINGTON: 1945 























* 

1 .. 
















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































■ 













































*• 4 






». i ■ » ,• - 

: - 

r ' ~ * 









• •* -- — 












































f 







WAR DEPARTMENT 
Washington 25, D. C., 31 May 1945 
War Department Pamphlet No. 31-131, Military Government Guide f 
The Light Metals Industry in Germany, has been prepared by the For¬ 
eign Economic Administration and is published for the information 
and guidance of all concerned. 

[AG 461 (18 May 45)] 

By order of the Secretary of War: 

Official: G. C. MARSHALL 

J. A. ULIO Chief of Staff 

Major General 
The Adjutant General 

Distribution: 

AAF (5); AGF (5); ASF (2); Special Distribution. 

Refer to FM 21-6 for explanation of distribution formula. 

PREFATORY NOTE 


Military Government Guides on Germany are designed to aid officers 
responsible for military government in that country. Each Guide is 
focused on a specific problem which may confront military govern¬ 
ment authorities and contains (a) pertinent information organized in 
such a way as to be useful in dealing with the problem, and (b) an 
analysis of the various steps which might be taken in meeting the 
problem. 

The Guides are not basic collections of factual information as are the 
Civil Affairs Handbooks, nor are recommendations in the Guides 
intended to take the place of plans prepared in the field. They are 
rather designed to point information and analysis toward the making 
and executing of plans by Civil Affairs Officers in the theater of 
operation. In no sense is a Guide to be taken as an order. Such orders 
will be issued in the normal manner. 

The Committee on Civil Affairs Studies consists of representatives 
of the Department of State, Department of Agriculture, Office of 
Strategic Services, Foreign Economic Administration, the Navy, and 
the Civil Affairs Division, War Department Special Staff. Each 
Guide is cleared by the agencies represented on the Committee before 
it is issued. 



647940°—45-1 


I 











CONTENTS 


I. INTRODUCTION. Page 

The Light Metals- 1 

Processes_ 

Special Aspects of the Industry in Germany- 2 

Relationship to German Aggression- 2 

Dependence on Imported Bauxite- 3 

Shortage of Hydroelectric Power- 3 

Current Employment of Foreign Workers- 4 

Government Ownership- 4 

II. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GERMAN ALUMINUM INDUSTRY. 

Capacity and Production- 7 

World War 1—1933- 7 

1934r-38_---- 9 

World War II_ 10 

Consumption_ 11 

Trade and Supplies- 12 

Trade_ 12 

Supplies_ 14 

Raw Material Supplies_ 15 

Bauxite_ 15 

Cryolite and Carbon Electrodes-:- 17 

III. GERMAN PENETRATION OF THE EUROPEAN ALUMINUM 

INDUSTRY. 

Austria_ 19 

Czechoslovakia_ 21 

Norway__-_.__ 22 

France_1_ 24 

Hungary_ 25 

Yugoslavia_ 26 

IV. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GERMAN MAGNESIUM INDUSTRY. 

Capacity and Production_ 28 

Consumption_ 30 

German Penetration of Occupied Territories_ 30 

V. LIGHT METALS ALLOY MANUFACTURE AND FABRICATION-- 32 

VI. WARTIME CONTROLS OVER THE GERMAN METAL INDUSTRY. 

Controlling Agencies_ 34 

Minister fur Riistungs - und Kriegsproduktion _ 34 

Reichsstelle fur 1 Risen- und Metalle _ 35 

Bewirtschaftungsstellen _ 35 

Kontingentstrager _ 36 

Technique of Control_ 37 

Classification of Metals_ 38 

Procedures for Obtaining Purchase Permits for Metal Products._ 39 

Metallschein _ 39 

Metallu bertragungsschein _ t _ 40 

Metallvormerkung _ 41 

Metallruckubertragung _ 42 


II 














































VI. WARTIME CONTROLS OVER THE GERMAN METAL IN¬ 

DUSTRY—Continued. Page 

Procedures for Obtaining Purchase Permits for Raw and Scrap 

Material_ 43 

Metalldeckungsschein _ 43 

Metallbelegschein _ 45 

Leichtmetallfreiga.be _ 45 

Control of Light Metals Used for Repair and Maintenance___ 46 

Recording of Metal Transactions_ 46 

VII. ORGANIZATION OF THE GERMAN LIGHT METALS INDUSTRY. 

Aluminum-Industrie A. G. Chippis (“AIAG”)_ 47 

Gebruder Giulini G. m. b. H_ 53 

I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G. (“I. G.”)--_ 54 

Metallgesellschaft A. G. (“Metall”)_ 56 

Vereinigte Aluminum Werke A. G. (“VAWAG”)_69 

Wintershall A. G_ 60 

Other Fabricating Companies_ 61 

VIII. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE LIGHT METALS 

INDUSTRY. 

The International Aluminum Cartel_ 63 

Early Agreements_ 63 

Alliance Aluminum Compagnie (“AAC”)_ 64 

Control of World Magnesium Production by I. G. Farbenin¬ 
dustrie_ 68 

IX. RECOMMENDATIONS. 

Protection of Physical Properties, Facilities, and Assets_ 70 

Suspension of Light Metals Production_ 71 

Inventories of Stocks and Equipment_ 73 

Control of Metal Ingots and Scrap_^_ 74 

Denazification_ 74 

APPENDIX A. TECHNOLOGY OF MANUFACTURE AND USES OF THE 

LIGHT METALS_ 75 

B. ELECTRIC ENERGY SOURCES OF THE GERMAN LIGHT 

METALS INDUSTRY-.-- 82 

C. LIGHT ALLOY MANUFACTURERS AND FABRICATORS. 

Manufacturers of Aluminum Casting Alloys and 

Light Alloy Castings_ 88 

Manufacturers of Aluminum Wrought Alloys and 

Wrought Alloy Products- 92 

Manufacturers of Magnesium Alloys- 98 

Manufacturers of Aluminum Foil- 99 

D. LEADERS IN THE GERMAN LIGHT METALS INDUSTRY. 

First List_ 100 

Second List_ 122 

E. ORGANIZATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL ALU- 

MINUM CARTEL. 132 


III 



































Summary 


The light metals industry in Germany is a product of two periods 
of wartime development. The annual aluminum capacity of the 
Reich, which had risen from 1,000 tons in 1914 to 36,000 tons at the 
close of the First World War, was again greatly expanded during the 
military preparations of the Hitler regime, reaching 209,000 tons in 
1938. By 1943, the estimated output was 225,000 from a capacity of 
251,000 tons. The production of magnesium is a more recent techno¬ 
logical development; Germany’s 1943 capacity is believed to have been 
approximately 31,500 tons per year. The magnesium industry has 
been aggressively promoted by the Third Reich because of the avail¬ 
ability of domestic raw materials. The aluminum industry, on the 
other hand, is dependent upon imported bauxite, the main sources of 
which have been cut off by military advances of the past year. The 
production of both metals requires large quantities of electric power, 
furnished in Germany chiefly by thermal power stations. 

During World War II, German occupation of conquered lands 
provided the opportunity for realizing prewar plans of the German 
aluminum producers. These plans envisioned the development of an 
integrated aluminum industry in central and southeastern Europe 
where unlimited bauxite deposits and sources of cheap hydroelectric 
power are available. Government-owned holding companies and 
private corporations have poured vast sums into the extension of 
existing plants and the building of new facilities in Norway, Austria, 
Yugoslavia, and Hungary. Production was stepped up in France 
during the German occupation. The gains in new metal have never¬ 
theless not been commensurate with the capital and effort expended. 
Movements of popular resistance, sabotage, transport difficulties, 
and Allied air raids have hindered fulfillment of the schemes, so that 
large amounts of new capacity did not come into operation until 
Germany’s hold upon the continent began to give way. 

Most of the light metals production is directly consumed in the 
manufacture of war material—aircraft and aircraft components, 
weapons, shells, and explosives. Magnesium is used in addition for 
the production of incendiaries and flares. Aluminum is an essential 
wartime substitute in Germany for copper and tin, supplies of which 
are cut off by the blockade, and in some cases magnesium in turn can 
be substituted for aluminum. The use of the light metals in Germany 
is strictly controlled 'by wartime decrees. Quotas are assigned by 
the Mimster for War Mobilization and War Production to the Reich 


IV 





Office for Iron and Nonferrous Metals; this office in turn allocates the 
quotas among the decreed quota holders. By a system of metal 
certificates and rigid accounting, control over the distribution of 
metals is maintained from the virgin metal to the finished product. 

Seventy percent of the aluminum capacity of Germany is owned by 
the Vereinigte Aluminium Werke A. G., which is owned in turn by the 
Government holding company, Vereinigte Industrieunternehmungen 
A. G. The larger part of the remaining capacity is owned by Alumin- 
iumwerke G. m. b. H., a joint-subsidiary of I. G. Farbenindustrie 
A. G. and Metallgesellschaft A. G. The Swiss-incorporated Alumin- 
um-Industrie A. G. owns an alumina plant at Bergheim and an 
aluminum plant at Rheinfelden, the latter the only plant in Germany 
at the outbreak of the First World War. Vereinigte Aluminium 
Werke A. G. and Aluminiumwerk G. m. b. H. constitute the German 
participants in the international aluminum cartel, the Alliance Alumin¬ 
ium Compagnie of Basel. 

Through its control of patents and technological processes, I. G. Far¬ 
benindustrie exercises a virtual monopoly of German magnesium 
production and, until hostilities began in 1939, dominated world 
production. 

The important producers of light metals alloys and fabricated 
products are for the most part affiliates and subsidiaries of the light 
metals producers. They are organized in approximately 12 domestic 
cartels. 

Because the production of the light metals is a vital German war 
industry closely associated with the aircraft and armaments industry, 
it is recommended that the physical properties, facilities, and assets 
of the light metals producers and fabricators be placed under military 
guard. The headquarters of the control agencies should also be 
placed under guard. 

It is further recommended that production be discontinued imme¬ 
diately and not be resumed, pending decision by the highest levels of 
United Nations authority concerning the disposition of properties, 
facilities, and assets. Compliance with the order to discontinue 
production should be policed by control officers placed at the large 
electric power stations. 

During the period that production is in abeyance, an inventory 
should be made of the physical properties, facilities, and assets, the 
condition of the properties and facilities should be appraised, and 
United Nations experts should be given an opportunity to study 
technological advances made by the Germans. 

In order to prevent unauthorized use of stocks of raw materials, 
metal ingots, and scrap, the control procedure over distribution of the 
light metals should be continued in force. It is recommended that 


V 






control of the light metals be combined with control of iron and steel, 
to be exercised by the proposed new Central Iron and Steel Board 
which will be under Allied supervision. 

The owners and the members of boards of directors and manage¬ 
ment of the light metals industry will be high on the list of those held 
responsible for German aggression. Since they will be wanted as well 
for their connections with the chemical, metallurgical, and armament 
industries, and with the Nazi party, it is assumed they will be dealt 
with according to United Nations directives. It is recommended 
that plant and works managers, heads of technical departments, 
and research staffs be detained, and that close supervision be main¬ 
tained over employees engaged in making the proposed inventory. 


VI 






I. INTRODUCTION 


THE LIGHT METALS 1 

The only light metals of commercial importance are aluminum and 
magnesium, production and fabrication of which comprise the light 
metals industry. Aluminum is two-sevenths as heavy as copper and 
one-third as heavy as steel, while magnesium is about two-thirds the 
weight of aluminum. Their properties are quite similar—lightness 
combined with the qualities of strength and malleability which make 
a metal suitable for working and casting. Their lightness is especially 
important in those uses where a low weight-strength factor is required. 
The rather low tensile strength can be increased by alloying the light 
metals with other metals. 

The light metals enjoy a price advantage over heavier metals in 
certain uses. For example, 48 pounds of aluminum, which has 60 
percent of the unit electrical conductivity of copper, will replace 100 
pounds of copper in an electrical transmission line. On the basis of 
parity in weight, the price of aluminum must be 2.1 times the price of 
copper for an aluminum wire to be equal in cost to a copper wire of the 
same capacity. Since the price of aluminum has varied from 1.6 to 1.9 
times the price of copper, aluminum has both a price advantage and a 
weight advantage. Moreover, the cost of “ machining ’’ the light 
metals—that is, shaping them to exact specifications—is relatively low 
in comparison with the cost of machining most other metals. 

In peacetime, the light metals are used wherever their properties 
and cost factors are desirable, although magnesium, because of its 
more recent development, is not yet so widely used for civilian pur¬ 
poses as is aluminum. In wartime, both metals have essential mili¬ 
tary uses for airplane engines and parts, aircraft bodies, light war 
vessels, shells, and shell casings. Magnesium is also used for incen¬ 
diary bombs, flares, and tracer bullets. In most of their uses, the two 
metals serve to best advantage not in pure but in alloy form. 

PROCESSES 1 

The production of aluminum usually takes place in three steps: (1) 
The mining of bauxite, the raw material which is principally used; (2) 
the purification or extraction of alumina (aluminium oxide) from the 

1 See appendix A for a description of the technology of the production of aluminum and magnesium, and a 
list of their uses in war and peace. 


1 






ore; and (3) the reduction by electrolysis of alumina to aluminum. 
Thereafter the raw metal is alloyed with other metals and then fabri¬ 
cated into sheets, strips, wire, castings, and other shapes. The pro¬ 
cesses commonly employed for aluminum production require two raw 
materials, cryolite and carbon, in addition to the ore, as well as vast 
quantities of electricity. 

Magnesium is produced by the treatment of a number of magnesium- 
bearing natural materials. Stages in production differ according to 
the material used, but in all cases the final step is the reduction by 
electrolysis of magnesium chloride to magnesium, an operation which 
likewise requires large quantities of electricity. 

SPECIAL ASPECTS OF THE INDUSTRY IN GERMANY 

Relationship to German Aggression.— The light metals industry in 
Germany is primarily a war industry. As will be shown in chapter II, 
war has been the impetus for its two periods of great development— 
the war period of 1914-18, and the period of military preparations 
after 1933 when Hitler came to power. The second expansion of the 
light metals industry was stimulated by the requirements of the air¬ 
craft industry which, since the Germans foresaw the paramount role 
of aviation in modern warfare, underwent similarly rapid development 
in the early years of the Third Reich. 

Between 60 and 70 percent of Germany’s present consumption of 
aluminum is believed to be devoted to direct military uses and the 
balance to auxiliary uses and to substitution. The proportion of 
magnesium consumed for direct military uses is higher. Both metals 
are indispensable wartime substitutes for materials—especially copper 
and tin—cut off from Germany by the Allied blockade. Aluminum 
is substituted for copper in practically every use, and is a compulsory 
substitute in electrical equipment. As a substitute for tin plate in 
collapsible tubes and tin foil for packing food, cigarettes, and other 
materials which must be kept from the air, aluminum now fills an 
important German need. 

In German service equipment, aluminum is employed where brass 
is used by the Allied forces, for example, in cartridge cases for small 
arms ammunition, cases for materiel and apparatus such as bombs, 
mines, instruments, etc. It is also partly used on artillery wheels and 
gun carriages, gun tripods, and elsewhere where lightness is more 
important than strength. 

Table 1, showing estimated German consumption of aluminum by 
uses in 1943, may be compared with table 4, showing Germany’s 
consumption for prewar uses. 


2 






Tablet. — Germany: Estimated consumption of aluminum, 1943 (in 1,000 metric 

tons) 


Transport: 

Land and sea_ 50 

Aircraft_ 130 

Military uses (excluding aircraft)_ 80 

Electrical machinery, cables, etc_ 70 

Chemical industry 

Textile industry •_ 40 

Foodstuffs 

Machinery (excluding electrical)_ 30 

Foil and powder_ 20 

Metallurgical processes and miscellaneous_ 55 

Total- 475 


Source: Economic Survey of Germany, section H, The Metals Industries. London, Foreign Office and 
Ministry of Economic Warfare, September 1944, p. 80. This source will be cited hereafter MEW Econ. 
Survey, section H. 


Dependence on Imported Bauxite. —Although Germany is today one 
of the world’s leading producers of aluminum, it is almost wholly de¬ 
pendent on foreign sources for bauxite, the basic raw material. The 
aluminum industry’s ore requirements (4.25 tons per ton of aluminum) 2 
have been imported from France, Hungary, and southeastern Europe. 
Some saving in transportation is effected by the importation of alumina 
(aluminium oxide), which is prepared at or near the bauxite mines. 
During the last 18 months, wear and tear on the transport lines, sabo¬ 
tage and bombing, and depletion of rolling stock have made deliveries 
to the Reich increasingly difficult; and recent advances by United 
Nations armies are shutting off the most important sources of supply. 

Shortage of Hydroeleclric Power. —The over-all cost of producing 
aluminum in Germany is approximately 25 percent greater than in 
other producing countries since Germany lacks, in addition to domestic 
bauxite, another essential for the economic production of the light 
metals—ample sources of cheap hydroelectric power. Approximately 
three-fourths of the aluminum capacity of Germany proper is depend¬ 
ent on thermal power stations, thereby entailing an increase of some 
50 percent in power costs. In addition to the energy consumed in 
mining bauxite and preparing alumina, the last step, reduction by 
electrolysis of alumina to aluminum, requires 20,000 to 25,000 kilo¬ 
watt-hours per ton of aluminum produced. The requirement of 
energy for electrolysis of magnesium chloride to magnesium is approx¬ 
imately the same. 

Because of Germany’s lack of domestic bauxite deposits and water 
power resources, the German Government -was considering shortly 
before the war the development of an integrated aluminum industry in 
central and eastern Europe where, in addition to the almost unlimited 

i Tonnages are given in metric tons throughout the following pages. 


3 
















bauxite deposits in Hungary and Yugoslavia, vast resources of un¬ 
tapped water power are available in Austria, Yugoslavia, and Slovakia. 
Some of the plans were put into operation during the years that Ger¬ 
many dominated most of Europe. (See ch. III.) 

The energy requirements of the light metals industry appear to have 
taxed the thermal power resources of Germany proper during the war. 
Individual plants have been reported to be working below capacity 
because of a power shortage. 

Current Employment of Foreign Workers. —The manpower require¬ 
ments of aluminum production are very small in relation to the total 
labor force of the Reich today. About 50,000 persons are engaged in 
the production of aluminum (not including fabrication) and about 10 
percent of this number in magnesium production. A considerable 
part of the total personnel consists of women and foreigners. Since 
1940, foreign workers are reported to be employed in the German 
light metal industry, especially in the capacity of technicians. At 
Bitterfeld, the greatest center of aluminum and magnesium production, 
a number of French and Italian technicians appear to be working in 
laboratories and factories. 

Government Ownership. —This is a peculiar feature of the German 
aluminum industry. About 70 percent of the aluminum-producing 
industry together with a large sector of the light metals fabricating 
industry is owned by the Reich. Government ownership was effected 
even before the Hitler regime through two corporations: Vereinigte 
Industrie-Unternehmungen A. G. (VIAG) and Vereinigte Ahiminium- 
Werke A. G. (VAWAG). VAWAG is both a holding and an operating 
company: It owns mining concessions and aluminum production and 
fabricating facilities, and is the major aluminum metal producer of the 
Reich. 3 

The magnesium industry, on the other hand, is in the control of two 
privately-owned concerns. 4 

8 See ch. VII, Vereinigte Aluminium Werke A. Q. 

«See chs. IV and VIII. 


4 









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6 






































II. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GERMAN ALUMINUM 
INDUSTRY 


CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION 

World War 1—1933 .—The outbreak of war in 1914 found Germany 
poorly equipped to meet her war needs of aluminum for direct military 
uses and for substitution. Only one reduction plant with a capacity 
of 1,000 tons a year was in operation. This was located on the German 
side of the Rhine in southern Baden, across the border from the Swiss 
town of Rheinfelden, which gave the plant its name. The plant was, 
and still is, owned by the Swiss-incorporated company, Aluminium- 
Industrie A. G. Neuhausen (referred to hereafter as “AIAG”). 1 

To meet the emergency, Germany undertook the first of the two 
expansion programs which have made her one of the most important 
world producers of aluminum. During the war, five new reduction 
plants were built with a total annual capacity of 35,000 tons of metal, 
and a sixth plant was started. 

The Chemische Fabrik Griesheim Elektron 2 in association with the 
Metallbank und Metallurgische Gesellschaft A. G. 3 undertook the 
construction of three of the plants, all of which were in operation in 
1916. The first at Rummelsberg near Berlin, with a capacity of 
4,000 tons annually, and the second at Horrem near Cologne, with a 
capacity of 3,000 tons, were built near existing thermal power plants. 
The third was advantageously located in Bitterfeld, an already estab¬ 
lished electrochemical center near enormous brown coal deposits. 
Its original capacity of 4,000 tons has since been greatly expanded. 

Although the production of these three works slightly exceeded 
their aggregate planned capacity, the supply of aluminum remained 
inadequate. Additional works were then designed and built with the 
aid of the German Government. In April 1917, the Vereinigte 
Aluminium Werke A. G. (hereafter referred to as “VAWAG”) was 
founded with a capital of 50 million marks, half of it subscribed by the 
Government and half by Griesheim Elektron and Metallbank, who 
also brought into the new organization their plants at Rummelsburg, 
Horrem, and Bitterfeld. The “Lautawerk,” which came into opera¬ 
tion a few days before the Armistice, had an annual capacity of 

1 Known as Aluminium-Industrie A. O. Chippis after 1940, when the headquarters were moved from 
Neuhausen to Chippis. See ch. VII for the history and organization of this and other firms mentioned later. 

2 Chemische Fabrik Griesheim Elektron was in 1917 brought into the combine of seven chemical and dye 
companies which was later to be known as I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G. (often referred to as “I. G. Far ben” 
or simply “I. G.”). 

3 In 1928 this firm changed its name to Metallgesellschaft A. G. (frequently shortened to “Metall”). 


7 






12,000 tons and was located near the town of Lauta in the district of 
Lausitz, where brown coal deposits provided fuel for a thermal power 
plant. 

The fifth aluminum reduction plant built during the war was the 
“Erftwerk,” located at Grevenbroich, Niederrhein, with an annual 
capacity of 12,000 tons. This plant was built by the Government in 
cooperation with Gebriider Giulini G. m. b. H. (a producer of alumina) 
and the Rheinische-Westfalisches Electrizitatswerk A. G. It, too, used 
steam power produced from brown coal. 

The sixth aluminum project was not completed during the war. The 
Innwerk Bayerische Aluminium A. G. was founded in 1917 by the 
German Government in cooperation with the State of Bavaria, 
Allgemeine Elekrizitats-Gesellschaft, Gebr. Giulini, and the Siemens 
Schukertwerke. 4 The company undertook construction of a hydro¬ 
electric power plant at Muhldorf on the River Inn in southern Bavaria, 
and of an aluminum plant, known as the Innwerk, at Toging nearby. 
The plant did not come into operation until 1925, when its rated an¬ 
nual capacity was 11,000 tons. 

At the end of 1918, therefore, the total reduction capacity of the 
Reich was about 36,000 tons of aluminum annually. The closing and 
dismantling of the Rummelsburg plant at the end of the war and the 
closing of the Horrem plant in 1920 reduced the total capacity to 29,000 
tons. In 1925, production at the Innwerk brought the figure up to 
40,000 tons, where it remained until 1933. During this interval, 
German military preparations were prevented by the Treaty of 
Versailles and, it should also be remembered, German production 
was restricted by the international aluminum cartel. (See ch. 
VIII.) 

The alumina required by these wartime projects was supplied by a 
new extraction plant built in conjunction with the Lautawerk and 
three plants already in operation: 

1. The Martinswerk on the Erft River at Bergheim near Koln, 
owned by Aluminium-Industrie A. G. Neuhausen (AIAG). 

2. A plant at Goldschmieden near Breslau, owned by H. Bergius 
und Co., a subsidiary of AIAG. 

3. A plant at Mundenheim near Ludwigshafen, owned by Gebr 
Giulini. 

The Goldschmieden plant was closed down in 1928, and its movable 
equipment and assets transferred to the Martinswerk, whose capacity 
has been considerably enlarged. The Mundenheim plant is also still 
operating. 

Certain changes in ownership and administration of the reduction 
plants occurred after 1920. Griesheim Elektron and Metallbank 
retired from VAWAG, leaving the latter in exclusive possession of 

* Some authorities do not associate Siemens with this project. 


8 








the Lautawerk, and themselves taking possession of the Bitterfeld 
plant. This plant is now operated by Aluminiumwerk G. m. b. H., 
joint subsidiary of I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G. and Metallgesellschaft 
A. G. VAWAG in 1925 bought out the participants in the Innwerk 
project for a consideration of KM3,200,000, 5 and in 1932 took over 
the Erftwerk in the course of a merger for the purpose of simplification 
and efficiency. 

1934-38. —When Hitler came to power, Germany undertook her 
second aluminum expansion program. Stimulated by the demands 
made by military preparations, Germany's aluminum reduction 
capacity was increased from 40,000 tons in 1933 to at least 174,000 
tons in 1938, while annual production rose in the same period from 
19,200 to 160,000 tons. (See table 2.) The increase in capacity was 
obtained by the expansion of existing plants and the erection by 
VAWAG of a new plant, the Lippewerk at Llinen, with a reported 
initial capacity of 25,000 tons a year. 

Table 2. — Germany: Estimated capacity and production of aluminum plants, 

1988-43 1 2 (in tons) 




VAWAG » 


AW. G. 

m. b. H.4 

A. G. m. 
b. H.5 



Lauta¬ 

werk, 

Lausitz 

Lippe¬ 

werk, 

Liinen 

Erft¬ 

werk, 

Greven- 

broich 

Inn¬ 

werk, 

Toging 

Bitter¬ 

feld 

Aken 

Rhein¬ 

felden 

Total 

1938: 









Capacity . 

40, 000 
38, 000 

25, 000 
21, 000 

25, 000 
23, 000 

30, 000 
28, 000 

30, 000 
28, 000 


24, 000 
22, 000 

174, 000 
160, 000 

Output_ 


1939: 


Capacity 

70, 000 
50, 000 

25, 000 
23, 000 

25, 000 

30, 000 
28, 000 

35, 000 
34, 000 


24, 000 

209, 000 
180, 000 

Output 

23, 000 


22, 000 

1940: 


Capacity_ 

70, 000 
65, 000 

25, 000 
23, 000 

25, 000 
23, 000 

30, 000 
28, 000 

35, 000 
34, 000 


24, 000 
22, 000 

209, 000 
195, 000 

Output_ 

1941: 


Capacity_ _ 

70, 000 
65, 000 

25, 000 
23, 000 

25, 000 
23, 000 

30, 000 
28, 000 

35, 000 
34, 000 


26, 000 
24, 000 

211, 000 

Output_ 


197, 000 

1942: 


Capacity.--_ 

70, 000 

45, 000 

25, 000 

30, 000 

35, 000 

10, 000 

26, 000 

241, 000 

Output_ 

65, 000 

35, 000 

23, 000 

28, 000 

34, 000 

6, 000 

24, 000 

215, 000 

1943: 









Capacity_ 

70, 000 

45, 000 

25, 000 

30, 000 

35, 000 

10, 000 

36, 000 

251, 000 

Output_— 

65, 000 

42, 000 

23, 000 

28, 000 

34, 000 

9, 000 

24, 000 

225, 000 


i Capacity figures are to be understood as of 31 Dec. of each year. 

* See appendix B for the probable power sources for the plants listed. 

* Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. G. 

4 Aluminiumwerk G. m. b. H. (subsidiary of I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G. and Metallgesellschaft). 

i Aluminium G. m. b. H. (Subsidiary of Aluminium-Industrie A. G. Chippis, the “Neuhausen” firm 
until it recently changed its name.) The plant is known as Aluminium Hiittenwerk Rheinfelden. 

Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 76. 

In 1938 Germany's alumina capacity was estimated at 430,000 tons 
from five plants: AIAG's plant at Bergheim, Giulini’s at Munden- 
heim, and three plants owned by VAWAG—the Nabwerk, theLauta- 


s Innwerk A. G. Munchen retained a small interest in VAWAG. See ch. VII. 


9 







































werk, and the Lippewerk. (See table 3.) All produced alumina from 
bauxite by the Bayer process. 6 Their capacity was ample for the 
requirements of the reduction plants, which at that time were below 
350,000 tons of alumina annually. 7 In addition to this production 
by the Bayer process, the Lautawerk and the Lippewerk were reported 
to be producing alumina from clay as a raw material by means of a 
process called the “Goldschmidt Sulphite.” The plants were said to 
have a capacity of 48,000 tons a year for this process, the product 
of which was reported to be chiefly used for the manufacture of 
silicon aluminum alloys, required as a deoxidizing agent in making 
iron and steel alloys. Small scale use of a “Seailles process” for low 
grade raw materials has also been reported. Domestic alumina pro¬ 
duction was supplemented by small imports of some 10,000 tons 
annually from Italy, and in 1938, 14,000 tons of alumina were exported 
to Norway. 

World War II. —Since 1938, Germany proper’s capacity for alumi¬ 
num reduction has been increased by extensions to VAWAG’s Lauta¬ 
werk at Lausitz and Lippewerk at Liinen and to the AIAG plant at 
Rheinfelden, as well as by the building of a new I. G.-Metall unit of 
10,000 tons capacity at Aken, near Dessau. The estimated capacity 
and production of the aluminum plants in Germany proper are given 
in table 2. 

To this production Germany has been able to add since 1938 the 
aluminum production of Austria. In 1943, Austrian facilities in¬ 
creased the aluminum reduction capacity of Greater Germany by 
90,000 tons to a total of 341,000 tons, and production by 57,000 tons 
to a total of 282,000 tons. 8 


Table 8. — Germany: Estimated annual capacity of alumina plants , 1988-43 


Company 

Location of plant 

1938 

1939 

1940-42 
(P. a.) 

1943 

Aluminium - Industrie 
A. G., Chippis. 

Gebr. Giulini G. m. b. 
H. 

Vereinigte-Aluminium- 
Werke A. G. 

Martins werk, Berg- 
heim. 

Mundenheim, Lud- 
wigshafen. 

Nab werk, Scliwan- 
dorf. 

Lautawerk, Lausitz _ 

Lippewerk, Liinen_ 

90, 000 

80, 000 

60, 000 

100, 000 
100, 000 

90, 000 

80, 000 

80, 000 

140, 000 
100, 000 

140, 000 

80, 000 

80, 000 

140, 000 
100, 000 

140, 000 

140, 000 

80, 000 

140, 000 
100, 000 

Total_ 


430, 000 

490, 000 

540, 000 

600, 000 




Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 77. 


* See appendix A for a description of the Bayer process. 

7 About 2 tons of alumina are required for the production of 1 ton of aluminum. 

8 See ch. Ill, section on Austria, and table 15 for details on Austrian aluminum production. 


10 


















The reported shortage of electric power is probably the reason why 
production has not been up to capacity. The hydroelectric power 
which the Germans expected to develop in Austria apparently has 
failed to keep pace with the expansion of reduction capacity. 

During the war, the alumina capacity of Germany proper is be¬ 
lieved to have been raised to 600,000 tons annually by extensions to 
the Martinswerk and Lautawerk and to the Mundenheim plant. 
(See table 3.) An unconfirmed report states that extraction plants 
have also been built in connection with the Erftwerk and the Innwerk 
reduction plants. 

Unless extraction plants have been added to the Erftwerk and the 
Innwerk, however, the extension of alumina capacity in Germany 
proper during the war has not progressed in proportion to the in¬ 
creasing demands of reduction capacity in Germany and Austria. 
The output of alumina is estimated to have risen as follows between 
1940 and 1943: 


Year: 


Tons 


1940 __ 480, 000 

1941 _ 500,000 

1942 _ 530, 000 

1943 ___ 550,000 


Actual alumina requirements for the estimated aluminum production 
of 282,000 tons in Greater Germany in 1943 would be about 570,000 
tons, 20,000 tons above the estimated alumina output. Moreover, 
Germany has been supplying some 20,000 to 30,000 tons of alumina 
annually to the Norwegian aluminum plants 9 and in .addition would 
have had to allocate at least 60,000 tons of alumina for the production 
of abrasives, refractories, and chemicals. 

The Germans obviously intended to meet the alumina requirements 
of the new reduction capacity in Europe from extraction plants under 
construction in Hungary and Yugoslavia. 10 In the meantime, the 
deficiency was made good by imports from France, from which Ger¬ 
many took between 30,000—40,000 tons in 1941—42, and 60,000— 
70,000 tons in 1943. 

CONSUMPTION 


Prewar consumption of aluminum by uses as shown in table 4, may 
be compared with the figures in table 1, showing consumption for 
wartime uses. 


» See ch. Ill, “Norway.” 

io See ch. Ill, “Hungary” and “Yugoslavia.” 


647940°—45-2 


11 








Table 4- — Germany: Estimated annual consumption of aluminum, by uses, 1936-37 



Percent 

Tons 

Transport: 

Land, sea__ 

20 

32, 000 
24, 000 
16, 000 
16, 000 
16, 000 
8, 000 
24, 000 
16, 000 
8, 000 

Air ___ 

15 

Military uses, excluding aircraft__ 

10 

Electrical machinery, cables, etc__ 

10 

Building industry and household uses __ _ 

10 

Chemical industry and foodstuffs (packing)___ 

5 

Foil and powder. __ _ _ __ _ 

15 

Machinery, excluding electrical machinery_ 

10 

Other uses_ _ 

5 



Total_ _ 


160, 000 




Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 70. 


TRADE AND SUPPLIES 

Trade. —German foreign trade in aluminum represented before the 
war but a small part of her total production. Imports were largely 
in the form of ingots and scrap, while rolled products comprised most 
of the exports. Table 5 shows the division of the trade among the 
various commodity groups. 


Table 5. — Germany: Trade in aluminum and aluminum alloys, 1934-39 (in tons) 



Ingots 

Scrap 

Semi¬ 

finished 

Wire 

Powder 

Prod¬ 
ucts and 
foil 

Prod¬ 
ucts (fin¬ 
ished) 

Wire 

Total 

1934: 










Imports._ 

2, 737 

3, 672 
4 

152 

7 

3 

177 



6, 748 
9, 515 

Exports_ 

698 

3, 732 

163 

24 

1, 810 

3, 084 

1935: 




Imports__ 

15, 247 

2, 821 
3 

80 

2 

5 

243 



18, 398 
10, 045 

Exports_ 

246 

4, 582 

166 

53 

2, 009 

2, 986 

1936: 



Imports_ 

4, 258 

1, 910 

62 


1 

254 



6, 485 

14, 177 

7, 423 

15, 919 

Exports_ 

242 

2 

6, 860 

119 

268 

816 

2, 064 

3, 925 

1937: 

Imports._ 

3, 645 

3, 505 

154 

Exports_ 

1, 334 

5, 662 

264 

1, 713 

2, 215 

4, 731 

1938: 




Imports_ 

14, 520 

4, 252 

58 



182 



19, 012 
17, 927 

Exports _ _ _ 

2, 831 

4 952 

1, 056 

1, 491 

1, 950 

5, 647 

1939 Jan.-July: 



Imports. __ 

4, 940 

2, 749 

34 



92 



7, 815 
11, 308 

Exports_ 

1, 510 

3, 845 

620 

738 

1, 297 

3, 298 






Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 70. 


In 1936 and 1937 ingots were imported principally from Norway 
and Switzerland, but shipments from Canada increased greatly in 1938 
and 1939. Exports of ingots went largely to Switzerland. On the 
other hand, rolled and drawn products (shown in table 5 as semi- 


12 




































































finished, wire, powder, products and foil) were widely distributed 
among the national markets of the world, as shown in table 6. 


Table 6. Germany: Exports of rolled and drawn aluminum products , by country 
of destination, 1936-88 and January-June 1939 {in tons ) 



1936 

1937 

1938 

January- 
June 1939 

United States _ 

438 

352 

531 

215 

Belgium-Luxemburg_ _ 

164 

220 

400 

201 

Denmark 

312 

304 

301 

217 

France _____ _ _ 

649 

463 

388 

178 

Greece. _ 

194 

299 

204 

144 

Italy, _ _ 

*391 

115 

74 

27 

Netherlands. ___ 

741 

835 

954 

446 

Roumania _ _ _ 

148 

139 

165 

93 

U. S. S. R__ 

12 

202 

291 

39 

Sweden __ 

437 

444 

438 

163 

United Kingdom_ ___ 

2, 276 

2, 567 

1, 646 

1, 641 

Yugoslavia_ _ _ _ 

99 

239 

186 

185 

Mexico _____ 

231 

3J3 

489 

281 

British India _ __ 

1,463 

836 

1, 072 

522 

China _ __ 

1, 002 

566 

419 

135 

Netherlands Indies_ 

196 

364 

342 

193 

Japan _ _ __ 

55 

181 

1,420 

163 

Australia _ _ __ _ __ 

379 

355 

393 

160 

Total countries listed_ _ 

9, 187 

8, 824 

9, 713 

5, 003 

All other countries___ 

2, 683 

3, 547 

3, 434 

2, 050 

Total_ 

11, 870 

12, 371 

13, 147 

7, 053 


1 Including possessions. 

Source: Official trade statistics of Germany as presented by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic 
Commerce. 


German imports of aluminum during the war have increased 
greatly in comparison with the prewar period. Imports fluctuated 
between 50,000 and 60,000 tons of aluminum annually from 1940 to 
1943 (table 7). By a triangular arrangement between Germany, 
Italy, and Switzerland, Italy supplied alumina to the Swiss who 
delivered metal to each Axis partner. There appear to have been 
considerable differences of opinion between Germany and Italy as to 
the exact tonnages each was to receive under the agreement. 


Table 7. — Germany: Estimated imports of aluminum and alloys , in ingots, 1940-48 

(in tons ) 


Country of origin 

1940 

1941 

1942 

1943 

France _ 

25, 000 
25, 000 
10, 500 

30, 000 
12, 000 
15, 600 

30, 000 
15, 000 
9, 700 

30, 000 
20, 000 
3, 000 

N orway __ 

Switzerland ___ 

Total _ 

60, 500 

57, 600 

54, 700 

53, 000 



Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 78. 


13 















































Supplies— Aluminum supplies available to the German light metals 
industry in the 5 years before World War II are shown in table 8. 
These include domestic production, net imports, and secondary metal 
recovered from scrap. 


Table 8.—German aluminum supplies, 1984-89 (in tons ) 


Year 

Primary metal 

Total primary 
metal 
available 

Output 
secondary 
metal i 

Total metal 
available for 
consumption 

Output 

Imports 

(ingots) 

Exports 

(ingots) 

1934 _ 

37, 200 
70, 800 
97, 500 
127, 600 
165, 000 
185, 500 

2, 737 
15, 247 

4, 258 

3, 645 
14, 520 

5, 500 

698 
246 
242 
1,334 
2, 831 

2, 000 

39, 239 
85, 801 
101, 516 
129, 911 
176, 689 
189, 000 

17, 000 
32, 000 
44, 000 
57, 000 
74, 000 
83, 000 

56, 239 
117, 801 
145, 516 
186, 911 
250, 689 
272, 000 

1935 _ 

1936 _ 

1937 _ 

1938 2 _ 

1939 2 _ 



i Recovery of secondary metal is estimated at 45 percent of the tonnage of primary metal. 
* Including Austria. 


Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 69. 


Wartime supplies of the Reich (including Austria) are shown in 
table 9. 

Table 9.—German aluminum supplies , 1940-48 1 (in tons ) 



1940 

1941 

1942 

1943 

Primary metal__ _ _ 

203, 000 

216, 500 

250, 500 

282, 000 

Secondary metal 2 _ 

100, 000 

100, 000 
57, 600 

125, 000 

140, 000 

Imports.____ 

60, 500 

54, 700 

53, 000 

Exports ... _ _ 

Total metal available for home 

( 3 ) 

( 3 ) 

( 3 ) 

( 3 ) 

consumption (approximate)_ 

360, 000 

375, 000 

430, 000 

475, 000 


1 Germany, including Austria. 

2 Secondary metal is estimated at 50 percent of primary, rather than 45 percent as in table 8, because of 
the more thorough and systematic recovery of scrap in wartime. 

3 Less than 10,000 tons annually. Exports went for the most part to Italy. 

Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 78. 


Supplies are, therefore, believed to be sufficient for all of Germany's 
wartime requirements of aluminum. Limitations placed on the use 
of the metal when the war began were probably a precaution against 
waste. In 1942 and 1943, however, decrees restricted the use of 
aluminum and recommended its replacement in certain instances by 
iron and steel or plastics, though the regulations seem to have been 
more strictly enforced in the occupied territories than in Germany. 
During the same years a shortage of aluminum supplies to armament 
industries was reported, but this may have been due not so much to 
a lack of metal as to a lack of facilities for working it up in suitable 
forms. That the aluminum balance has not been easy is evident 
from the elaborate system of government controls which regulate its 
distribution. 11 

» See ch. VI. 


14 



































RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIES 


Bauxite. —Because of her lack of domestic bauxite deposits, Germany 
took steps as early as 1925 to ensure supplies from abroad. (See 
table 10.) In that year VAWAG obtained a major interest in the 
Bauxit-Trust A. G., a holding company established in Zurich in 1923 
with a capital of Sfr.l 1,000,000 and controlled by German and Hun¬ 
garian interests. VAWAG and Otavi Minen und Eisenbahn Gesell- 
schaft were the German participants, and the Hungarian were , 
Ungarische Allegemeine Kreditbank, Ungarische Allegemeine Kohlen- 
bergbau A. G., Manfred Weiss A. G., and Salgotarjaner Steinkohlen- 
bergbau A. G. 

In addition to the ore supplied by the Bauxit-Trust, AIAG de¬ 
livered bauxite from its mining subsidiaries in France, Italy, Yugo¬ 
slavia, Greece, and Roumania to its own extraction plant at Bergheim 
and to the VAWAG extraction plants. Gebr. Giulini G. m. b. H. 
secured bauxite concessions in Italy and Yugoslavia, thus ensuring 
the ore supply of their extraction plant at Mundenheim. 


Table 10.—Some German interests in the European Bauxite Industry , 1989. 



Company 

Location of properties 

Hungary_ 

Bauxit-Trust A. G.: 


Aluminiumerz-Bergbau u. In¬ 

1 Numerous mines in the 


dustrie A. G. 

> region of Gant and 


Bauxit-Industrie A. G_ 

] Nyirad. 

Roumania_ 

Bauxit-Trust A. G.: 


Alumina S. A. R_ 

Concessions in the Jad 
valley, principally near 
Baratka. 

Yugoslavia. _. 

Bauxit-Trust A. G.: 


Kontinentalno Bauksito Rudo- 

Numerous concessions in 


kopno i Industrijsko d. d., 

the regions of Drnis and 


Zagreb. 

Gebr. Giulini: 

Mostar. 


Dalmacija Bauksit d. s. o. j. 
Split. 

Drnis and Mostar. 


Adria Bauksit Rudarsko Indus¬ 
trijsko d. d., Zagreb. 
Aluminium Walzwerk Singen: 1 

Drnis and Sinj. 


Ugrovaca Minen A. G_ 

Mostar. 

Italy.-- 

Bauxit-Trust A. G.: 


S. A. per l’Escavo e lTndustria 
di Minerali d’Alluminio. 

Gebr. Giulini: 

Concessions in Istria. 


Bauxiti Istriane Soc. a. g. 1., 
Trieste. 

Concessions in Istria. 


i Owned by Aluminium-Industrie A. Q. Neuhausen. One source says the Ugrovaca mine is owned 
directly by AIAG. 

Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 72 and German Penetration of Corporate Holdings in Croatia 
(FEA report EIS-68b and Civil Affairs Guide). 


Before the war, Hungary was Germany’s most important source 
of bauxite, supplying 30 to 50 percent of Germany’s annual require¬ 
ments. Yugoslavia was next in importance. Germany took prac- 


15 














tically the entire bauxite exports of both countries and nearly all of 
Yugoslavia’s output. After exploitation of Greek deposits began in 
1935, Greece became an increasingly important supplier. Although 
no German bauxite or aluminum interests were operating in Greece, 
most of the Greek output went to the Reich. 


Table 11. — Germany: Imports of bauxite , 1934-39 (in tons ) 



1934 

1935 

1936 

1937 

1938 

1939 

Hungary- 

Yugoslavia, __ 

Italy __ _ 

France _ __ _ 

Greece 

Netherlands East In¬ 
dies 

109, 851 
77, 274 
16, 250 
120, 451 

218, 149 
150, 397 
56, 424 
75, 081 
2, 127 

328, 379 
217, 642 
164, 116 
95, 554 
41, 520 

127, 636 
2, 949 

472, 313 
405, 825 
111, 271 
95, 036 
80, 669 

138, 812 
3, 444 

363, 259 
348, 069 
96, 593 
92, 272 
84, 795 

192, 668 

568, 644 
257, 495 
59, 612: 
52, 863 
89, 622 : 

49, 072 

Other countries- 

Total, 


214 

323, 826 

502, 392 

977, 796 

1, 307, 370 

1, 177, 656 

1, 077, 308 


Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 72. 


After 1934, German bauxite imports were considerably in excess of 
annual requirements. The accumulated stock pile is estimated to 
have been 1.5 million tons at the outbreak of hostilities. 

While as a result of the victories of 1940 and 1941, the Germans 
obtained control of most of the bauxite deposits of the continent, the 
unlimited and uninterrupted supplies they had hoped for were not 
forthcoming. Their plans called for increasing the total annual 
output to the following levels: France, from 1 to 1^ million tons; 
Hungary, 1 million tons; Greece, 1 million tons; and Yugoslavia, from 
400,000 to 500,000 tons. Fulfillment of the plans was hindered, how¬ 
ever, by transport difficulties and popular resistance movements. 
Consequently, imports were about the same as in prewar years and 
fluctuated little from 1940 to 1943. As compared with the prewar 
period, imports increased from France and Hungary but this increase 
was counterbalanced by a decline of shipments from Yugoslavia and 
Greece. (See table 12.) 


Table 12. — Germany: Estimated imports of bauxite , 1940-48 (in 1,000 tons ) 



1940 

1941 

1942 

1943 

France__ 

150 

250 

300 

450 

Italy_ 

130 

150 

100 

70 

Hungary_ 

640 

630 

650 

750 

Yugoslavia_ 

230 

70 

100 

200 

Greece _ 

40 

30 

Roumania_ 



10 





Total_ _ 

1, 150 

1, 100 

1, 200 

1, 500 



Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 79. 


Because imports have probably not replaced existing stocks, the ore 
stock pile is believed to have declined from the prewar figure of 1.5 


16 












































million tons to less than 1 million tons by the beginning of 1944. 
(See table 13.) These reserves must have been considerably depleted 
during 1944 when the liberation of France shut off one major source 
of supply and supplies from another major source were reduced by the 
liberation of part of Croatia, and the cutting of the main rail line to 
Yugoslavia. At the end of the year, the advance of Soviet forces shut 
off some of the important ore deposits of Hungary, now Germany's 
sole source of supply. If the Germans try to maintain the present 
rate of production hi Germany and Austria, the stock pile may be 
well on the way to exhaustion by July 1945. 


Table 13. — Germany: Estimated imports, consumption, and stocks of bauxite, 
1940-43 1 (in 1,000 tons) 



1940 

1941 

1942 

1943 

Stocks at January 1 __ 

1, 500 

1,490 

1, 320 

1, 100 

Imports __ _ 

Consumption: 

1, 150 

1, 100 

1, 200 

1, 500 

Aluminum industry_ 

860 

920 

1, 070 

1, 200 

Others_ 

300 

350 

350 

400 


1 Germany including Austria. 

Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 79. 


Cryolite and Carbon Electrodes . 12 —Cryolite is a fluoride of sodium and 
aluminum which is made synthetically in Germany from feldspar, 
alumina, and a sodium salt. Germany is self-sufficient in these 
materials and during the war has made small exports of synthetic 
cryolite to Italy, Switzerland, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. 

Supplies of electrodes and material for their manufacture appear to 
have been adequate during the war period. During 1942 imports of 
Roumanian petroleum coke, the most valuable constituent in the 
manufacture of carbon electrodes, rose to 4,000 tons monthly. During 
the same year, Germany was sending monthly to Italy about 1,000 
tons of petroleum coke, 1,700 tons of pitch coke, and 550 tons of low- 
ash furnace coke. Monthly shipments to France that year were from 
600 to 1,000 tons of petroleum coke and 1,500 tons of pitch coke. 
During 1943, a modification in the Italian shipments to 500 tons of 
petroleum coke, 2,500 tons of pitch coke, and 1,200 tons of low-ash 
furnace coke, suggests that Germany was conserving for her own use 
available supplies of petroleum coke. Loss of Roumanian petroleum 
coke in 1944 greatly weakened Germany’s carbon electrode position, 
causing many complaints of poor quality in the aluminum produced. 
Supplies of pitch coke probably were adequate. During the year, 
Germany ceased to send electrode materials to France, but will un¬ 
questionably continue to send supplies to northern Italy, where the 
Italian aluminum industry is concentrated, so long as that area can 
work on German account. 

12 See appendix A for a description of the usage of these materials in the production of aluminum. 

17 
















III. GERMAN PENETRATION OF THE EUROPEAN ALU¬ 
MINUM INDUSTRY 


The German Government, as has been noted earlier, was considering 
before the outbreak of World War II the development of an inte¬ 
grated aluminum industry in central and in eastern Europe where 
bauxite supplies are unlimited and water power is ample. Military 
occupation opened the way to the realization of this far-reaching 
scheme for which German combines supplied the capital, the tech¬ 
nicians, and the management. Aside from a very large reduction 
plant in Austria, however, no developments were undertaken in these 
regions until German hopes of a short war had diminished. The first 
light metals ventures on the periphery of Europe occurred in Norway. 

In order to ensure supplies of light metals for the German aircraft 
industry as well as to exploit the reduction facilities and water power 
of German-occupied France and Norway, a new concern, Nordische 
Aluminium A. G., was established in Berlin on November 6, 1940, by 
the Junkers Flugzeug und Motorenwerke, Diirener Metallwerk A. G. 1 
and VAWAG. The capital of close to RM20,000,000 was under¬ 
written by the Bank der Deutschen Luftfahrt, which was represented 
on the advisory committee along with representatives from the Ger¬ 
man Ministry of Finance, the Air Ministry, and the Reich Commis¬ 
sariat. Dr. H. Koppenberg, 2 general manager of the Junkers Werke 
and a close friend of Goering, was made chairman of the board. In 
July 1941 the name of the new concern was changed to Hansa Leicht- 
metall A. G. and its principal activities became the following: (1) To 
allocate the supplies of bauxite from European areas, where they were 
not already held by the Bauxit-Trust; (2) to allocate the finished metal 
exported from the occupied territories; and (3) to expand aluminum 
production in these territories. 

In southeastern Europe, following its occupation by the Germans 
in 1941, VAWAG and the Bauxit-Trust were the chief factors in light 
metals developments. Both already had bauxite interests in the 
region. The former was less interested in developing metal produc¬ 
tion in the area than in expanding the output of ore and erecting new 
facilities for the extraction of alumina, measures which would assure 
the requirements of their increased reduction capacity in Germany and 
Austria. This was a departure from the prewar policy of the com- 
pany unde r which the self-contained alumina-aluminum plants at 

1 See ch. VII, section on “Other Fabricating Companies.” 

3 See appendix D, second list, for Dr. Koppenberg’s corporate connections. 


18 







Lauta and Lunen had been built. The new policy was probably 
adopted at this time as a means of saving transport. To finance 
these undertakings, VAWAG established two subsidiaries: Donau- 
taler Alaunerde Industrie A. G. in Hungary, and Kroatische Alumi¬ 
nium A. G. in Yugoslavia. By 1942, Donautaler’s capital had been 
increased by more than four times to Pengo 35,000,000, held one- 
third each by YAWAG, the Bauxit-Trust, and the Hungarian Govern¬ 
ment. Directors and managers for both Donautaler and Kroatische 
Aluminium came from VAWAG and the Bauxit-Trust, and Dr. Luther 
Westrick, Chairman of VAWAG, became chairman of both companies. 

I. G. Farbenindustrie is believed to be associated with a light 
metals development in Austria and another in Czechoslovakia. It 
has been rumored that this company, in cooperation with Hansa 
Leichtmetall, was planning to construct plants in Roumania and 
Yugoslavia, but the projects did not materialize. There is no evi¬ 
dence that Gebr. Giulini, another German concern with prewar 
interests in southeastern Europe, have expanded their operations. 

German plans and achievements in the light metals industry of 
German-dominated Europe are described in some detail below, in the 
order of occupation or Gleichsehaltung of the producing country. 
The record of the Germans on the whole offers no convincing proof of 
their purported organizational genius. They have been able to loot 
properties, to take over existing facilities and to construct new ones, 
and to impress labor to work under their direction. But except 
where they have found collaborators in the financial and industrial 
leadership of national companies and in puppet governments, they 
have been unable to achieve any marked success. One reason for 
their failure may be their inability to mobilize the working people of 
Europe willingly to fulfill German orders. 

AUSTRIA 

Before the annexation, Austria’s aluminum industry was unim¬ 
portant. Up to 1935 metal production was less than 2,500 tons from 
two reduction plants located at Lend and Steeg. The plant at Lend 
was erected in 1897 by the Aluminium-Industrie A. G. Neuhausen, 
and is operated by a subsidiary, the Salzburger Aluminium G. m. b. H. 
While its original capacity was 4,000 tons per year, production never 
exceeded 2,500 tons before 1938 because of inadequate supplies of 
water power. The plant at Steeg, near Gmunden, was erected in 
1916-17 by the Stern und Hafferl Elekrizitatswerke A. G., and is 
operated by the Oesterreichische Kraftwerke A. G. (Oeka). Its 
annual capacity in 1938 was 2,000 tons. The small quantities of 
alumina and cryolite required for production were imported, the former 
mainly from Yugoslavia, Italy, and France, and the latter from 


19 





Denmark. Electrodes were produced at Steeg. Statistics of pro¬ 
duction, trade, and supplies for the preannexation Austrian industry 
are given in table 14. 


Table 14. — Austria: Supplies of aluminum and raw materials , 1934-38 (in tons ) 



Aluminum 

Alumina 

Cryolite 

1934: 

2, 100 
544 



Imports _ __ 

4, 993 

236 

Evpnrts __ 

2, 687 

2, 400 
488 

30 

1935: 

Prrtd notion 



Imports __ ___ _ 

4, 857 

207 

Exports _ - _ 

2, 394 

3, 300 
560 

26 

1936: 

Production 



Imports __ 

6, 855 

436 

Exports _- - - - 

2, 394 

4, 400 
685 

8 

1937: 

Production ____ ____ 


Imports_ ___ _ ______ _ 

7, 490 

406 

Exports ___ 

3, 370 

5, 000 
125 

15 

1938: 

Production __ _____ _ 


Imports_ _ __ _ __ 

11, 242 

518 

Exports. _ _ _ _ _ _ 

910 

1 





Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 80. 


Under German domination, Austrian reduction capacity was in¬ 
creased by 15 times, and aluminum output by over 11. (See table 15.) 
This was accomplished by extensions to the plants at Lend and Steeg, 
and the erection of a new plant at Braunau-am-Inn which, with its 
planned capacity of 90,000 tons, will be the largest in Europe on 
completion. Construction was begun late in 1939 by Mattigwerke 
A. G., an operating subsidiary of VAWAG, and by May 1944 10 of 
the 12 furnace houses, representing 75,000 tons of capacity, were 
completed. Virgin metal and alloys were produced but no semi¬ 
finished products. 

It is certain that Germany intended ultimately to supply the 
alumina requirements of the Braunau plant from the extraction 
plants under construction in Hungary and Yugoslavia (see below), 
and it appears impossible for Braunau to operate at full capacity 
until they are finished. In the meantime, alumina has been supplied 
from VAWAG’s Nabwerk at Schwandorf in Bavaria, from France, 
and possibly also from Italy. Requisitions of alumina from France 
before liberation had been stepped up to 80,000 tons annually, prob¬ 
ably because of the demands of Braunau. It is believed that the 
plant produces its own electrode paste. Power is another factor 
which limits the output of the plant. It is believed that some of its 
energy requirements will be met from developments on the River Inn, 


20 




































Table 15. — Austria: Estimated capacity and output of aluminum plants, 1938-43 

(in tons ) 


Lend J 


Steeg 3 


Braunau- 
am-Inn 4 


Total 


1938_ 

fCapacity 

1939_ 

(Output 
( Capacity. 

1940_ 

(Output 

(Capacity. 

1941_ 

(Output _ 
(Capacity. 

1942_ 

(Output _ 
(Capacity. 

1943_ 

(Output 

(Capacity 

(Output.. 


4, 000 

3, 500 

4, 000 
3, 500 

10, 000 

5, 500 

10, 000 

7, 000 

10, 000 

7, 500 

10, 000 

8 , 000 


2, 000 

1, 500 
5, 000 

2, 000 
5, 000 
2, 500 
5, 000 

2, 500 
5, 000 

3, 000 
5, 000 

4, 000 


30, 000 
10, 000 
60, 000 
25, 000 
75, 000 
45, 000 


6, 000 
5, 000 
9, 000 
5, 500 
15, 000 
8 , 000 
45, 000 
19, 500 
75, 000 
35, 500 
90, 000 
57, 000 


i Capacity figures are as of Dec. 31 of each year. 

* Plant operated by the Salzburger Aluminium G. m. b. H. (subsidiary of Aluminium-Industrie A. G. 
Chippis). 

3 Plant operated by Oesterreichische Kraftwerke A. G. (Oeka). 

4 Plant owned by Vereinigte Aluminium Werke A. G., and reported to be operated by Mattigwerke A. G. 

Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 76. 

and it is not improbable that connections have been made with the 
Enns and Tauern schemes. It is considered unlikely, however, that 
these developments have progressed sufficiently to meet the total 
requirements of a plant of this size. 

At the end of 1943 an important light metals plant was reported 
to be under construction at Moosbierbaum, near Vienna, along the 
lines of Nordisk Lettmetal’s combined alumina-aluminum-magnesium 
plant at Heroya in Norway. 3 Information received since reveals that 
a very large plant is about half completed on the southern bank of 
the Danube, 40 miles upstream from Vienna, and V/ 2 miles northeast 
of Moosbierbaum. Since Donau Chemie A. G., a subsidaiy of I. G. 
Farben, already has a large chemical works at Moosbierbaum, it is 
reasonable to assume that this company is building the light metals 
works. These appear to be designed for aluminum reduction with a 
capacity of approximately 24,000 tons. The plant is conveniently 
situated with respect to supplies of bauxite, which can be brought 
up the Danube from Hungary, and the aircraft and automobile 
industries of Vienna and its environs offer a ready market for the 
plant's production. The source of power is presumably a new plant 
under construction at Ybbspersenbeug, 50 miles upstream. 

CZECHOSLOVAKIA 

A project on which information is conflicting is a plant believed 
to be situated at Engerau, between Bratislava and Kittsee, near the 
Hungarian frontier. The company concerned is the Leipziger Leicht- 
metallwerk Rackwitz, Bernhard Berghaus K. G. of Rackwitz, near 

* See “Norway” below. 


21 






































Leipzig. This company, founded shortly before the outbreak of war 
with the probable backing-of the Reich Air Ministry, is now one of 
the leading German producers of light alloys and semimanufactures, 
and is believed to be controlled by I. G. Farben. Reports in 1943 
gave the planned capacity of the Engerau plant as 10,000 tons of 
aluminum and 20,000 tons of alumina; later reports doubled these 
figures, while a report from a different source maintained that alumi¬ 
num only was to be produced from alumina supplied from Almasfuzito. 4 
If the plant is to produce alumina, bauxite supplies could be brought 
up the Danube from Hungary, and power for both alumina and alumi¬ 
num operations would be available from hydroelectric developments on 
the River Waag. Two new power stations, one at Ilava and the other 
at Dubnica, now reported to be in operation, could supply between 
them more than sufficient power for the needs of a 10,000-ton re¬ 
duction works. In any event, the project at Engerau represents a 
new departure in the policy of the Berghaus company, which pre¬ 
viously was concerned with metal fabrication, not metal production. 
Together with the project at Moosbierbaum, it may indicate that 
I. G. intended to compete with VAWAG in light metals production 
in southeastern Europe. 

NORWAY 

Before the war Norway, while it had no bauxite, had a considerable 
aluminum industry based on its water power resources. Six reduction 
plants, one of which also extracted alumina, were located along the 
coast where transportation costs were low. Their prewar capacities 
are given in table 16. 


Table 16. — Norway: Capacity of aluminum plants , 1939 (in tons ) 


Company 

Location 

Capacity 

A/s Norsk Aluminium Co __ _ 

Hoyanger, Sogn 1 _ _ 

8, 500 
5, 000 

9, 500 
8, 000 
3, 500 
1, 000 

Det Norske Nitrid A/s_ _ ___ 

Eydehavn, Aust-Agder _ 

A/s Haugvik Smeltewerk. _ _ _ 

Tyssedal, Hordaland. 

Glomfjord, Nordland __ 

A/s Vigelands Brug __ _ 

Vigeland, Aust-Agder _ _ 

A/s Stengfjordens Elektrochekjem- 
iske Fabrik. 

Total _ __ 

Stangfjord, Sogn __ _ _ 


35, 500 




i This plant also has a capacity of 22,000 tons for the extraction of alumina. 
Source: Unpublished FEA report prepared by the Economic Institutions Staff. 


As all of these conpanies were almost wholly owned and controlled 
by British, French, and Canadian interests, 5 they clearly came under 
the provisions of an order of the Quisling Government of August 17, 

4 See “Hungary” below. 

» The Canadian interest was that of Aluminium Ltd. which is associated with the Aluminum Co. of 
America. See ch. VIII and table 22 (appendix E) for details of control of the Norwegian aluminum industry. 


22 


























1940, which provided for the appointment of a German administrator 
for all Norwegian enterprises which directly or indirectly were under 

enemy” control. The plants were accordingly put under the ad¬ 
ministration of a German organization known as Norsk Aluminium 
Kontor (“NAK”), and Dr. Koppenberger, chairman of the boards of 
the Flugzeug und Motoren Werke and Nordische Aluminium, was 
designated trustee and property administrator. 

On May 2, 1941, Nordisk Lettmetal A/s was established in Oslo 
with a share capital of 45 million kroner, held in equal amounts by 
I. G. Farbenindustrie, Norsk Hydro-Elektrisk Kvaelstofaktielstab, 
and Hansa Leichtmetall, then still known as Nordische Aluminium. 
I. G. Farben already had a controlling interest in Norsk Hydro, which 
before the German invasion was in possession of most of the elements 
needed for the manufacture of aluminum—patented processes, water 
power, building sites, and skilled workers. The task of the newly 
organized Nordisk Lettmetal, in which Dr. Koppenberg assumed 
management of the Work Committee, was the enlargement and man¬ 
agement of the facilities in the Heroya area formerly owned by Norsk 
Hydro. 

A day after Nordisk Lettmetal was organized, Hansa Leichtmetall 
formed under Norwegian law a subsidiary stock company, A/s Nor- 
dag, with head offices in Oslo and a capital of 70 million kroner. 
This company was charged with the task of putting into effect the 
German program for expanding the Norwegian aluminum industry. 
Under Nordag, the capacity of the Tyssedal plant w T as increased from 
9,500 tons to about 11,000 tons, 500 tons was added to the capacity 
of the Hoyanger plant by modernization, and the capacity of the 
Haugvik Smeltewerk was to be increased by 24,000 tons a year. At 
first, the Haugvik project seemed likely to succeed but progress was 
later retarded by shortages of labor and materials, transportation 
difficulties, and mismanagement. A raid in December 1942 put out 
of commission the Glomfjord power plant, Haugvik’s source of elec¬ 
tricity. While the smelter itself was undamaged, it is not likely that 
much of the additional capacity has come into operation. 

Meanwhile Nordisk Lettmetal undertook the construction of a 
combined alumina-aluminium-magnesium plant on its properties at 
Heroya near Porsgrund. This plant was almost totally destroyed by 
the United States Eighth Air Force in July 1943. 

Of all the new capacity called for under the German expansion 
program, only one new alumina works has come into operation. This 
is the plant at Saudasjoen, immediately west of Sauda. Its capacity 
was originally set at 85,000 tons and it was to use a modification of 
the Pedersen.process by which Norwegian labradorite replaces some 
of the bauxite. In August 1944 it was reported that production was 
at the rate of only 20,000 tons per year, chiefly from imported bauxite 


23 






because labradorite could be used only fo the extent of 15 percent. 
This amount of alumina, however, together with the output of 22,000 
tons by the old Hoyanger works, would be adequate to maintain the 
20,000 tons of aluminum production which is the maximum attained 
by the Norwegian industry since the invasion. * * 7 

Thus in spite of plans which at one time called for increasing exist¬ 
ing aluminum reduction capacity to 120,000 tons and adding 100,000 
tons of new capacity, as well as for as much as 317,000 tons of new 
alumina capacity, and in spite of an investment of 600 to 700 million 
kroner during the first 3 years of occupation, the Germans have 
been unable to obtain as much aluminum from Norway as that 
country produced before the war. 

FRANCE 

Ninety percent of the prewar French aluminum production was 
controlled directly or indirectly by Cie. de Produits Chimiques et 
Electrometallurgiques Alais Froges et Camargue (usually referred to 
as “AFC” or “Pechiney”). Its sole competitor was Ste. d’Electro- 
chimie, d’Electrometallurgie et des Acieries Electriques d’Ugine 
(referred to as “Ugine”). AFC was not only a giant and self-con¬ 
tained producer of aluminum and magnesium but was also a large 
producer of aluminum products and the third largest French producer 
of chemicals. Through membership in the French chemical cartel 
organized in 1927, AFC had close connections with I. G. Farben. 

AFC’s activities were concentrated in four regions. Bauxite was 
obtained from the Mediterranean region where practically all of the 
French bauxite deposits are located, and here, because of the local 
availability of lignite for fuel, two of AFC’s three large alumina 
plants were located. The abundant water power of the Alpine region 
made it the center of AFC’s aluminum reduction operations, which 
for the same reason were carried on to a smaller extent in the Pyrenees. 
In the Central Plateau region, AFC obtained auxiliary minerals such 
as fluorspar and pyrites, a small amount of bauxite, and some water 
power. 

Inasmuch as the French aluminum industry was concentrated in 
southern France, which was not occupied by the Germans until 
November 1942, German economic penetration was accomplished by 
less overt means than in Norway. No new companies were estab¬ 
lished but the Germans were able to dominate the industry by means 
of direct and indirect investments (the capitalization of AFC was 
tripled between 1940 and 1941), concentration of administrative and 
managerial responsibility in the hands of a group responsive to their 

8 Some of the bauxite was supplied by Hansa Leichtmetall, which, in connection with its activities in 

Norway, acquired the Greek bauxite mines of S. A. des Mines Bauxites de Parnasse. 

7 Norway apparently received some alumina from France since Hansa established an office in Avignon 
from which it could direct French alumina to Norwegian reduction plants. 


24 








wishes, and allocation of raw materials and products. As noted 
earlier, two of the tasks of Hansa Leichtmetall were to allocate 
bauxite from European deposits not already controlled by the Bauxit- 
Trust and to allocate the metal exported from occupied territories. 
In allotting the supplies of French bauxite, Hansa Leichtmetall co¬ 
operated with the Groupement de Repartition de la Bauxite, estab¬ 
lished in January 1941 at German instigation by a number of French 
concerns in addition to AFC for the purchase, transportation, import 
and export, allocation, sale, and use of bauxite. In the spring of 1941, 
the Bank der Deutschen Luftfahrt, which had underwritten the stock 
issue of Hansa Leichtmetall, founded the Aero Bank as its Paris 
subsidiary to help finance French producers of light metals. By the 
reorganization in September 1941 of all French electric power com¬ 
panies into three “fusion” groups, on each of which the Vichy Govern¬ 
ment was represented by a commissioner, the Germans were able to 
dominate the production and transmission of power. 

German expansion plans for the aluminum industry of France 
appear to have been rather successful. The ready market offered by 
the German aircraft plants was an incentive to increased production. 
The output of aluminum is estimated to have risen from a 1936-38 
average of 35,000 tons to between 60,000 and 70,000 tons in 1943, of 
which the Germain took about 70 percent. Alumina production, 
which had averaged 110,000 tons before the war, must have risen 
sharply or it could not have met the demands made upon the extrac¬ 
tion plants. These demands included the increased requirements of 
the French reduction plants, requisitions for German reduction plants 
which rose from 30,000-40,000 tons in 1941-42 to 60,000-70,000 tons 
in 1943, and German requisitions for reduction plants in Austria and 
Norway. Bauxite production also had to rise from the prewar 
level of 675,000 tons annually in order to meet not only the steeply 
rising requirements of French alumina plants but also requisitions for 
German plants which in 1943 called for—but may not have received— 
as much as 60,000 tons per month. 

HUNGARY 

A small light metals industry was in existence in Hungary before 
the war, in addition to considerable ore production. An alumina 
plant at Magyarovar with a capacity of 10,000 tons, owned by Bauxit- 
Industrie A. G. (a subsidiary of the Bauxit-Trust), supplied the re¬ 
duction plant on the island of Csepel, which was owned by Manfred 
Weiss Stahl und Metallwerke A. G. of Budapest. The Ungarische 
Allgemeine Kohlenbergbau A. G. must have begun its aluminum 
plant at Felsogalla before the outbreak of hostilities since it com¬ 
menced operations in 1940. Up to this point, the Hungarian industry 
appears to have been more or less independent of German control; 


25 





Manfred Weiss, in fact, had no connection with the international 
aluminum cartel. 8 German light metals interests may have taken 
over these concerns during the last 4 years, and it is well known that 
they have instituted new developments with the collaboration of 
Hungarian interests. 

The Ungarische Bauxitgruben A. G. (“UBAG”), established in 
1937 with Dutch participation, began construction in 1941 of a com¬ 
bined alumina-aluminum plant, with a capacity of 20,000 and 10,000 
tons respectively, at Tosokberend, about 15 miles west of Veszrem 
to the north of Lake Balaton. Bauxite is obtained by aerial ropeway 
from UBAG’s own mines some 30 kilometers northwest of the factory. 
The alumina plant came into operation late in 1942, and the aluminum 
works was partly in operation by the following spring. A thermal 
power station to meet the project’s requirements was built at Ajka, 
1 y 2 miles east of Tosokberend. Under an agreement between UBAG 
and Diirener Metallwerke A. G., a well-known German fabricating 
company and one of the participants in Hansa Leichtmetall, a fabrica¬ 
tion plant was undertaken at Szekesfehervar to process the aluminum 
produced at Tosokberend. Alloys and semifinished products, in¬ 
cluding sheet, tubing, and wire, were to be produced. The original 
share capital has been increased from 2 to 16.80 million Pengo, one- 
third of which is reported to be held by Diirener. There no longer 
appears to be any Dutch participation. 

The Donautaler Alaunerde Industrie A. G. (one-third of whose 
capital is held by the Hungarian Government, and two-thirds by 
VAWAG and its associate, the Bauxit-Trust) began construction in 
1941 of an alumina plant at Almasfuzito on the Danube, about 6 miles 
east of Komarom. Its planned capacity of 60,000-70,000 tons of 
alumina annually is far in excess of any existing or projected require¬ 
ments of the Hungarian aluminum industry. The plant was un¬ 
questionably intended to supply alumina to the German and Austrian 
reduction works. Donautaler is believed to have opened up new 
bauxite deposits in the Gant region where the Bauxit-Trust already 
operates important mines through its existing Hungarian subsidiary, 
the Aluminium-Bergbau und Industrie A. G. Bauxite from the Gant 
mines is normally collected at Bodajk and sent by rail to Komarom 
for shipment to Germany via the Danube. The Almasfuzito plant is 
thus on the established route for deliveries of raw materials from 
Hungary to the German aluminum industry. 

YUGOSLAVIA 

Prewar German interests in the exploitation of Croatia’s rich 
bauxite deposits are shown in table 10. If this region had not been 
the scene of Yugoslav Partisan activities, ore output after the invasion 

8 See appendix E, section on “Outsiders.” 


26 






might well have been expanded to meet German plans. Instead 
production fell from 400,000 tons in 1938 to 70,000 tons in 1941, and 
by 1943 had reached only half the prewar figure. 9 The only new 
company appears to be the Rudnica A. G. of Dubrovnik, established 
with the open participation of the Reichswerke “Hermann Goring” 
A. G. to operate bauxite mines in Herzegovina. 

Before the war Gebr. Giulini G. m. b. H. owned an alumina plant 
at Moste, Slovenia, with a reported capacity of 10,000 tons. It 
supplied the oxide reduced at the Fabrika Aluminijuma A. D. in 
Sibenik until 1940 when an alumina plant was also brought into 
operation by Fabrika. This company, established in 1938 by a 
group of Yugoslav industrialists, some of whom were Jews, was put 
under the administration of a German commissioner after the occupa¬ 
tion, presumably on the basis of a German-Italian agreement since 
it was located in an area under Italian administration. The plant 
had a capacity of 2,000 tons when built and was enlarged to 3,250 
tons in 1940. By 1943 it may have had a capacity of 5,000 tons but 
would be unlikely to produce at this level because its source of power, 
a hydroelectric station at the Krka falls, would be affected by seasonal 
water shortages. 

The most significant light metals development in Yugoslavia since 
the German occupation is a plant reported to be located some 6 
miles southwest of Ptuj (Pettau) near Maribor. The operating com¬ 
pany is believed to be the Kroatische Aluminum A. G., founded in 
1941 by VAWAG and the Bauxit-Trust to perform the same functions 
in Yugoslavia as are performed in Hungary by their subsidiary, 
Donautaler Alaunerde Industrie A. G. According to some sources, the 
Ptuj plant is to have an annual capacity of 100,000 tons of alumina, 
while according to others, the plant will also produce aluminum, 
light alloys, semifinished products, and possibly aircraft components. 
Production is scheduled to begin in 1945. The choice of site suggests 
that a reduction works was ultimately intended, for Ptuj is on the 
river Drava in territory annexed to Austria and about 15 miles down¬ 
stream from Lavamund in Austria proper, where a new hydroelectric 
station was brought into commission in 1943. This is the first of nine 
stations planned along a 70-kilometer stretch of the Drava. Untapped 
water power resources in the region are equivalent to 1,500 million kil¬ 
owatt-hours, sufficient to supply a 75,000-ton aluminum plant. The 
site of the Ptuj plant appears to have been chosen because of the 
availability of power rather than of ore, inasmuch as the Croatian 
properties of the Bauxit-Trust are near Drnis, some 180 miles to the 
north, and its Hungarian mines are about 150 miles to the northeast. 

• See ch. II, section on “Raw Material Supplies—Bauxite.” 


647940°—45-3 


27 







IV. DEVELOPMENT OF THE GERMAN MAGNESIUM 

INDUSTRY 


CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION 

The modern magnesium industry dates from 1896, when electro¬ 
lytic reduction of fused magnesium salts began at Bitterfeld. 
Chemische Fabrik Griesheim Elektron controlled the basic patents 
for the manufacture of magnesium, which they began to produce com¬ 
mercially in 1912. Just as the First World War supplied the initial 
impetus for the development of the aluminum industry in Germany, it 
stimulated the production of magnesium, chiefly for the reason that 
magnesium could be used as a substitute for copper and aluminum, 
which were in short supply. Griesheim Elektron brought its patents 
and “know how” into the great chemical combine, I. G. Farben- 
industrje A. G., which by these means and subsequent research and 
development was able to control world production of the metal until 
the advent of World War II. 12 For many years, moreover, the world 
outside of Germany ignored the commercial possibilities of magnesium. 
Not only did I. G. put its mammoth economic resources behind the 
development of magnesium, but in addition the Hitler Government 
aggressively promoted its production because it is the only nonferrous 
metal that can be produced in virtually unlimited quantities from 
domestic raw materials. 

Magnesium-bearing raw materials are plentiful and widespread 
but facilities for production of the metal are concentrated in electro¬ 
chemical plants where equipment is costly and specialized. 1 2 3 The 
raw materials used in Germany are believed to be dolomite, which 
occurs widely; carnallite; and magnesite, which must be imported. 4 
European sources of crude magnesite are Austria, Yugoslavia, Greece, 
and Italy. In 1939 European magnesite shipments were reported to 
be double those of 1938, and in 1940 had by October reached the 
volume of the 1939 shipments. I. G.’s subsidiary, the Alpenlandisch 
Bergbaugesellschaft m. b. H. of Mayrhofen, Austria, owns a mine in 

1 The world’s basic magnesium patents are listed in the Hearings before the Committee on Patents, United 
States Senate, 77th Congress, pt. 2, pp. 1012-1026. 

2 See ch. VII, section on “Control of World Magnesium Production by I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G.” 

2 See appendix A for description of the technology of production. 

4 See also section below, “German Penetration of Occupied Territories.” 


28 








the nearby Zillerthal, a short distance east of Innsbruck. This mine 
was reported to have shipped 20,000 tons of magnesite in 1939. 

For many years magnesium was produced in Germany solely at 
I. G.’s Bitterfeld works. Crowded conditions there led them in the 
middle thirties to build another plant in Aken, to which an aluminum 
reduction works was added after the war began. It is believed 
that they now have two magnesium reduction plants in Stassfurt. 
In addition, they built in 1937 a separate plant for the production 
of magnesium oxide at Teutschenthal, near a large carnallite mine. 
Magnesium chloride solution is piped from the mine to the plant 
where magnesium hydrate is precipitated with calcined dolomite,, 
and then calcined to produce magnesium oxide or magnesia. 

I. G.’s aluminum and magnesium operations are independent of 
each other as well as largely independent of I. G.’s other manifold 
activities. The electrolytic equipment for the reduction of alu¬ 
minum cannot be used for the reduction of magnesium and vice 
versa. It is the presence of large resources of thermal electric power 
and technical experts which was chiefly responsible for bringing the 
two operations together at Bitterfeld and Aken. I. G. Farben 
maintains at Bitterfeld the largest laboratory in Germany devoted 
exclusively to research in the light metals. 

Not until 1938 did I. G. Farben have any competitor in the magne¬ 
sium field in Germany. At that time, Wintershall A. G., the giant 
potash concern, began producing magnesium by an old Farben 
electrolysis process, the patent of which had expired. Metallgesell- 
schaft A. G., according to rumor, agreed to stay out of the field. 6 
Wintershall used its plant at Heringen-a-Werra as the site of its 
magnesium production, and specially selected carnallite as the raw 
material. Possibly in preparation for this activity Siemens in 1936 
built a 15,000 ampere rectifier of 400 volts at the Wintershall mine 
at Heringen (Gewerkschaft Wintershall). 

In the absence of any published information (including trade 
statistics) on the magnesium industry in Germany, capacity and pro¬ 
duction can only be estimated. Annual capacity just before the war 
is believed to have been some 20,000 tons. At the end of 1943, five 
:| plants were believed to have been in operation with a total annual 
capacity of 31,500 tons. (See table 17.) The increase in capacity 
may have been effected by extensions to an existing plant at 
t Stassfurt and erection there of a second plant. 




« There is an unconfirmed report that Aluminium-Industrie A. G. Neuhausen (AIAG) was producing 
I magnesium in 1938. The location of the plant was not stated. Another report mentions among wartime 
projects of this company the expenditure of Sfr. 640,231 for a new installation at their Chippis (Switzerland) 
! plant for the manufacture of magnesium. 






Table 17. — Germany: Estimated annual capacity of magnesium plants, Dec. 31,1943 1 

(in tons ) 


Company 

Location of plant 

Capacity 

T G ForhoninHnQf TIP A It 

Bitterfeld 2 __ _ 

5, 500 
8, 000 

6, 000 
6, 000 
6, 000 

1 , \jr. r dTUciiinuuou ic ^- 

Wintershall A. G_ __ 

Aken near Dessau 2 -_ 

Stassfurt 3 _ 

Stassfurt 3 - _- 

Heringen-a-Werra 3 _ _ 


Total _ 

31, 500 




i The probable sources of electric power for the plants are given in appendix B. 

* Believed to use dolomite and magnesite as the raw material. 

* Believed to use car nail ite as the raw material. 

Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 90. 


Annual production is estimated to have risen as follows: 


Year: Tons 

1937_ 12, 000 

1938 _-_ 14,000 

1939 _ 16, 000 

1940_ 20, 000 

1941-43_ 25, 000-30, 000 (annually) 


CONSUMPTION 

The prewar output was apparently more than sufficient for Ger¬ 
many’s requirements since a ban was placed for a time on extensions 
to capacity. Evidently wartime demands have increased, as it was 
reported in 1940 that production was well up to capacity, then esti¬ 
mated at 30,000 tons, and it is known that Germany thereafter was 
importing 1,000 to 2,000 tons of magnesium annually from France. 

As far as is known, no exports have been made. 

It is impossible to form a reliable estimate of wartime consumption 
in the various uses but it is probable that at least 50 percent of war 
consumption is absorbed in incendiary bombs and explosives, and a 
major part of the balance in aircraft and other military applications. ! 

The possibilities for the application of magnesium and its alloys 
are far from being exhausted and there is no doubt that many new 
uses will be devised in the future. Nevertheless it is likely that the 1 
cessation of hostilities will, as in the aluminum industry, find Germany 
with capacity far in excess of peacetime requirements. 

GERMAN PENETRATION OF OCCUPIED TERRITORIES 

Since there were few known magnesium developments outside of 
Germany prior to the war, it is not surprising that information is 
lacking concerning German penetration of magnesium production in 
occupied areas. It is justifiable, however, to assume that, wherever 


30 



























in Europe I. G. Farben patents and techniques were utilized before 
the war, I. G. took over the facilities upon occupation. The combine 
had no known magnesium interests on the continent until the annexa¬ 
tion of Austria. 

After this event, I. G. acquired through forced sale the rich mag¬ 
nesite deposits, the pilot plant, and the patents of Oesterreichische 
Magnesit A. G. of Radentheim, Austria. The Austrian company 
was the second largest magnesite producer before the war, accounting 
for about 30 percent of the refractory magnesite produced on the 
continent. The acquisition of these deposits is said to have been 
responsible for I. G.’s shifting to a very large extent from dolomite to 
magnesite as the basic raw material used at its plants in Bitterfeld 
and Aken. Up to August 1939 when an explosion occurred, the pilot 
plant at Radentheim produced 1-1K tons of magnesium a day by 
direct thermal reduction. It is strongly believed that I. G. has since 
built a metal reduction plant there. 

The 1. G. participation in Nordisk Lettmetars combined alumina- 
aluminum-magnesium plant at Heroya 6 and its suspected participa¬ 
tion in a similar development at Moosbierbaum have already been 
described. 7 It is not unlikely, in view of I. G.’s participation in Hansa 
Leichtmetall A. G. and its prewar connections with Alias Froges et 
Cam argue, 8 that I. G. was able to dominate the magnesium industry 
of France during the occupation. France had hitherto been the second 
largest European producer with an output of 1,500 tons in 1938 and 
2,500 in 1939. AFC and Ugine were the principal producers, pooling 
for sales purposes into the Societe Generale du Magnesium. Two 
plants, each with a capacity of 1,000 tons, were operated by Ste. 
Generale, one at Saint-Auban, Basse-Alpes, and the other at Jarrie, 
Isere. 

• See eh. Ill, “Norway.” 

7 See ch. Ill, “Austria.” 

* See ch. Ill, “France.” 


31 






V. LIGHT METALS ALLOY MANUFACTURE AND 
FABRICATION 


Aluminum and magnesium are usually alloyed with other metals 
before being converted into the various semimanufactured forms 
which reach the consuming industries. The principal forms are 
castings; sheet, strip, and rectangles; bars; sections and angles; 
rods; wire; tubes; forgings; and foil. Both aluminum and magnesium 
alloys are fabricated in the same way and with the same equipment so 
that it is possible to produce alloys of both in the same plant. 1 

Before the First World War and even for some time thereafter, 
German rolling mills, foundries, and other works consumed much more 
aluminum than was domestically produced. For example, a large part 
of the production of Aluminium-Industrie A. G. Neuhausen (AIAG) in 
its Swiss plants went to supply this demand. All of the aluminum 
producers—AIAG, I. G. Farben and Metallgesellschaft, and VAWAG— 
have as direct subsidiaries, or own a majority of shares in, firms 
specializing in various aluminum fabricating fields. 2 Up to the war, 
Aluminiumwerk G. m. b. H. of Bitterfeld (the joint property of I. G. 
Farben and Metallgesellschaft) was primarily a metal-producing 
company, although in 1936 it is known to have been making extruded 
shapes, including 500 magnesium propeller blades and a larger number 
of aluminum blades. 3 Now the company is thought, under pressure 
of the German Government, to be rolling and pressing aluminum and 
fabricating the metal generally at Bitterfeld. 

In the field of magnesium fabrication, I. G. Farben has a monopoly. 
It was the only company in Germany, at least up to the outbreak of 
war, to fabricate magnesium by such processes as extrusion, hot 
pressing, permanent mold casting, pressure die casting, molding, and 
miscellaneous operations such as the production of wire, ribbon, and 
powder. However, in the production of sand castings, which ac¬ 
counted for approximately 75 percent of Germany’s magnesium fab¬ 
rication, license to manufacture had been granted by I. G. Farben to 
some 70 foundries in Germany by 1939. All of these licensed foundries 
operated in accordance with the practices developed in Bitterfeld. 

Light metals alloy manufacture and fabrication are highly special¬ 
ized operations. In 1942-43, for example, I. G. Farben employed at 

i See appendix A for the technology of the alloys. 

J Some of the fabricating subsidiaries of the aluminum producers are listed under the producer’s name in 
ch. VI. 

3 According to a recent report, I. G. was making 500 magnesium propeller blades weekly at Bitterfeld in 
1942-43. 


32 









Bitterfeld about 60 chemists to make analyses of their trade-marked 
Hydronalium and Elektron alloys, and 50 were employed in a special 
laboratory on analyses of Igedur, another trade-marked alloy. 
Appendix C lists the known manufacturers and fabricators, together 
with type of alloy and trade name or product and information on 
amount of production, where these are known. 

There is no domestic cartel in Germany in the production of the 
raw light metals, as there is in the production of iron and steel. There 
are, however, a number of important cartels in the light metals 
fabrication field: 

Gesamtverband Deutscher Metallgiessereien (Union of German 
Metal Foundries). 

Reichsverband des Handels mit Metallhalbfabrikaten (Reich 
Union of Dealers in Semifinished Metal Products). 

Verein der Metallpressteil-Werke (Association of Pressed Metal 
Parts Factories). 

Vereinigung der Fabrikanten von Ausrustungsgegenstanden aus 
Aluminium (Association of Manufacturers of Aluminum Equip¬ 
ment). 

Ahiminium-Folien Verband (Aluminum Foil Union). 

Vereinigung der Deutschen Aluminiumgeschirrfabrikanten (Union 
of Manufacturers of Aluminum Kitchenware). 

Aluminium Folien-Veredlerkonvention (Aluminum Foil Process¬ 
ing Agreement). 

Verband fur Halbfabrikate aus Leichtmetall Liegerung e. V. 
(Union for Aluminum Alloy Semifinished Products). 

Leichtmetall-Guss-Verband (Light Metal Casting Union). 

Verband der Deutschen Aluminiumwarenindustrie (Union of the 
Aluminum Products Industry). 


33 



VI. WARTIME CONTROLS OVER THE GERMAN METAL 

INDUSTRY 


As in every belligerent country, the use of materials in short supply 
is regulated in Germany by various Government agencies. Inasmuch 
as Germany has been mobilizing for war since the advent of Hitler, 
regulation was introduced considerably earlier there than in other 
countries now at war. Some of the German regulatory decrees date 
from 1934, but the more specific controls have been imposed during 
the present conflict. The use of the light metals, which are essential 
war materials, is to some extent regulated by controls applicable to 
the larger field of iron and nonferrous metals, and the agencies which 
control the use of light metals are the same ones which control the 
use of iron and nonferrous metals. 

The German control system is described below in some detail since 
the recommendations in chapter IX propose that it be retained during 
the period of enforced shortage of light metals supply which will follow 
immediately upon the military defeat or surrender of Germany. 

CONTROLLING AGENCIES 

Minister fiir Riistung- und Kreigsproduktion (Minister for War Mobili¬ 
zation and War Production).—In his capacity as Minister of War 
Mobilization and War Production, Albert Speer has since September 
1943 had jurisdiction over the whole field of commodity production. 1 
His jurisdiction therefore supersedes, so far as production is concerned, 
the general jurisdiction over commodity control conferred earlier upon 
the Reichsvnrtschaftsminister (Reich Minister of Economics). 2 Thus 
Speer has general supervision over the following agencies which exer¬ 
cise production controls in various fields of economic activity: 3 
Reichsstellen (Reich offices), Bewirtschajtungsstellen (Control offices), 
and Kontingentstrager (quota holders). 

In addition to the general supervisory powers over commodity pro¬ 
duction which are vested in the Speer Ministry, this Ministry is now 
believed to be exercising the special power, formerly granted the 

» By Decree of the Fiihrer concerning concentration of the war economy of September 2, 1943 ( Reichs- 
gesetzblatt I, 529) and by First Decree carrying out the Decree of the Fiihrer concerning concentration of the 
war economy of September 5, 1943 ( Reichsgesetzblatt I, 531. Reichsgesetzblatt will hereafter be abbreviated 
as RGB1.). 

3 The Reich Minister was given jurisdiction by the decrees called “Warensverkehrsordnung” of Septem¬ 
ber 4, 1934 (RGB1. I, 816), August 18, 1939 (RGB1. I, 451). and December 11, 1942 (RGB1. I, 686). 

3 Such fields are given the generic term, “ Lenkungsbereichen translated as “legally defined spheres of 
jurisdiction.” 


34 






Reich Minister of Economics, of assigning a nonferrous metal quota 
to the account of the Reichsstelle jur Eisen- und Metalle (Reich Office 
for Iron and Nonferrous Metals) . 3a The quota is believed to be 
allocated by the Planungsamt (Planning Office) attached to the Speer 
Ministry, and it is assigned to the credit of the Reichsstelle at the 
Metallverrechnungsstelle (Metal Accounting Office) of the Riistungs- 
kontor G. m. b. H., a national defense plant corporation in the 
Speer Ministry. * * * 4 The Reich Office for Iron and Nonferrous Metals 
uses its quota to supply the metal-working industry and metal¬ 
working craftsmen (the second and third categories, respectively, 
listed under Kontingentstrager , below). 

Reichsstelle fur Eisen- und Metalle. —This office combines 5 the juris¬ 
diction of the two offices to which it is successor—the Reichsstelle jur 
Metalle (Reich Nonferrous Metals Office) and the Reichsstelle Eisen - 
und Stahl (Reich Iron and Steel Office)—and has the powers generally 
conferred upon Reich offices by the Decree of December 11, 1942, 
concerning transactions in commodities. 6 It is a juristic person, that 
is, a legal entity with its own rights and liabilities, and the capacity 
to sue and be sued. All decrees issued by either of the predecessor 
offices prior to their consolidation remain in effect until changed by 
the Reich Office for Iron and Nonferrous Metals. 7 The latter has 
jurisdiction over the light metals inasmuch as one of its predecessors, 
the Reich Nonferrous Metals Office, had from its inception assumed ju¬ 
risdiction over them in its capacity as successor to the Ueberwachungs- 
stelle jur Metalle (Supervisory Office for Nonferrous Metals). 8 * 

Bewirtschaftungsstellen (Control Offices).—Authority to create, with 
the consent of the Reich Minister of Economics, agencies to carry out 
various functions, including control, within their jurisdiction was con¬ 
ferred by the Decree of December 11, 1942, 9 upon the Reichsstellen 
and the heads of the Reichsstellen , the Reichsbeaujtragte (Reich Com¬ 
missioners). Several of these offices, known as u Bewirtschajtungs- 
stellen,” have been established for the control of iron, 10 but none ap¬ 
pears to have been established for the control of nonferrous metals, 
including the light metals. However, the Reich Nonferrous Metals 

3a The German word, Metalle, should be understood to mean “nonferrous metals” wherever it occurs In 

the following pages. 

i Sec. 3 of the First Decree Supplementing Decree I of July 4,1942, concerning control of metals {Deutsche 

Reichs Anzeiger, hereafter cited as RA No. 161). 

* By Decree of July 17,1942 (RA No. 177). 

* RGB1.1, 686. 

7 Wherever, in the subsequent pages of this chapter, reference is made to a decree issued by the Reichsstelle 
fdr Metalle and still in force, the decree will be ascribed to this office, although this office is now consolidated 
into the Reichsstelle fur Eisen• und Metalle. 

s See Decree of September 4, 1934 (RA No. 209), and Decree of September 14,1934 (RA No. 218). 

* RGB1.1, 686. 

By Decree E-62 of March 31,1943 (RA No. 77), the Reichsbeauftragter fdr Eisen• und Metalle appointed 
the Wirtschaftsgruppe Oiessereiindustrie (Foundry Industries Economic Group) as the control office for iron, 
steel, and malleable iron foundries ( Bewirtschaftungsstelle fur Eisen, Stahl- und Tempergiessereien). By 
Decree E-63 of May 15,1943 (RA No. 116), the Wirtschaftsgruppe Stahl-und Eisenbau was made the control 
office for steel and iron construction. 

35 


t 







Office had before its consolidation transferred certain of its control 
functions—in particular, the review of applications for the issuance of 
a MetalldecJcungsschein (Metal Cover Certificate) 11 —to the Wirtschajts¬ 
gruppe Metallindustrie (Metal Industry Economic Group), the 
Fachgruppe Metallgiessereien (Metal Foundries Trade Group), and the 
Gauwirtschaftskammer (Regional Economic Chamber). 

Kontingentstrdger (Quota Holders).—Four categories of quota holders 
have been established in the field of iron and nonferrous metals. The 
quota holders are the ultimate customers who place orders for the 
manufacture of goods. 

The first category, called “Main Quota Holders” (Hauptkontingente ), 
comprises various ministries of which the Speer Ministry receives by 
far the largest quota, the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, the Mining 
Economic Group ( Wirtschajtsgruppe Bergbau) , and various Reich 
offices, including the Reich Office for Iron and Nonferrous Metals. 
The Machine Construction Economic Group ( Wirtschajtsgruppe 
Maschinenbau) was a main quota holder for metal products used in 
the manufacture of machine tools and wood-working machines only, 
but was recently relieved of this duty, which now seems to be directly 
in the hands of the Speer Ministry. 

The second category, called “Quotas of the Metal-Working Indus¬ 
try” ( Kontingente der Metall Verarbeitenden Industrie ), is held by the 
Reich Office for Iron and Nonferrous Metals. This industry comprises 
12 economic groups ( Wirtschajtsgruppe) , including the Metal Industry 
Economic Group, and 2 trade groups (Fachgruppen ). 

The third category, called “Quota of Metal-working Craftsmen” 
(Kontingent des Metall Verarbeitenden Handwerks) , is also held by the 
Reich Office for Iron and Nonferrous Metals. “Metal-working 
Craftsmen” include plumbers, blacksmiths, and the like, who are or¬ 
ganized into Reich Guild Associations ( Reichsinnungsverbande ) in 
branches of the metal-working industry which correspond to the 
economic groups listed in the second category. 

The fourth category, called “Quotas of the Auditing Office for 
Exports” (. Kontingente der Prujungsstellen fur Ausjuhrzweck) , com¬ 
prises offices established by various industries for the purpose of 
controlling exports. 

All of these quota holders, as well as subquota holders, must main¬ 
tain metal accounts at the Metal Accounting Office of the Riistungs- 
kontor G. m. b. H. Each quarter of the year quotas for the purchase 
of metal products are assigned to them, to be credited to their metal 
accounts. 12 It should be emphasized at this point that quotas are 
assigned for metal products (. Metallerzeugnisse ), but not for raw and 

11 See below, section on “Purchase Permits for Raw and Scrap Material,” for a description of the Metall- 
deckungmhein. 

i* Decree I of July 4, 1942 (RA No. 161), sec. 4. 


36 





scrap material (Roh-und Abjall Material). The quota holders in turn 
dispose of their credit of metal products among manufacturers within 
their jurisdiction by issuing to applicants a Metal Certificate (. Metall - 
schein ), 12a which permits the purchase of metal products. This 
certificate is valid only if the Metal Accounting Office certifies that 
sufficient credit exists to the account of the quota holder. 13 

The allocation procedure is made less cumbersome by supplementing 
the four categories of quotas listed above with two types of quotas 
which permit the production of goods from iron, steel, or nonferrous 
metal without the transfer of purchase permits, as outlined below. 
The two types are Fertigungs Vollkontingente (Full Production Quotas) 
and Fertigungs Teilkontingente (Part Production Quotas). Full Pro¬ 
duction Quotas are given to all classes of customers, even if they are 
quota holders, for the production and delivery of certain equipment 
without the transfer of permits for material. The Machine Con¬ 
struction Economic Group has such a quota for the manufacture of 
machines, machine parts, and—since 1945—machine tools, which are 
purchased by means of a machine permit (Zulassungsschein) . Part 
Production Quotas are given to customers who are not quota holders, 
or to narrowly defined groups of customers, for the production and 
delivery of certain equipment made of nonalloyed or alloyed steel, 
iron, or nonferrous metals without the transfer of purchase permits. 
The widest use of both types of production quotas is in the electrical 
industry field. 

TECHNIQUE OF CONTROL 

The distribution of metal products, for which quotas are assigned, 
and of raw and scrap metal, for which no quotas are assigned, is con¬ 
trolled by means of certificates ( Scheine ). Wien properly executed, 
these certificates constitute purchase permits ( Bezugsrechte ). The 
various types of permits are called by the following terms: 

A. Purchase permits for metal products: 

Metallschein (metal certificate). 

Metallubertragungsschein (metal transfer certificate). 

B. Purchase permits jor raw and scrap metals: 

Metalldeckungsschein (metal cover certificate). 

Metallbelegschein (metal voucher). 

Leichtmetallfreigabe (light metal permit). 

With respect to group A, the control procedure is the same whether 
light or heavy metals products are involved. The procedure differs 
with respect to group B, however, depending on whether light or 

12 ft Metallschein is sometimes translated as “Metal Check,” a term which conveys the idea of its use: 
that it is a check against a banking balance, the balance in this case being the metal quota assigned to the 
quota holder. 

i* Decree I of July 4,1942 (RA No. 161), sec. 6. 


37 







heavy raw and scrap metals are involved. Within the meaning of the 
control procedure, 1 ‘light metals ’ 1 consist of those metals and metal 
alloys listed in table 19 (see below), while “heavy metals” consist of 
those metals and metal alloys listed in table 18 with the exception of 
numbers 301, 310, 320, 300, 302, and 330. “Metal products” consist 
of products in all processing stages made either wholly or in part of 
all the metals and metal alloys listed in table 18. “Raw metal” 
refers to metal ingots, whether pure or alloyed metal. 


Table 18.—List of metals, classified by their composition 


Metallklassen- 
kennummer 
(code No.) 


Metallklassen 
(metal classes) 


Kurzleizeichnung 

(symbols) 


*301 

*310 

*320 


Aluminum (not alloyed)- 

Aluminum alloys with more than 2.5 percent 
copper content. 

Aluminum alloys with more than 7 percent silicon 


Ao 

Al-Cu-Mg 

Al-Si 


content. 


*300 

*302 

386 
372 
370 

387 

388 
350 
355 
352 
360 
362 
364 

*330 

389 

390 

374 

375 

376 

377 

379 

380 

381 


Aluminum alloys different from classes 310 and 320_ 

Resmelted aluminum alloys- 

Antimony, nonalloyed_ 

Antimonial lead___ 

Lead, nonalloyed, and lead alloys different from 
classes 381, 383, and 343. 

Cadmium_ 

Cobalt_ 

Copper, nonalloyed_ 

Brass- and nickel-silver alloys_ 

Bronze containing up to 10 percent zinc_ 

Bronze alloys_ 

Copper-nickel alloys, German silver alloys_ 

Other copper alloys_ 

Magnesium and magnesium alloys_ 

Nickel and nickel alloys_ 

Mercury_ 

Refined zinc_ 

Other zinc_ 

Zinc alloys with up to 4 percent copper content_ 

Zinc alloys with up to 4 percent aluminum content- 

Other zinc alloys_ 

Tin, nonalloyed_ 

Lead-tin alloys of all kinds except those of metal 


Al-leg 

Ug-Al 

Sb 

Pb-Sb 

Pb 


Cd 

Co 

Cu 

Ms 

Rg 

Sn-Bz 

Cu-Ni 

Cu-leg 

Mg 

Ni 

Hg 

FZn 

Zn 

Zn-Cu 

Zn-Al 

Zn-leg 

Sn 

Pb-Sn 


class 343. 


383 

385 

343 

392 

394 

398 


Bearing or “babbit” metals of all tin contents_ 

Other tin alloys__ 

Solder_ 

Chromium_ 

Molybdenum___ 

Tungsten___ 


Lg 

Sn-leg 

Lot 

Cr 

Mo 

W 


Classification of metals. —For the purpose of control, Decree I of 
July 4, 1942, defined metals by classifying them by their composition, 
as in table 18. The items starred in table 18 are light metals, more 
specifically defined in table 19. 


38 





































Table 19.—List of light metals , classified by their composition (a refinement of certain 

items in table 18) 


Metallklassen- 
kennummer 
(code No.) 

Metallklassen-Eezeichnung (metal class designation) 

Kurzbezeichnung 

(abbreviation) 

301 

Aluminium , nicht legiert (aluminum, nonalloyed); 
includes Reinaluminium (pure aluminum) and 
Leitaluminium (aluminum of high electric con¬ 
ductivity). 

A1 

310 

^ Aluminiumlegierungen (aluminum alloys) contain¬ 
ing more than 2.5 percent copper, that is, ex¬ 
clusively wrought alloys ( Knetlegierungen ) of the 
type Al-Cu-Mg. 

Al-Cu-Mg 

320 

Aluminiumlegierungen (aluminum alloys) contain¬ 
ing more than 7 percent silicon ( Silizium ); in¬ 
cludes alloys of the types Al-Si, Al-Si-Cu, 
Al-Si-Mg. 

Al-Si 

300 

Hutten-Aluminiumlegierungen (mill aluminum al¬ 
loys), except those listed in metal classes 310 and 
320. This class includes alloys of the types . 
Al-Mg, Al-Mg-Si (alloys of the type trade- 
marked as “Aldrey”), and alloys of the types 
Al-Mg-Mn, Al-Mg-Zn, Al-Mn. 

Al-leg 

302 

Vmschmelz-Al-Guslegier ungen (resmeltable alumi¬ 
num casting alloys), except wrought alloys 
(Knetlegierungen). This class consists exclusive¬ 
ly of alloys of Umschmelzmetalle (metals capable 
of undergoing more than 1 melting process), 
smelted as such or for particular purposes, such 
as Stahldesoxydation (removal of oxides from 
steel), Herstellung kohlefreier Metalle (produc¬ 
tion of carbon-free metals), and Schwermetall- 
Legierungen (heavy metal alloys)—even though 
these alloys belong by type to classes 310, 320, 
or 300. 

UG-A1 

330 

Magnesium and Magnesiumlegierungen (magnes¬ 
ium alloys). 

Mg 


PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING PURCHASE PERMITS FOR METAL 

PRODUCTS 

Metallschein (metal certificate).—A prime contractor (Erstauf- 
tragnehmer) —say, a manufacturer of portable gasoline engine-driven 
water pumps—receives an order from the Army for a specific number 
of pumps. Each unit consists of a number of parts, all of them made 
in the end of metal products of the first processing stage—sheet, 
strip, rods, tubes, castings, etc. These products will be referred to 
hereafter as “primary metal products.” To obtain material to fulfill 
his contract, the prime contractor makes out a metal claim (. Metallan- 
jorderung ) on a form called ‘ ‘Metallanjor derung/Metallschein” (metal 
claim/metal certificate). He applies thereon for the primary metal 
products required for fulfilling his contract during a 3 months’ period, 
specifying the weight and metal class of each product. Since wast¬ 
age in further processing must be allowed for, he applies for a greater 
weight than the aggregate weight of finished parts. In the case of 


39 













roller or ball bearings, for instance, he will apply for 3.5 times the 
weight of the finished bearings. If the prime contractor intends to 
subcontract a component—say, the gasoline engine for the water 
pump—he may ask the subcontractor to furnish specifications for 
the weight and metal class of the products required to make this part. 
In computing the metal claim, stock piles and substitute materials 
must be taken into consideration. 14 

After the metal claim has been made out, the prime contractor 
sends the form to the quota holder having jurisdiction, that is, the 
quota holder who has given him the order. 15 In the illustration 
chosen, the form would go to the Army. The quota holder examines 
the metal claim, makes corrections if necessary, and either approves 
or disapproves it. 16 If the claim is approved, the quota holder de¬ 
taches the Metallschein (metal certificate) part of the form and sends 
it to the Metal Accounting Office of the Riistungskontor G. m. b. H. 
This office determines whether the metal account of the quota holder 
covers the claim which has been submitted; if it does, the certificate 
is confirmed by stamping and is returned to the prime contractor, 17 
thus establishing his right to purchase the products listed on the metal 
certificate. There is no time limit on the latter’s validity once it is 
confirmed. 18 If the metal account of the quota holder does not cover 
the metal claim, the certificate is returned to the quota holder without 
confirmation. 19 

Metalluberfragungsschein (metal transfer certificate).—Very few 
prime contractors themselves manufacture all of the components of 
their finished product. For purposes of illustration, the manufacturer 
of portable gasoline engine-driven water pumps would probably sub¬ 
contract the engines to a firm specializing in these units, possibly to 
Adam Opel A. G., a firm which may manufacture the standard small 
jeep motors for VolJcswagon. In this case, the prime contractor 
would transfer to Adam Opel the right to purchase the metal products 
.used in making the engines, by issuing to the latter a Metallubertra - 
gungsschein (metal transfer certificate). This transfer, it should be 
noted, involves only part of the metal products the prime contractor 
has been authorized to purchase. 

On each metal transfer certificate, the prime contractor writes down 
the number under which the transfer has been recorded in his Metall- 
buch (metal account book), 20 the weight and metal classes of the prod- 

u First decree Supplementing Decree I of July 4, 1942, concerning metal classes, issued by the Reichsstelle 
fur Metalle, sec. 61. The relevant section only will be cited hereafter. In 1942, when the decree was issued, 
manufacturers probably had stock piles left over from the period before control was instituted. It is not 
likely that the stipulation is of practical importance now. 

» Sec. 5 I. 
i# Sec. 5 m. 

Ibid. 

is Sec. 6 n. 

»• Sec. 5IV. 

20 Sec. 6 III. The importance of recording all transfers of purchase permits is explained below in the 
section on “MetalbUchfuhrung (Recording of Metal Transactions).” 


40 






ucts involved, and the name of the person or firm to whom permission 
is being transferred. Should a prime contractor merely assemble com¬ 
ponents manufactured on subcontract, the total of the weights of 
metal products recorded on the metal certificates he has issued to 
subcontractors must equal the total weight of metal products which 
his metal certificate has authorized him to purchase. 

The subcontractor may want to purchase certain components from 
another manufacturer, as Adam Opel might in turn subcontract for 
aluminum pistons from Mahle K. G. 21 In this case, Opel issues to 
Malile another metal transfer certificate, permitting the latter to pur¬ 
chase the light metals products needed for the pistons, and records 
the transfer in his Metallbuch. Since Mahle merely machines the 
rough pistons he buys from Karl Schmidt G. m. b.H., Mahle issues to 
Schmidt still another metal transfer certificate, permitting Schmidt 
to purchase the light metals products needed for the pistons. Mahle 
also records the transfer in his Metallbuch. 

Only a person or firm designated on a metal certificate or metal 
transfer certificate is authorized to transfer permission to purchase 
the metal products specified. 22 The prime contractor must keep his 
Metallschein as evidence of his authority to issue Metallubertragungs- 
scheine . 23 In each case of transfer, the receiver of a Metallubertra- 
gungsschein keeps it as evidence of his authority to issue another. 24 
No matter how many times a purchase permit is transferred, the 
right to purchase stems from the receipt by the prime contractor of 
a Metallschein , and the metal products stipulated have been applied 
for by the prime contractor on his metal claim (. Metallanjor derung ) 
and approved by the Metal Accounting Office. 

Metallvormerkung (metal promise).—The Metallschein , as stated 
above, is valid indefinitely but the amount of metal products it per¬ 
mits the receiver to purchase covers only the amount needed for a 
period of 3 months. The prime contractor for a complicated product, 
such as the portable gasoline engine-driven water pump, can more 
efficiently apply in his metal claim for the metal products he will need 
during the entire period of his contract, which may be a year. In 
this case, he lists on his metal claim the metal products he will need 
during the four quarters of the year; if the claim is approved by his 
quota holder, he receives a metal certificate for the first quarter, and 
a metal promise for the remaining three quarters. 25 Both are on the 
same form. The metal promise entitles him to obtain a metal certifi¬ 
cate in each of the three remaining quarters of the year, provided 

21 At this stage in the process, the light alloy manufacturers and fabricators often enter the picture. Both 
Mahle K. Q. and Karl Schmidt Q. m. b. H. are listed in appendix C, and briefly mentioned in ch. VII, 
the first under “I. Q. Farbenindustrie A. G.” and the second under “Metallgesellschaft A. G.” 

22 Sec. 61 . 

*3 Sec. 6 II. 

2* Sec. 5 II. 

** Sec. 71 . 


41 







that the contract for which the metal products are needed has not 
been withdrawn. 26 When he receives a metal certificate for one of the 
later quarters, the amount of metal products it permits him to pur¬ 
chase may be less than the amount specified in the metal promise, 
because of savings in metals, substitute materials, or a revision in the 
terms of the contract, such as a change in the time of delivery or in 
quantity. 27 The metal promise does not constitute a purchase permit 
(Bezugsrecht) , and hence cannot be used as authority for issuing a 
metal transfer certificate. 28 

A metal promise is issued on the form called “Metallschein (und 
Metallvormerkung) 29 The receiver of the metal promise makes appli¬ 
cation for a metal certificate on the form, metal claim/metal certificate, 
before the quarter year, for which the metal promise was issued, has 
begun. 30 In order to save labor, a metal certificate is issued at once, 
instead of a metal promise for a later quarter, when application is 
made for quantities of less than 100 kilograms of metal products of 
one metal class (as listed in table 18), or for quantities of less than 
34.5 kilograms of mercury, and less than 10 kilograms of antimony, 
cadmium, cobalt, nickel, and tin. 31 

Metallriickiibertragung (retransfer of purchase permits). 32 —If the 
amount of metal products specified on a metal certificate, metal 
transfer certificate, or metal promise, is no longer needed either in 
whole or in part—as, for instance, when a contract is revoked—the 
purchase permits must be transferred back to the quota holder. The 
subcontractor ( Unterlieferer ) retransfers his purchase permit to the 
prime contractor by means of a Metallubertragungsschein on which is 
stamped: 

RUCKUBERTRAGUNG! 

(Retransfer!) 

The prime contractor ( Erstaujtragnehmer ) in his turn retransfers the 
metal products specified on his Metallschein or Metallvormerkung by 
filling out the form, Metallxmjor derung/Metallschein, stamping “Re¬ 
transfer!” thereon, and sending it to his quota holder. A metal cer¬ 
tificate must be retransferred immediately, and a metal promise, in 
advance of the quarter year for which it has been issued. The quota 
holder forwards the retransferred claim to the Metal Accounting 
Office, which credits the quota holder with the amount of metal prod- 

» Sec. 7 II. 

*» Ibid. 

28 Sec. 7 III and sec. 81 of the First Decree Supplementing Decree I of July 4,1942, concerning new control 
of metals (RA No. 161). 

29 First Decree Supplementing Decree I of July 4, 1942, sec. 8 I. The relevant section only will be cited 
hereafter. 

30 Sec. 8 II. 

3» Sec. 8 III. 

33 Sec. 9. 


42 







ucts retransferred, and sends back to him a metal certificate marked 
“Retransfer!” If the quota holder considers the amount retransferred 
insufficient, he may claim a further retransfer from the prime con¬ 
tractor. If the amount cannot be agreed upon, the dispute is decided 
by a referee named by the Reichsstelle fur Metalled 

PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING PURCHASE PERMITS FOR RAW 
AND SCRAP MATERIAL 

These are concerned with the metals and metal alloys listed in tables 
18 and 19, as distinguished from metal products made wholly or in 
part therefrom. 

Metalldeckungsschein (metal cover certificate).—As a result of the 
process of transfer, the purchase permit for metal products finally 
reaches the person or firm which will manufacture the products from 
raw and/or scrap material. The amount and the metal class of the 
primary metal products listed on the metal transfer certificate con¬ 
stitute a metal credit (. Metallguthaben ) against which the manufac¬ 
turer can draw for the purchase of raw and scrap material. Depend¬ 
ing on the volume of his business, the manufacturer may accumulate 
the metal credits established by a day’s, a week’s, or a month’s re¬ 
ceipts of metal transfer certificates before he applies for the metal 
cover certificate which will permit him to purchase raw and scrap 
material required to manufacture the products listed—often an 
amount larger by weight than the amount of his metal credit, since 
wastage in processing must be taken into consideration. 

The metal cover certificate entitles the manufacturer (1) to use a 
specified amount of light metals of the classes listed in table 19, and 
to purchase them in accordance with the terms of the light metal 
permit ( Leichtmetallfreigabe , discussed below); (2) to use heavy metals 
(those not starred in table 18) and to purchase them by means of metal 
vouchers (. Metallbelegschein , discussed below); and (3) to use and 
purchase other materials in accordance with special provisions. The 
metal cover certificate is issued for a period of 3 months, called the 
“consumption period” (Verbrauchsabschnitt) . If the Metal Industry 
Economic Group prescribes that certain enterprises or groups of enter¬ 
prises are to make monthly applications for metal cover certificates, 
then 1 month is deemed to be the consumption period. The appli¬ 
cation for a metal cover certificate must be presented by the twentieth 
day of the month preceding the consumption period. 34 

S 3 ibid. Presumably the Reichsstelle fur Eisen- und Metalle now names the arbitrator of disputes. 

a Fourth Decree of July 31, 1942, Supplementing Decree I issued by the Reichsstelle fur Metalle on July 
4, 1942 (RA No. 180), sec. H. Only the relevant section will be cited hereafter. 


647940 °— 45 - 


-4 


43 







According to the Fourth Decree of July 31, 1942, Supplementing 
Decree I of July 4, 1942, the procedure for issuing a Metalldeckungs- 
schein differs for these two types of enterprises: 

1. Betriebe der ersten Verarbeitungsstufe (enterprises of the first 
processing stage; that is, rolling mills, foundries, and forges which 
turn out rolled and drawn products or castings). 36 

2. Betriebe der Metallgewinnung (enterprises of metal production; 
that is, producers of metals and metal alloys). 

With respect to production of rough piston castings, Karl Schmidt 
G. m. b. H. is an enterprise of the first type, while with respect to 
production of piston alloys, it is an enterprise of the second type. 

1. Three methods are provided an enterprise of the first processing 
stage for obtaining a metal cover certificate, depending on the pur¬ 
pose for which raw and scrap material will be used. 36 

a. Enterprises producing light metal products—rough aluminum 
castings, for example—exchange their metal transfer certificates by- 
applying to the Metal Industry Economic Group on the form, Antrag 
auf Metalldeckungsschein in Leichtmetall, on which they also apply for 
whatever additional alloying metals they need for the desired product. 

b. Enterprises using light metal alloys for heavy metal products 
apply to the Reichsstelle fur Metalled The application is then re¬ 
viewed by the Metal Industry Economic Group. 

c. Special provisions cover applications for raw and scrap material 
to be used for such purposes as production of high quality steel, 
carbon-free metals, and deoxidized steel. 

The amount of raw and scrap material may not exceed the amount 
of the applicant’s metal credit (Metallguthaben) , although considera¬ 
tion is given to such loss of material as occurs ordinarily in a plant. 
If the metal credit exceeds the need or the capacity of the enterprise 
for the consumption period, the application for a Metalldeckungsschein 
may request only the amount which will be used in a consumption 
period. 

2. Enterprises of metal production apply for raw and scrap ma¬ 
terial by either of two methods, depending on the purpose for which 
the material is to be used. 

a. Heavy metal producers ( Betriebe der Schwermetallgewinnung) 
who desire to purchase light metals for use as alloys, apply to the 
Reichsstelle fur Metalle for a metal cover certificate. 

Small consumers (Kleinverbraucher) , whose average monthly use of 
raw and scrap material does not exceed the quantity stated in ap¬ 
pendix IV of the First Decree Supplementing Decree I of July 4, 

** Sec. 4 III. 

» Sec. 5. 

37 The Reichsstelle fur Eisen- und Metalle, as successor, would presumably be the control agency referred 
to in this and the following paragraphs. 


44 






1942, apply instead to the Gauurirtschaftskammer which has jurisdic¬ 
tion over them. In this case, the metal cover certificate is issued by 
the chamber in the name of the Reichsstelle fur Metalle. 

b. Light metal producers ( Betriebe der Leichimetallgewinnung) who 
desire to purchase light metals, heavy metals, or other components in 
the form of raw and scrap material for use as alloys, apply to the Metal 
Industry Economic Group. 

To all these enterprises, the Trade Group for Metal Production 
(Fachgruppe Metallerzeugende Industrie) issues regulations prescribing 
the most economical use of raw and scrap material. 

Mefallbelegschein (metal voucher).—This certificate constitutes a 
purchase permit for heavy metals in the form of raw material and 
scrap. An enterprise producing light metal products of the first 
processing stage (par. la above) or light metals alloys (par. 2b above) 
obtains heavy metals to use as alloys by issuing a metal voucher 
to the dealer who furnishes the heavy metals in the form of raw 
material and scrap. 38 If the dealer is a middleman, he may issue 
another metal voucher to a collector of scrap. The metal voucher 
must be issued on the form prescribed by the Reichsstelle fur Metalle : 
the original is passed on and the copy is kept. The amount and metal 
class of material specified in a metal voucher must correspond with 
the amount and class noted in a metal cover certificate or a preceding 
metal voucher. The voucher may be issued only for the consumption 
period for which the metal cover certificate is valid, and the consump¬ 
tion period must be stated on the voucher. However, one voucher 
issued on the strength of another is valid for the consumption period 
and for 1 month thereafter. Delivery of raw and scrap material 
authorized by a voucher may be made at any time. 39 

While, as a rule, raw and scrap material may not be delivered to a 
purchaser who cannot issue a metal voucher, there are several excep¬ 
tions. One exception is where the quantity of material does not ex¬ 
ceed the amount stated in appendix IV of the First Decree Supple¬ 
menting Decree I of July 4, 1942. 40 

Leichtmetallfreigabe (light metal permit).—This authorization to 
purchase light metals in the form of raw material and scrap is printed 
on the metal cover certificate (Metalldeckungsschein) . Not only are 
the amount and metal class specified, but also the source from which 
the light metals are to be obtained. Light metals in the form of raw 
material and scrap may be delivered to a producer of metals and metal 

38 Sec. 7b of the Fourth Decree of July 31, 1942, Supplementing Decree I issued by the Reichsstelle fur 
Metalle on July 4,1942 (RA No. 180); sec. 8II of Decree I of July 4,1942 (RA No. 161), issued by the Reichs¬ 
stelle fur Metalle and concerning new control of metals; sec. 17 of the First Decree Supplementing Decree I 
of July 4,1942 (RA No. 161), issued by the Reichsstelle fur Metalle and concerning new control of metals. 

3» First Decree Supplementing Decree I of July 4,1942, secs. 18 and 19. 

<o Sec. 17. 


45 





alloys for a new consumption period only after the quantities permitted 
for a preceding period have been delivered. 41 Thus the control of 
light metals in the form of raw and scrap material is considerably more 
strict than the control of raw and scrap heavy metals. 

CONTROL OF LIGHT METALS USED FOR REPAIR AND MAIN¬ 
TENANCE 

Special provisions are made for enterprises requiring light metals in 
the form of raw and scrap material or in the form of primary metal 
products, for the purpose of carrying out repair and maintenance work 
in their own plants. 42 They apply for purchase permits (. Bezugs - 
rechte) to the Economic Group which has jurisdiction over them, pro¬ 
vided that it is a quota holder. If it is not, they apply to the Metal 
Industry Economic Group. In these cases, a Metallschein (metal 
certificate) is issued directly. 

When, however, enterprises require for repair and maintenance 
work light metals products of the second or further processing stages— 
that is, machined castings, pistons, or fittings—this simplified pro¬ 
cedure does not apply. They must follow the usual procedure for 
obtaining metal products—that is, they must make out a metal claim 
and send it to their quota holder who in turn submits the claim to 
the Metal Accounting Office. 

RECORDING OF METAL TRANSACTIONS 
(METALLBUCHFUHRUNG) 

In order to keep a close check on all transactions relating to metal 
products, every plant which receives and disposes of metal certificates 
and metal transfer certificates must keep records for each quarter year 
and for each class of metals. The record must show (1) the consecutive 
number and date of entry of each certificate, and the action taken 
thereon, and (2) the weight of the metal products involved. An in¬ 
ventory must be made regularly, at least monthly, to show the balance 
between the amounts of metal products authorized for purchase on the 
Metallscheine, and the amounts which have been transferred by 
Metallubertragungsscheine}* The decrees do not expressly state that 
similar inventories must be made to show the balance between the 
amounts of raw and scrap material permitted on the metal cover cer¬ 
tificates, and the amounts purchased by means of metal vouchers and 
light metal permits. Available information makes it apparent, how¬ 
ever, that such control over raw and scrap material is maintained. 

41 Fourth Decree of July 31,1942, Supplementing Decree I issued by the Reichsstelle fur Metalle on July 4, 
1942 (RA No. 180), sec. 8. 

« Ibid., secs. 11 and 12. 

43 Sec. 14, Decree I of July 4,1942 (RA No. 161), and sec. 10 of the First Decree Supplementing Decree I of 
July 4,1942 (RA No. 161), issued by the Reichsstelle fur Metalle and concerning new control of metals. 


46 






VII. ORGANIZATION OF THE GERMAN LIGHT METALS 

INDUSTRY 


ALUMINIUM-INDUSTRIE A. G. CHIPPIS (“AIAG ") 1 

Tliis company, known as “the nursery” of the European aluminum 
industry, has during both World Wars found itself in an equivocal 
position. Incorporated in Switzerland and insisting on its neutral 
personality, AIAG has nevertheless owned plants in countries at war 
with one another. During the first World War, its assets in France, 
consisting of bauxite mines and an alumina plant, were sequestered 
by the French Government, and during the present conflct, it was 
placed on the statutory list for a few months in 1941. 

In the eighties, the firm of J. G. Neher Sons, proprietor of an iron 
foundry near Neuhausen since 1810, was in search of an industry 
which would exploit the water power available from the adjacent Falls 
of the Rhine. The manufacture of aluminum appeared to be an 
electrometallurgical process of considerable promise and one which 
both met the firm’s needs and would make use of its experience. 
After experiments with the electrolytic reduction of aluminum from 
cryolite proved unsuccessful in 1886, the firm was ready to welcome 
proposals in May 1887 to try out the new patents of Paul Heroult, the 
French inventor of a process similar to the one developed in the United 
States by Charles Hall. These experiments were so successful that 
a new company, the Schweizerische Metallurgische Gesellschaft, was 
founded a few months later to take over the rights of all the Heroult 
patents for all countries, except France. 2 Toward the end of 1888, 
production was at the rate of 2 tons per day of aluminum-bronze, and 
the company was seeking new capital. On November 12, 1888, the 
Aluminium-Industrie A. G. Neuhausen was incorporated by the Swiss 
company with the assistance of the Allgemeine Elektrizitats Gesell¬ 
schaft (“AEG”) of Berlin; its share capital was Sfr.10,000,000, of 
which Sfr.3,000,000 were paid up. Dr. Martin Kiliani, who had been 
experimenting with aluminum reduction for AEG, was made managing 
director of the Neuhausen works where production of pure aluminum 

1 This producer is described at some length for the following reasons: While it has neutral status, it is an 
important producer of alumina and aluminum in an enemy country and thus is subject, so far as its produc¬ 
tion in Germany is concerned, to United Nations control following the military defeat or surrender of 
Germany; (2) it is not well-known in the United States whose representatives will be dealing with the special 
problem it represents on various levels of occupation authority; and (3) it has held a balance of power position 
in the international aluminum cartel during World War II. (See ch. VIII.) 

2 The British Aluminium Co., Ltd., founded in 1894, acquired from AIAG rights to the Heroult patents 
for Great Britain and her colonies. 


47 











was initiated in 1889. Like the Pittsburgh Reduction Co. (predecessor 
of the Aluminum Co. of America, referred to as Alcoa), AIAG had 
difficulty in finding a market for its new product, but between 1890 
and 1900 uses for aluminum were developed to such an extent that the 
company constructed a second plant at Rheinfelden in Germany in 
1896 and a third at Lend in Austria in 1897. 3 AIAG’s largest works 
are at Chippis in Canton Wallis, where water power is furnished by 
the Upper Rhone. Construction of these was begun in 1907. 

On its fiftieth anniversary in 1938, AIAG had a paid-in capital of 
Sfr.60,000,000 and fixed assets of Sfr.159,189,000. Its interests were 
scattered throughout Europe, and extended even to China, as follows: 


AIAG Interests, 1938 4 * 

(Note.— The symbol (D) following a company name indicates that it is 
a “daughter” company, owned 100 percent by AIAG unless a smaller percentage 
is stated; the symbol (DD) indicates a subsidiary of AIAG and a daughter com¬ 
pany. The percentages for less than 100 percent participation are only approxi¬ 
mate.) 

Bauxite: Ugrovaca Minen, Zagreb (D); Bauxita S. A. Bucharest (D); 

Ste. des Bauxites de France, Marseille (D). 

Alumina extraction plants: Martinswerk G. m. b. H., Bergheim-Koln 
(D); Chemische Fabrik Goldschmeiden, Breslau (D) and Filiale 
Halle-Trotha (DD), both in Germany; Ste. Francaise pour Plndu- 
strie de PAluminium (SFIA), Marseille (D); Sta. Industrie Minerarie 
ed Elettrochimie, Bussi, Italy (D). 

Aluminum reduction plants: Aluminium-Hutte, Neuhausen (D) and 
Aluminium-Hutte, Chippis (D), both in Switzerland; Aluminium 
G. m. b. H., Rheinfelden, Germany (D); Salzburger Aluminium 
G. m. b. H., Lend, Austria (D); Soc. Alluminio Espanol, Sabinango, 
Spain (D, approximately a 20 percent interest); 6 South Wales 
Company, Rheola, Wales (D, 50 percent). 6 
Power plants: Kraftwerk Neuhausen (DD); Kraftwerk Chippis (DD); 
Kraftwerk Rheinfelden (DD); Kraftwerk Kitzloch (DD) and Kraft¬ 
werk Klammstein (DD), both furnishing power to the reduction 

3 See ch. Ill, section on Austria. 

4 Source: Geschichte der Aluminium-Industrie A. G. Neuhausen, 1888-1938, Chippis, published by the 
Directoriuin, 1942. 2 v. This is a Festschrift celebrating the company’s fiftieth anniversary. 

3 Aluminium Francaise is also a part owner. See appendix E, “Outsiders.” 

« The remaining 50 percent is owned by the British Aluminium Co., Ltd., and Aluminium Ltd. of Toronto. 
(One source says that each, participant owns a third interest.) AIAG’s interest in the project has been 
attributed to the fact that they could produce on the British quota at tne Rheola plant. The South Wales 
Co. was founded in 1937 with a capital of £300,000, and AIAG was charged with constructing and operating 
the Rheola works. When more capital was needed, AIAG appears to have contributed willingly and to 
have induced the other participants to make further advances. These considerations were a strong argu¬ 
ment for lifting the blacklisting of AIAG, which had been made effective in July 1941 primarily because of 
AIAG’s position in the cartel. At that time, moreover, AIAG was believed to be willing to purchase in 
Switzerland plant to the value of $150,000, needed for the completion of the Rheola works whose output was 
essential to Britain’s war effort. Representations were also made concerning the pro-Ally sympathies of 
the AIAG directors. The company was removed from the statutory list in October 1941. 


48 







plant at Lend; Kraftwerk Navizence (DD); Kraftwerk Borgne 
(DD); Illsee-Turtmann A. G. Oberems (“ITAG”) (DD). 
Fabricating plants: Aluminium Walzwerk Chippis (“LWW”) (DD); 
R. V. Neher A. G. Kreuzlingen (D) and its subsidiary, Walzwerk 
Neubausen (DD); Aluminium-Warenfabrik Gontenschwill A. G. 
(D, approximately 20 percent)—all of Switzerland. Breisgau Walz¬ 
werk Singen, Germany (D); Aluminium Walzwerk Singen and its 
subsidiaries: Aluminium Giesserei, Villingen (D); Kluge & Winter, 
Hamburg (D, approximately 20 percent); “TANTAL” Verarbei- 
tungs-Werk, Warsaw (D, 50 percent); and “ENOKA” Verarbei- 
tungswerk, Warsaw (D, approximately 40 percent). Also Star 
Aluminium Works, Wolverhampton, England (D); Nederlandsch- 
Indisclie Aluminium Verwerkings Industrie Mij. (“NIAVI”), the 
Hague (D, approximately 33 percent); Coquillard Froges, France 
(D, approximately 20 percent); Aluminium Beige, Liege (D, 
approximately 40 percent); S. A. Lavorazzione Leglie Leggere 
(“LLL”), Italy (D, approximately 50 percent); Chinese Aluminium 
Rolling Mills, Char (D, approximately 20 percent) together with the 
Werk Shanghai (DD, approximately 20 percent)—both in China. 
Sales offices: Lasa Kreuzlingen (D, approximately 80 percent), joint 
subsidiary of R. V. Neher A. G. and Al.-Wareffabrik Gontensch will 
A. G.; Allega, Zurich (D); Anglo-Swiss Aluminium Co., Ltd., 
Sheffield, England (D). 

Other interests: Wohn-kolonie, Bergheim (D); Forschungs-anstalt, 
Neuhausen (D); Stuvag, Neuhausen (D, approximately 50 percent); 
Sta. Esercizio Impianti Portuali Abruzzesi (“SEIPA”), Milan (D, 
approximately 50 percent), subsidiary of Sta. Industrie Minerarie 
ed. Elettrochimie, Bussi; Sta. Alluminio Veneto Anonima 
(“SAVA”), Venice (D). SAVA in turn controls a complex: Toner- 
defabrik, Margliera (DD), an alumina plant; Aluminium-Hutte, 
Porto Marghera (DD), a reduction plant, together with “SMIR- 
REL,” Venice (D, approximately 80 percent); Sta. Idroelletrica 
(“SIC”), Venice (D, approximately 50 percent); a sales office, 
“Alluminio. S. A.” Verkaufsbureau (“ASA”), Milan (D, approxi¬ 
mately 50 percent); and a shipping company, Sta. Abruzzesi di 
Navigazione Anonima (“SANA”), Venice (D, approximately 50 
percent). 

Details of the shareholdings in AIAG have long been unavailable 
because there is no published register and the bearer-shares are 
apparently handled free on the stock exchange. Although the notion 
that the shares are widely dispersed in the hands of private Swiss 
individuals has been sedulously cultivated, speculation as to the 
corporation’s ownership has not been quieted. The fap-flung and 
multifarious activities of AIAG, as listed above, suggest that private 


49 




Swiss capital alone could hardly provide sufficient financing. Official 
United Nations sources have recently indicated that the shares in 
AIAG are held approximately as follows: 

Percent 
of hold- 


Company ing 

British Aluminium Co., Ltd- 15. 5 

Aluminium Ltd- 28. 5 

Alais Froges et Camargue___l 7 _ ____ 2 1. 0 

Ste. de l’Electrochimie UgineJ 

Vereinigte Aluminium Werke A - G -1_ 20.0 

Aluminiumwerk G. m. b. H-J 

Swiss interests_ 15. 5 


100.0 

The “Swiss interests” listed above are identified as those which have 
long been active in the company; whether they are vested in the 
Swiss management or in an undisclosed holding company is not known. 
The significant factor is that the foreign ownership is held by the same 
British, Canadian, French, and German corporations—and in 
practically the same proportions—which participate in the Alliance 
Aluminium Compagnie. 7 8 

After the collapse of France, the combined participation of the 
British and Canadian interests, amounting to 43.5 percent, was 
offset by the German and German-dominated French participation of 
41 percent. Consequently the Swiss interests, domiciled in a neutral 
country surrounded by Germany and German-dominated areas, held 
the balance of power in AIAG from June 1940 until the liberation of 
France, and during that time could direct company policy by voting 
either with the Allied or with the enemy interests. During this same 
period AIAG, as the Swiss participant in the cartel, occupied the 
identical ambivalent position between the British and Canadian 
participants on the one hand, and the German and German-dominated 
French participants on the other. 

Swiss law requires that in a company incorporated in Switzerland 
the majority of the board of directors be Swiss nationals. According 
to the 1943 edition of the Swiss Federal Register, the present adminis¬ 
tration comprises the following individuals, all of whom have Swiss 
addresses: 

7 It is not known whether the French companies participate in AIAQ as two separate entities, or through 
their combined sales company, Aluminium Francais. 

8 This is the name of the international aluminum cartel. (See ch. VIII.) 


50 













ALUMINUM-INDUSTRIE A. G . 9 

(Chippis, Canton Wallis, Switzerland) 

Council of Administration 
♦♦Alfred Hofmann-Schmid, Pres. 
♦♦Gottfried Keller, V-Pres. 


♦♦Arnold Bloch. 
Emile Kaufmann. 
Anton Bettscaart. 

Rudolf Hartmyer. 
Max Hintermann. 


Directors 

Werner Kurz. 
Fritz Schnorf. 

Directors of Departments 

Hans Scherer. 
Heinrich Wanner. 


Director of Laboratories and Research 
Dr. Alfred von Zeerleder, at Neuhausen. 

Prokurators 10 


Willy Corti. 

Henri Froidevaux. 
Albert Gubler. 
Kaspar Guler. 
Erhart Herrmann. 
Alexander Htirzler. 
Hans Hurter. 
Robert Niederer. 


Max Preiswerk. 

Jules Riby. 

Walter Heinrich Ruegg. 
Emile Sulser. 

Werner Sulzer. 

Paul Toschanz. 

Jakob Weber. 

Georg Thoma. 


The company has expanded its investments during the war, pre¬ 
sumably in order to accommodate increased orders. New installations 
and apparatus to the value of Sfr.447,004 have been added to the 
Chippis works. Additional expenditures of Sfr.640,231 have been 
made for other items, including a new installation for the manufacture 
of magnesium. Concessions have been obtained for power plants at 
two places on the Upper Rhone to be constructed and operated by a 
subsidiary, Rhonewerke A. G. A new concern, Fluorwerke A. G., 
has been founded for the manufacture of synthetic cryolite at Schwei- 
zerhalle, near Basel, and was expected to be in operation by the end 
of 1942. In November 1940, it was reported that AIAG participated 
equally with the Montecatini interests in raising from 24 to 50 million 
lire the share capital of S. A. Lavorazione Leghe Leggere (“LLL”), 
and that construction had already begun of large works in the indus¬ 
trial zone of Ferrara. It was subsequently reported that the AIAG 
investment was made from funds blocked in Italy, and not from new 
funds transferred from Switzerland. 

t in this list of officials and in the lists given subsequently, one asterisk indicates that the corporate con¬ 
nections of the person may be found in appendix D, first list, and two asterisks, in appendix D, second list. 

10 Officials authorized to sign on behalf of the firm. 


51 






In general, aluminum production has not been maintained at 
maximum during the war at the company’s reduction plants in 
Switzerland, owing to a shortage of electric power. Late in December 
1944 the Neue Zuriche Zeitung reported large-scale unemployment at 
the reduction plants because of their inability to obtain alumina. 
With the exception of plants manufacturing aluminum foil and other 
products for which the use of aluminum has been restricted or pro¬ 
hibited, the fabricating plants have worked at full capacity throughout 
the war, and have increased their deliveries. Reported deliveries to 
Germany from the Chippis works in January 1943 are given in table 
20; deliveries reported may not include all deliveries. It will be noted 
that the recipients in many cases are aircraft plants. 


Table 20.—Deliveries of aluminum to Germany from the Chippis Works , January 

194-3 (in tons ) 


Date 

Place of delivery 

Sheets 

Tubing 

Bars 

Strips 

Shaped 

parts 

Jan. 4____ 

Maschinenbedarf, Berlin 


0. 3 




Dornier Werke, Ravensburg_ 

Heinkel Werke, Rostock 

5. 8 





27. 0 

. 1 





Meflug, Augsburg 

1. 6 

0. 6 



Jan. 7_ 

Ifa Dessau-Halberstadt 

22. 0 

. 2 



If a, Schdnebeck 

6. 8 

. 4 




Jan. 21___ 
Jan. 27___ 

Heinkel Werke, Rostock 

4. 2 





Wiener Neustadter Flugzeug- 
werke __ 

13. 7 






Ifa, Dessau_ __- 



4. 4 



Ifa, Aschersleben 

1. 3 

2. 8 




Ifa, Halberstadt- ___ 

14. 0 

1. 4 



0. 2 


Ifa, Stassfurt 

3. 9 



. 1 


Ifa, Schonebeck 

68. 2 




. 1 


Dornier Werke, Ravensburg_ 

Maschinenbedarf 

14. 8 





2. 1 



1. 2 


Meflug, Augsburg _ _ _ 


2. 0 

4. 9 

1. 0 


Aradowerke, Potsdam __ 

1. 3 









1 Probably I. G. Farbenindustrie A. Q. 
Source: Confidential. 


The growth of production and capacity of AIAG’s aluminum plant 
at Rheinfelden and alumina plant at Bergheim is discussed in chapter 
II. The company’s fabricating subsidiary in Germany, Aluminium 
Walzwerk Singen, was the most important producer of aluminum foil 
before the war, consuming in 1937 approximately 2,000 tons of metal 
per month, which was obtained from the Rheinfelden plant. A year 
earlier, a foundry had been built at Singen to produce 99, 99.5 and 
99.8 percent pure aluminum and four trade-marked alloys—Avional 
(hard aluminum alloy), Anticorodal (copper-free alloy), Aluman 
(corrosion-resistant alloy), and Peraluman (salt and sea water-resistant 


52 













































alloy in sheets, ribbons, tubes, sticks, wire and bars). Later the 
Singen plant was again expanded to produce aircraft components of 
aluminum and aluminum alloys. 

AIAG at one time owned another foil plant at Teningen which also 
received metal from Rlieinfelden. The Teningen factory was sold 
about 20 years ago to Emil Tscheulin and is now known as Aluminium- 
werk Tscheulin G. m. b. H. 11 The latter firm is now believed to be 
producing aircraft components at a new plant somewhere in the 
Schwarzwald. 


GEBRUDER GIULINI G. M. B. H. 

This firm was founded by two brothers, both Italian citizens. 
Since the death of one, it has been carried on by his brother and his 
son. The uncle has never renounced his Italian citizenship, and 
lives in Lugano, in the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland. He has 
been known for many years as a shrewd business man who drives 
hard bargains and who prefers to follow a lone course. Consequently 
he kept out of the cartel until the advent of Hitler and the promise 
of a profitable contract made it expedient for him to accept an 
engagement with the Alliance Aluminium Compagnie. He does not 
have the extensive intercorporate connections which characterize the 
careers of most of the light metals producers, and he has never sought 
the aid of such banks as the Deutsche and the Dresdner. He has, 
however, had a very close association with the private banking firm 
of Delbriick Schickler & Co., in which Metallgesellschaft has an 
interest. Carl Joerger, 12 one of the partners of Delbriick Schickler, 
is comanager of Gebr. Giulini, along with the Giulini nephew who 
married Joerger’s daughter. The nephew is a German citizen, who 
is reported to have remained deaf to VAWAG offers to participate 
in the Giulini firm. 

Information is unavailable concerning the capitalization of the 
firm, and the extent to which Delbriick Schickler has invested therein. 
The physical properties of the firm include bauxite deposits, 13 alumina 
plants in Yugoslavia 14 and Germany, 15 and a reduction plant, Usine 
d’Aluminium Martigny S. A., on the Upper Rhone in Switzerland. 
Although the latter had an annual capacity of 5,000 tons, its pro¬ 
duction before the war was nowhere near that figure. The most 
important Giulini property is the alumina extraction plant at 
Mundenheim near Ludwigshafen. 

ii See appendix D, second list. 

13 See appendix D, second list. 

13 See ch. II, section on “Raw Material Supplies—Bauxite.” 

i* See ch. Ill, section on Yugoslavia. 

i» See ch. II, section on “Capacity and Production,” especially table 3. 


53 






I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE A. G. (“I. G .”) 16 


Light metals production is a relatively minor activity in the sum 
total of I. G.’s vast operations. No other industrial organization in 
Germany or in the world compares with I. G. in its wide range of 
interests, and no other single concern contributes so heavily to the 
war-making power of the State in which it is incorporated. It 
controls practically two-thirds of Germany s highly developed 
chemical industry, with its participation ranging from slight through 
majority interest to absolute monopoly. Its principal activities are 
the following: 

Chemicals and related lines: Inorganic, organic, and intermediate 
organic chemicals) coal tar, mineral, and bacteriological dyes) 
nitrates and nitrogenous fertilizer) solvents and emollients) 
adhesives and glue; synthetic perfumes and oil extracts; chrome 
and synthetic tanning agents. 

Gases: Compressed and rare gases) poison gas; smoke-screen gas. 

Explosives, powder, and fuses. 

Photographic materials: Chemicals and fixatives, film (“Agfa”) 
and paper. 

Pharmaceuticals: Sera and vaccines) veterinary products. 

Artificial fibers and plastics: Continuous filament rayon and rayon 
staple ( 7ellwolle ); polyvinal chloride fibers; viscose sponges; 
artificial sausage casings; cellophane. 

Light and heavy metals and their alloys. 

“Autarchic” lines of manufacture for increasing Germany’s in¬ 
dependence of foreign raw material sources: Synthetic rubber, 
motor fuels, lubricants, technical fats, plastics, lacquers, and 
metal alloys. 

Brown coal, bituminous coal, iron and steel. 

The two aluminum plants together with the magnesium plant at 
Bitterfeld comprise but a small part of all the I. G. works in this 
locality. I. G.’s light metals production has been concentrated here 
since 1917 when the Chemische Fabrik Griesheim Elektron brought its 
participation in three aluminum plants and its magnesium patents 
into the Interessengemeinschaft der Deutschen Teerfabriken. The 
original participants in this combine were six chemical and dye pro¬ 
ducers, who have since been joined by many others. Public announce¬ 
ment of the combine was delayed until 1925, when it became known 
as the Interessengemeinschaft Farbenindustrie A. G. 

I. G. owns 50 percent of the capital of the Aluminiumwerk G. m. 
b. H., which operates the aluminum plants at Bitterfeld and Aken, 
and itself produces magnesium. It has never produced alumina but 

16 The forthcoming FEA report and Civil Affairs Guide on The Chemical Industry in Germany presents 
a full account of all the lines of activity of this concern. 


54 





has instead purchased its requirements from Gebr. Giulini and 
Aluminium-Industrie A. G. (AIAG). It has been said that these 
firms, by keeping the price of alumina sufficiently low, prevented I. G. 
from entering the extraction field. 

Like other German stock corporations and the other light metal 
producers discussed below, I. G. has an Aujsichtsrat (supervisory 
board or board of directors) and a Vorstand (board of managers). 
The Aujsichtsrat is elected by the stockholders, its members usually 
being the holders of the largest blocks of stock or their representatives. 
The Aujsichtsrat selects the board of managers, who in the past were 
often technical employees who had worked their way up through the 
company. Both the Vorstand and Aujsichtsrat are concerned with 
policy making and general administrative matters. The full respon¬ 
sibility for all ordinary operations is borne by the Geschajtsjuhrer 
(business manager or managers of the plant), who ask for authoriza¬ 
tion from the \ or stand or Aujsichtsrat only in the case of unusual 
expenditures and matters involving long-term policy. 


I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE A. G. 

(Griineburgplatz, Frankfurt-a-Main) 

Vorstand 1940 


**Hermann Schmitz. 

**Fritz Gajewski. 

Heinrich Horlein. 

August von Knieriem. 
Fritz ter Meer. 

Christian Schneider. 

Georg von Schnitzler. 

Otto Ambros. 

Max Briiggemann. 

Ernst Biirgin. 

Heinrich Biitefisch. 
Bernhard Buhl. 

**Max Ilgner. 

Aufsichtsrat 1940 

**Carl Krauch. 

**Wilhelm Ferdinand Kalle. 
**Wilhelm Gaus. 

**Hermann J. Abs. 

**Axel Aubert. 

Richard Bayer. 

Waldemar von Bottinger. 
Walter von Briining. 
Lothar Brunck. 

Carl Ludwig Duisberg. 


Paul Haefliger. 

Constantin Jacobi. 

Friedrich Jahne. 

Hans Kuhne. 

**Carl Ludwig Lautenschlager. 
Wilhelm Rudolf Mann. 
Heinrich Oster. 

Wilhem Otto. 

Hermann Waibel. 

Hans Walther. 

Otto Scharf. 

Eduard Weber-Andreae. 

Carl Wurster. 


Karl Krekeler. 

Paul Muller. 

Karl Pfeiffer. 

Gustav Pistor. 

Graf Rudiger Shimmelpenninck. 
Friedrich Schmidt-Ott. 

**Leopold von Schrenck-Notzing. 
Erwin Selck. 

Johannes Hess. 

Jakob Hasslacher. 


55 






Aluminumwerk G. m. b. H., Bitterfeld, 1939 

Director *: 17 ♦♦Albert Meyer-Kfirter, ♦♦Heinrich R*uk*«*- 

W7,rfc* Manager: 17 Richard SchalL 

C7w*/ Chemist: Dr. Fuldner. 

Chemist: I>r. frig. Eduard Altenburg. 

Head <r/ Research Laboratory: Dr. R. Buchy. 

Research staff: H. Beliger, Dr. Ing. H. 0. Petri, G. Siebd, H. Vc**kuhle*. 

Manager , metals department: Dr. A. Beck. 

Manager , fabricating department: Dr. Schutz. 

Foundry manager: Mr. P. van Bpitaler. 

Engineer: Dr. E. Ritter, 

Aluminiumwerk G. m.b. H., Aken, 1939 

Research staff: W. Mannheim, H. Bothmann. 

That I. G.’s operations have expanded during the war is evident 
from the growth of capitalization and assets: 

1939 1942 

Stock capital .RM720, (XX), 000 RM1, 165, 000, 000 

Total assets___ b 623, 609, 229 2, 332, 801, 080 

Aside from the fabrication which I. G. carries on directly in its 
own plants, 18 it is believed to control at least two fabricating com¬ 
panies, the Leipziger Leiehtmetall Werke A. G. at Rachwitz, 1 ^ and 
Mahle K. G. with plants at Bad Cannstadt, Felsbach, and Berlin. 
Up to the outbreak of war, the former produced practically all the 
magnesium sheet manufactured in Germany, and the latter was the 
only German source for magnesium die castings. 

METALLGESELLSCHAFT A. G. (“METALL") 

Metallgcsellschaft, another industrial giant, is the largest non- 
ferrous metal concern in Germany and, because of its connections in 
Great Britain and Switzerland, is the world’s most powerful single 
concern in this field. It represents the outgrowth of a metal business 
founded by Philip Abram Cohn in Frankfurt-a-Main early in the 
nineteenth or late in the eighteenth century. Early in the 1860’s a 
relative of Cohn’s, named Moses, founded a metal firm in London 
under the name of Henry R. Merton & Co., Ltd., which has since 
worked closely with Metall. Together with Aron Hirsch & Sohn and 
Beer Sondheimer & Co., Metall and Merton controlled before the 
First World War the zinc and lead industries of the world, with the 
exception of the United States, and exerted a powerful influence over 
the world price of copper. Metall’s operations now include production 
and trading in. antimony, aluminum, cadmium, copper, lead, tin, zinc, 
composite metals, and alloys. It has also acquired extensive interests 
in the chemical Field, in oil, and in synthetic rubber. 

17 Boo those listed for MotallKcscllschaft A. G., below. 

>• Boo appendix C: 1, 1; 2,13; 3, a and b. 

i* Bee appendix C: 2,15; 3, a. 


56 








Metall has a 50-percent interest in Aluminum G. m. b. H. of 
Bitter field and Aken, and is the exclusive sales agent for the aluminum 
produced by,this private concern and the Government-owned VAWAG. 
Ono of the conditions of sale of Motall’s interest in VAWAG to the 
Government was that it should continue to handle VAWAG’s sales. 
The officers of tho company arc as follows: 

METALLGESELLSCHAFT A. G. 

(Bockenheimer Anlage 45, Frankfurt-a-Main) 


Vorstand 1940 


♦Wilhelm Avienv. 
♦Rudolf Kissel. 
♦Franz Traudes. 
♦♦Rudolf Euler. 
♦Kurt Heide. 
♦Ludolf Plass. 

Aufsichtsrat 1940 


Deputy members: 

Wolf von Eichorn. 
♦♦Julius Fuchs. 

Fritz Hrdina. 

Georg Muller. 

Friedrich August Oetken. 


♦♦Carl Luer. 

♦♦Felix Warlimont. 

♦♦Hermann J. Abs. 

Walter Gardner (Amalgamated 
Metal Corp., London). 

Franz Koenigs (Amsterdam). 
Capt. Oliver Lyttleton (Amalga¬ 
mated Metal Corp., London). 


♦Karl Rasche. 
♦♦Carl Schaefer. 
♦♦Hermann Schmitz. 

Hans Schneider. 

** Erich Tgahrt. 

♦Bernhard Unholtz. 
♦♦Hans Weltzien. 
♦Ludger Westrick. 


Geschdftsfiihrer, Aluminiumwerk G. m. b. H. 


♦♦Albert Meyer-Kiister. Richard Schall. 

♦♦Heinrich Reuleaux. 

The share capital in 1940 was RM42,000,000 and assets were 
valued at approximately RM150,000,000. Since then both capital 
and assets must have greatly increased due to war profits and war 
booty. The principal shareholders are: I. G. Farben directly and 
indirectly through the Deutsche Gold-und Silber Scheideanstalt 
(“Degussa”), the British Metal Corporation of London, and the 
Schweizerische Gesellscliaft ftir Metallwerte of Basel. In the last 
company Metallgesellschaft, in turns, holds shares valued at Sfr.- 
25,000,000. 

Of MetalPs 50 or more subsidiaries and affiliates, mention is made 
below only of those trading in the light metals and producing or 
fabricating light metals alloys. 

Aluminium-Verkaufs-Gesellschaft , Berlin.—This company is capital¬ 
ized at RM50,000, of which Metall owns 40 percent and VAWAG, 
60 percent. Geschaftsfuhrer are Kurt Beyer of Berlin and **Julius 
Fuchs. 


57 



Honsel Werke A. G. } Meschede. 20 —While Metall does not list this 
company as an affiliate, it is associated with Metall by several experts, 
one of whom would rate Rautenbach, Schmidt, and Honsel Werke 
in that order as the most important firms in the casting field. 

Norddeutsche Leichtmetall-und Kolbenwerke G. m. b. H., Hamburg 
and Altona.—This firm is capitalized at RM500,000 and is wholly 
owned by Metall. Geschajtsjuhrer are **Wilhelm Brohmer, August 
Christian of Heilbronn, Ernst Hofer and Lothar Stahl, both of Altona. 

Karl Schmidt G. m. b. H ., Neckarsulm and Hamburg. 21 —This com¬ 
pany, capitalized at RM 1,000,000, is owned 100 percent by Metall. 
The largest prewar item of its aluminum foundry was rough piston 
castings which were sent on for further finishing to Mahle K. G. 
(See under I. G. Farben, above.) Today it is probably the largest pro¬ 
ducer of corrosion-resistant aluminum castings for the Navy, since 
it was the only firm to manufacture this item in 1936. Geschajts¬ 
juhrer are **Wilhelm Brohmer, August Christian of Heilbronn, Otto 
Schliebner of Neckarsulm, and Lothar Stahl of Altona. 

Silumin Gesellschajt m. b. H., Frankfurt-a-Main. 22 —Metall and 
VAWAG each own a 50-percent participation in this firm, which is 
capitalized at RM50,000. Geschajtsjuhrer are Theodor Dirksen and 
Carl Freiherr von Goler zu Ravensburg. 

Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke A. G. (“VDM”), Frankfurt-a- 
Main-Heddernheim, Altona-Bahrenfeld, and Borstel. 23 —Metall has the 
majority holding (50.24 percent) in this company, which is capitalized 
at RM31,000,000, and Metall board members are prominent on its 
boards. The plant at Heddernheim is Germany’s prime producer of 
wrought aluminum, while the plants at Altona and Borstel make air¬ 
craft wheels and magnesium castings, respectively. 

Vor stand, 1940: *Bernhard Unholtz; *Franz Horster; *Walter 
Raymond; *Rudolf Berg; *Hugo Barbeck; *Hermann von 
Forster; * Werner Heckmann; *Karl Krauskopf; *Heinrich 
Philippi; *Ericli Plesse; *Karl Dornemann; *Emil Schulte. 

Aujsichtsrat, 1940: *Rudolf Kissel; *Ludger Westrick; * Wilhelm 
Avieny; * Josef Abs; *Fritz Eulenstein; *Hans Harney; 
* Wilhelm Hedemann; *Kurt Heide; *Emil Merwitz; *Ludolf 
Plass; * Adolf Schaeffer; *Walther von Selve; *Otto Strack; 
*Franz Traudes; *Fritz Werner. 

Vereinigte Leichtmetallwerke G. m. b. H., Hannover-Linden, Bonn, 
and Laatzen. 24 —Of this company’s share capital of RM6,000,000, 
Metall owns a minority share (exact amount unknown), and VAWAG 

20 See appendix C: 1, 9; 2, 11. 

21 See appendix C: 1, 3. 

22 See appendix C: 1, 5. 

23 See appendix C: 1,1; 2,1 and 23; 3, a. 

24 See appendix 0:1,8; 2, 24; 3, a. 


58 



37.5 percent. Together with Durener Metallwerke A. G., it produced 
80 percent of all the duralumin produced in Germany in 1936. Gesch - 
djtsfuhrer are **Fritz Liese of Hannover, **Otto Reuleaux, Josef 
Schulte and Heinrich Brocker, deputy, both of Hannover. 

VEREINIGTE ALUMINIUM WERKE A. G. (“VAWAG”) 

In 1943, this concern is believed to have accounted for slightly over 
70 percent of the aluminum production of Germany proper, and 76 
percent of the production of Greater Germany. Since its founding 
during World War I, its ownership and its properties have gone through 
many changes, some of which are described in chapter II. Until 
1928 its principal shareholders were reported to be the Government, 
Allgemeine Elektrizitats Gesellschaft, Siemens, and Gebr. Giulini. 
Of its present share capital of RM40,000,000, Innwerk A. G., Miinchen, 
owns RM17,000, 25 and the remaining RM39,983,000 are in the hands 
of the Vereinigte Industrie-Unternehmungen A. G. (“VIAG”)- The 
latter is a Government-owned superholding company which, among its 
various assets, owns the stock of important holding companies and 
operating enterprises in banking, electricity, coal mining, munitions 
and armaments, and metals. The share capital of VIAG (RM230,- 
000,000 in 1940) is unified but there is no sort of unified administration 
exercised over its conglomeration of enterprises. 

The members of the supervisory and management boards of Reich- 
owned companies are appointed. In the past, they were often civil 
servants who represented the public treasury or state financial insti¬ 
tutions and performed their board duties without relinquishing their 
regular positions in the Government. Under the Nazis, the board 
members represent that community of interests between Wehrmacht, 
Party, and big business which is so unique a characteristic of the 
Third Reich. 


VEREINIGTE ALUMINUM WERKE A. G. 
(Friedrichstrasse 169, W8, Berlin) 


Vorstand 

*Ludger Westrick. 
*Wilhelm Hiibsch. 
♦Wilhelm Fulda. 
♦Friedrich Mette. 
♦Theodor Menzen. 


♦Adolf Pistor. 
♦Heinrich Philippi. 
♦Gustav Romer. 
♦Gerhard Rtiter. 


u VIAG in turn owns 90 percent of the share capital of Innwerk A. G. 


647940 °— 45 - 


59 




Aufsichtsrat 

*Ernst Trendelenburg. 
*Otto Naubahr. 
*Wilhelm Avieny. 
*Herman Forkel. 
*Erich Heller. 

*Erich Heller. 

* Arthur Koepchen. 


* August Menge. 
*Hans Posse. 

*Hans von Raumer. 
*Karl Schirner. 
*Konrad Sterner. 
*Franz Urbig. 

*Max Wessig. 


VAWAG’s assets today must be much larger than the 1939 figure 
of RM131,190,030 because of the wartime investments made by the 
company in aluminum and alumina plants in Austria, Hungary, and 
Yugoslavia. 26 Before the war it had a substantial participation in the 
Bauxit-Trust A. G. of Zurich, which was capitalized at Sfr.l 1,000,000; 
its participation may now have increased as a result of “coordination” 
of the Hungarian interests originally participating in the Trust* 
VAWAG once had a large interest in the Societa Italiana del AllumU 
nio, 27 which it founded in cooperation with Montecatini and licensed 
to use VAW AG’s “Haglund process.” 

Together with Metallgesellschaft, VAWAG participates in the fol¬ 
lowing light metals subsidiaries: Aluminium-Verkaufs-Gesellschaft 
(60 percent); Silumin Gesellschaft m. b. H. (50 percent); Vereinigte 
Deutsche Metallwerke A. G. (25.09 percent), and Vereinigte Leicht- 
metall-werke G. m. b. H. (37.5 percent). 28 

Rheinische Blattmetall A. G ., of Grevenbroich, 29 the home of the 
Erftwerk, was founded in 1922, and is VAWAG’s only wholly owned 
subsidiary. It is capitalized at RM600,000, and in 1939 its executives 
were as follows: 

Vor stand: **Wilhelm Graser; Deputies: **Otto Jockel and 
Herbert Rubach, the latter of Grevenbroich. 

Aufsichtsrat: *Ludger Westrick, * Adolph Pistor, and *Gerhard 

. Riiter. 


VAWAG also has a third interest in the Aluminium-Zentrale 
G. m. b. H. of Berlin, capitalized at RM21,000. 


WINTERSHALL A. G. 

Even under the Weimar Republic, this combine accounted for about 
50 percent of all the potash produced in Germany. Under the Nazis, 
it strengthened its position by incorporating a competitor, the Burbach 
combine, and by reaching out into oil production, oil refining, coal and 
brown coal mining, and then into the production of synthetic gasoline* 
Its holdings are so diversified and its financial backing so powerful 

28 These investments are described in ch. Ill, under the country name. 

27 See appendix E, section on “Outsiders.” 

28 Details of these subsidiaries are given above, under “Metallgesellschaft.” 

29 See appendix 0,4. 


60 



that it is able to engage in new and untried processes, such as coal 
hydrogenation, when the risks involved are extremely heavy. Its 
magnesium production activities represent but a small part of its total 
operations. 

The principal stockholder of the combine is Gewerkschaft Winter- 
shall, which is controlled by the Rosterg family and the Gunther 
Quandt combine. 


WINTERSHALL A. G. 

(Hohenzollernsfrasse 139, Kassel) 


Vorstand 1940 

♦August Rosterg. 
*Gustav Romer. 

*Curt Beil. 

♦Otto Werthmann. 

Aufsichtsrat 1940 

*Heinrich Schmidt I. 
♦Gunther Quandt. 
♦Otto Bollman. 30 
Carl Brugmann. 
Arnold Cremer. 
*Max Esser. 

♦♦Ernest Hagemeier. 30 
♦Carl Harter. 

♦Gustav Hilgenberg. 
*Max Koswig. 

♦Maria Marckhoff. 30 


Deputy members: 

♦Heinz Rosterg. 

♦Hans Schmalfeld. 
♦Willy Krieger. 

♦Carl Moskopp. 

♦Karl Muller. 

♦August Peters. 

♦Clemens Plassman. 
♦Herbert Quandt. 

♦Hugo Ratzmann. 

♦Oswald Rosier. 30 
♦Wilhelm Schmidt. 
♦Theodor Seifer. 

♦August Strube. 

♦Wilhelm von Waldthausen. 


Wintershall has probably profited from the war to a greater degree 
than is evident from available statistics. 


1939 1942 

Stock capital_ RM125, 000, 000 RM150, 000, 000 

Total assets_ l-__ RM297, 915, 516 _ 


The combine appears to have no fabricating subsidiaries but in¬ 
stead engages directly in the production of light metals alloys and 
fabricated shapes. 31 The presence of members of the Quandt family 
on the boards of both Wintershall and Durener Metallwerke A. G. 
(see below) may indicate an association between the two which does, 
not appear on corporate balance sheets. 

OTHER FABRICATING COMPANIES 

Four important fabricating companies, having no apparent con¬ 
nection with the light metals producers, turn out light metals alloys 
and various fabricated shapes. 

so Reported to have been dropped from the Board of Directors in accordance with a wartime decree limit- 
ing the size of such boards, 
si See appendix C, 3, a and b. 


61 







Durener Metallwerke A. G., Berlin-Borsigwalde . 32 —This is an old firm, 
founded in 1900. It is capitalized at RM4,000,000, 53 percent of 
which is owned by the Deutsche Waffen-und Munitionsfabriken A. G. 
of Berlin. The latter, in turn, is controlled by the Quandt combine, 
Gunther Quandt being called the “munitions king.” In 1940 the 
officers of Durener were as follows: 

Vor stand: Karl Hermann Werning of Berlin; **Heinz Mossdorf; 
**Matthias Wilhelm Nollen. 

Aufsichtsrat: *Gunther Quandt; Paul Rohde; Paul Hamel; 
**Heinrich Koppenberg; **Emil Georg von Stauss; *Herbert 
Quandt. 

Felten & Guilleaume Carlswerk A. G., Koln-Mulheim , 33 —This is a wire 
and cable concern which has widened its sphere of production into 
several neighboring fields of light metals work. It is capitalized at 
RM64,500,000, the majority shareholder being the Arbed-Konzern 
(steel and iron) of Luxembourg. It is more closely associated with 
steel and electrical concerns than with light metals producers. The 
chairman of its Aufsichtsrat is Kurt Freiherr von Schroder, one of the 
most powerful figures in Nazi financial and industrial circles. 

Rudolf Ratenbach Leichtmetallgiesserein G, m. b. H v Solingen and 
Wernigerode. M —Little information is available about this company 
which before the war turned out one-fourth of the light alloy castings 
produced in Germany*. The plant at Wernigerode was built in 1934 
with Government money, primarily for the production of aircraft 
engine castings. It supplies the Junkers plants which also purchase 
from Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke A. G. 

Sudmetcll A. G. (vorm. Siiddeutsche Metallwarenfabrik K. G.), Muss- 
bach. —This is one of the oldest aluminum working firms in Germany, 
having been in operation since 1888. For many years it specialized in 
the manufacture of kitchen and table utensils, although its normal 
capacity of 500 tons a year was converted to production for army use 
during World War I. The son of the founder was squeezed out after 
1933, and the majority stockholder now is the Week Konzern. Siid- 
metall is capitalized at RM 1,200,000.' Its directors are as follows: 

Vor stand: Adolf Josen, August Weis. 

Aufsichtsrat: Senator Paul Rott, Ed. Pape, Eugen Graf von 
Quadt zu Mykradt und Isny, Dr. Maria Plum. 

a* See appendix C: 1, 4; 2, 6; 3. a. 

33 See appendix O: 2, 8. 

** See appendix C: 1, 7; 2, 19. 


62 




VIII- INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE LIGHT 
METALS INDUSTRY 


THE INTERNATIONAL ALUMINUM CARTEL 

Early Agreements. —As is the case with every commodity produced 
by a patented process, the rights to which are rigidly held by an entity 
having full appreciation of their value, aluminum lent itself to restric¬ 
tion of production by international agreement and licensing. In the 
early days of the industry, every producer in Europe outside of 
France was beholden to the Aluminum-Industrie A. G. Neuhausen 
(“ AIAG”) as licensor of the Heroult patents. The French producers, 
later organized into Cie. de Produits Chimiques et Electrometal- 
lurgiques Alais Froges et Camargue (“AFC”), used the old Deville 
process until they were licensed in the 1890’s to use the Hall patents 
by the Pittsburgh Reduction Co. In 1896 the latter made an agree¬ 
ment with AIAG which set the pattern for every subsequent aluminum 
cartel. 

The first actual cartel was formed in 1901, and after renewal in 
1905 lasted until 1908 when the rapid growth of independent com¬ 
panies, notably in France, no longer permitted binding cartel restric¬ 
tions. The Aluminum Co. of America (“Alcoa”), successor to the 
Pittsburgh Reduction Co., was not a signatory, but organized, 2 days 
prior to the signing, the wholly owned Northern Aluminum Co., which 
was a signatory. The agreement reserved to the several members 
their respective markets, which were called “closed.” The United 
States market was closed to European producers (nominally it was 
reserved to Northern), and the rest of the world, which then included 
Germany, was an “open” market in which sales had to be made at 
prices fixed by agreement. After the dissolution of this first cartel, 
AIAG and Northern agreed to reserve to themselves their respective 
home markets and share other markets on a stipulated basis. Be¬ 
cause of its limited domestic market, AIAG at this time dominated 
the European export trade although its metal production was less 
than that of the French group. 

The second international cartel (1912-15) followed the general 
pattern of the first with the added feature that members were pro¬ 
hibited from dealing with nonmembers. Gebr. Giulini was not a 
signatory. The agreement was suspended on January 23, 1915. 

After the First World War ended, the cartel was not immediately 
revived. A new factor, however, had entered the picture: Germany 
had become a major European producer. Gentlemen’s agreements 


63 





between the European producers, negotiated in 1923 and renewed in 
1926 and 1928, provided for (1) control of sales of members on the 
basis of quota allocations; (2) application of these quotas to domestic 
and export sales; (3) application of quotas both to ingot and alloy 
production; (4) quarterly accounting; and (5) fixing of a standard price. 

Alliance Aluminum Compare (“AAC”). 1 — Under this name, the 
third and still current cartel was incorporated in Basel, Switzerland, 
in October 1931 with a capital of Sfr.35,000,000. Fourteen hundred 
class A shares were issued and subscribed to by members on the basis 
of 1 share for each 100 metric tons of annual capacity; 1,200 additional 
shares were authorized for distribution to new members or old mem¬ 
bers if additional productive capacity was approved by the cartel. 
The share capital is distributed as follows: 


Percent Shares 

British Aluminum Co., Ltd- 15. 00 210 

Aluminum Ltd., Toronto 1 _ 28. 57 400 

Aluminium Francais 2 _ 21. 36 299 

Vereinigte Aluminum Werke A. G_ \ ip 27 ^ 

Aluminiumwerk G. m. b. H., Bitterfeldj 

Aluminium-Industrie A. G. Chippis 3 _ 15. 43 216 


100. 00 1, 400 

1 On May 31, 1928, Alcoa caused the founding in Canada of Aluminium Ltd. (“Alted”) and transferred 
thereto all of Alcoa’s foreign properties except its interests in 4 companies and certain mining rights. Alcoa- 
then distributed pro rata to its stockholders the 490,875 shares of Alted stock in its treasury. Alted did not 
•act as an independent until 3 years later, after the stockholder list of both corporations had undergone 
inconsequential revision by time and events. Alted is thus considered in the public mind as the alter ego 
of Alcoa, although its separate identity has been established by court decision. While Alcoa is not a mem¬ 
ber of Alliance, possibly because of the restrictions of the Webb-Pomerene Act, it is not unreasonable to as¬ 
sume that Alliance was greatly influenced by Alcoa at least until war broke out in 1939. 

2 Joint sales agent of AFC and Ugine. See ch. Ill, section on France. 

3 AIAG’s interest is not held directly, but is exercised through its holding company, Aluminium Walz- 
werke A. G. of Schaffhausen, which it controls as to 80 percent. 


Alliance is administered by a board of directors and a board of 
governors. The function of the first, as stated by the cartel, is to 
formulate resolutions and bylaws for submission to the general assem¬ 
bly, to determine capital changes and financial policy, to consider 
such corporate problems as it deems important, and to approve or 
disapprove the decisions of the board of governors. The duties of 
the latter are those delegated to it by the board of directors. It will 
be noticed, however, that the majority of the members of the board 
of directors are Swiss nationals, as required by Swiss law, while mem¬ 
bers of the board of governors are powerful figures in the companies 
they represent. It is likely that events have forced the board of 
directors to take leadership of the cartel in the present conflict in 
areas apparently reserved formerly to the board of governors. 

i The influence of the German group in AAC upon the shaping of cartel policy has been of sufficient 

importance, it is felt, to warrant considerable discussion of the cartel in this report. For the same reason, 

the role of the cartel will necessarily be a matter for consideration by the United Nations authority empow¬ 
ered to deal with the German aluminum industry. 


64 











ALLIANCE ALUMINIUM COMPAGNIE 

(Basel, Switzerland) 


Office 

Chairman_ 

Vice chairman_ 

Vice chairman_ 

Members_ 


Board of Directors , 1939 1 


Name 

Louis Marlio_ 

**Dr. Rudolf Bindscheder. 

Robert W. Cooper_ 

**Arnold Bloch_ 

Andre Henry-Couannier 
(French subject). 

Dr. Maurice Lugeon (emin¬ 
ent mineralogist). 

**Karl Schirner_ 

**Dr. Max Staehelin_ 

Gerhard Steck_ 

H. Haeberlin_ 


Business connection 

Managing director, Alais 
Froges et Camargue (now in 
the United States). 

Managing director, Schweizer- 
ische Kreditanstalt, Zurich. 

Chairman of board, British 
Aluminium Co., Ltd. 

Board member, Aluminium- 
Industrie A. G. 

Vice chairman of board Alu¬ 
minium Ltd. 

Professor, University of 
Lausanne. 

Board member, Vereinigte 
Aluminium Werke A. G. 

Chairman of board; Schweiz 
Bankverein. 

Board member, Aluminium- 
Industrie A. G. 

Former Swiss Federal 
Councillor. 


1 Source: Confidential memorandum from the United States Embassy in London. 


Board of Governors 1 



Name 

Concern represented 

Mr. 

Marlio __ 

L’Aluminium Francais_ 

Mr. 

Bouchayer _ _ 

L'Aluminium Francais_ 

Mr. 

Vanderporten. _ 

Vereinigte Aluminium 
Werke A. G. 

*Mr. 

Schirner_ 

Vereinigte Aluminium 
Werke A. G. 

Mr. 

Rauch_ 

Vereinigte Aluminium 
Werke A. G. 

*Mr. 

Westrick_ 

Vereinigte Aluminium 
Werke A. G. 

Mr. 

A. Merton 2 _ 

Aluminiumwerk G. m. b. H_ 

Mr. 

R. Merton 2 _ 

Aluminiumwerk G. m. b. H_ 

**Mr. 

Bloch_-- 

Aluminium-Industrie A. G_ 

Mr. 

Cooper_ 

British Aluminium Co., 
Ltd. 

Mr. 

Morrison- 

British Aluminium Co., 



Ltd. 

Mr. 

E. K. Davis 3 __ 

Aluminium Ltd - 

Mr. 

Henry Couan- 

Aluminium Ltd- 

nier. 


Mr. Braasch 4 _ 

Aluminium Ltd- 


See footnotes at end of table. 


Term 

Oct. 21, 1931-present. 
Oct. 21, 1931-present. 

Oct. 21, 1931-Sept. 18, 
1933. 

Sept. 18, 1933-present. 

Oct. 21, 1931-Aug. 25, 
1933. 

Aug. 25, 1933-present. 

Oct. 21, 1931-May 26, 
1936. 

May 26, 1936-present. 
Oct. 21, 1931-present. 

Oct. 21, 1931-present. 

Oct. 21, 1931-present. 

Oct. 21, 1931-present. 

Oct. 21, 1931-present. 

Oct. 21, 1931-present. 


65 




























3‘l2M..Z$<£lKCitf 


Mr I»yHr-> * Resident m anaging officer. Oct. 21, 1931 present. 

Basel 

Mr Gwrge Hodson *_ Brsafent assistant manag- Oct. 21, 1931-present, 
er, BaseL 

- ftwve: r S r Jx*xf?> Cmmt «ff Appeals. 22 Ctrmit. Croft* Steft? of America v. Atuminum Compwty 
Amertoe, r, pp, 5GS-»S£. I>*2+ -of fis fi no* SYaflibie. 

»0ft&* hr/, i','. v i:; a :-. >*r - rtor in oh. VII. 

* ftasttess 'A Aiu*i as*! Brother of A. V. Davfe, presfcfent of Alcoa. 

* « 3 »ptoy«* <f A2s*d, Braa&tL szs»2 Hodson constituted, at least until 1939, the entire execnrrr 

ttsff '/ A . It /_ar t**« aborted tfcat in 18» Braasch and Hodson were instructed to continue to da 

» tnaKpffof AJfioaee, wjt& the exasr.7 criuntries, that i3 with the Germans. 


he tonnage tion quote of each national group was 100 t 

that is, British, 21,000 tons; Canadiar 
40,000 to .a:-.; l; f : 00 tons; German, 27,500 tons; and Swiss 

21 000 t.orj 2 The oj production which remained outsi 

the cartel t\ j'j United States, the U. S. S. R., anc 

Japan, 3 Norwegian production came within the quotas of the nationa 
groups which owned most of the Norwegian facilities, and part o: 
Italy’s production was contained in the quota assigned to the Swiss 
group. 4 Production in excess of quota was subject to forfeiture with¬ 
out compensation to Alliance. The quotas were policed by the in¬ 
ternational accounting firm of Price, Waterhouse & Co., whose repre¬ 
sentatives were permitted to enter all the plants of cartel members to 
check bn actual production. 

Besides restricting production, AAC fixed from time to time a 
minimum price below which members were not supposed to sell ingot 
or fabricated aluminum. Those prices wore maintained by the fol¬ 
lowing device. AAC was constituted as a dealer in aluminum 
metal with transactions limited solely to cartel members. At the 
outset, AAC removed from the marked/, by purchase at £55 per ton, 
all aeeu inula ted stocks of members in excess of dO tons per Alliance 
share. Periodically there,after, AAC was authorized to fix an official 
“buying price” at which members were entitled to transfer to Alliance 
whatever part o! their production, within current quota limits, they 
had been unable to market at a higher price. There was thus no 
incentive lor members to sell in the open market at less than the 
current AAC “buying price, M 

'Ihe Foundation Agreement sotting up AAC did not make the 
specific distinction between home markets and foreign markets which 
had characterized earlier agreements, Prices everywhere wore to bo 


« Tim HwIuk n|i|timr In Iirvm limrn <1MlNfle<1 with their i|ihiIw. iWfoniunlort, eh \\\ 

» Jitimmw prnduOluu wmn noullulUlu In IUHI, when (lie «wHel wan fmmn.l 

llu1,1, . ." , "* 1 www ItivhM under Ihe nwtlmml quotiw. 

o n ,U ;, !iVT .r ,I|V, ''‘ n '*.<" ..-awl (he 'hvunwut on 

, "vutiehwl Ini, Hut mwlmlwl i« (uehhled luv the U*hl u »he<U cm 

earIel wmiuummmla. 



irsiformly rcgnbited by Alli/in/w, A \*o unlike, v>rne previous agree- 
m£iits, the United State* frmrket wa# not expre-tafy excepted but 
members of the cartel appear to have observed an unwritten agree¬ 
ment to keep out. 

Gebr. Giulini, who wfM not a rignatory of earlier agreements, was 
brought under cartel control by a contract executed in February 
1934. In return for an AAC undertaking that its members would 
purchase 12 percent of their alumina requirements from Giulini, the 
litter undertook (1) not to furnish technical assistance to any non- 
cartel member engaging in the production of alumina and aluminum; 
- not to supply alumina to Giulini affiliates beyond stipulated 
: un its; and (3) not to sell alumina to any producer not affiliated with 
the cartel without AAC’s consent. In addition, Giulini agreed to 
observe minimum selling prices fixed by AAC. Three months later, 
the German group, consisting of VAWAQ and Aluminiumwerk, 
assumed all obligations contracted by AAC with Giulini. All of the 
alumina capacity of Giulini thus became available, with cartel consent, 
to satisfy the requirements of Germany's reduction plants, then 
being rapidly increased in size under the military program of the 
Hitler Government. 

When this new reduction capacity came into operation, the German 
group sought quota concessions from the cartel, instead of resigning 
their membership and producing unrestrictedly. It was to their 
interest to have production quotas remain in effect in those countries 
which were prospective victims or potential opponents. The other 
national groups in Alliance eventually gave in to German demands in 
consideration of YAW AG’s undertaking that none of its enlarged 
output would be exported. This was harldy a quid pro quo inasmuch 
as German military preparations were consuming so much aluminum 
that civilian consumption was being restricted. 

Effective as of January 1, 1936, a new cartel agreement replaced 
the Foundation Agreement of 1931. Whereas production in excess 
of quota had previously been subject to forfeiture, a graduated 
roysdty tax payable to AAC was now imposed on members who 
produced in excess of the running rate approved by AAC, and a 
graduated tax was imposed on accumulated stocks. However, the 
ensuing world-wide boom in the armament industry made minimum 
price conventions superfluous, and the insistent demands of govern¬ 
ments for expansion of aluminum supplies and productive capacity 
made impolitic continued restrictions on output on an international 
scale. Since 193S, therefore, the essential functions of AAC have 
been in abeyance. 

With tlie fall of Fiance in 1940, the German and German-domi¬ 
nated groups in the Alliance controlled 574 shares, to 610 controlled 
by the Brit ish and Canadian groups. A1AG, itself controlled by the 


67 



cartel participants, was left with the balance of power. 5 In 1941 
the Alliance had gold to the value of $1,120,000 on deposit in the 
Royal Bank of Canada, and assets valued at Sfr.7,000,000 in the 
United States. In May the directors, with the exception of the 
Canadian representative, voted to transfer immediately to Switzer¬ 
land 2 million of the assets on deposit in the United States. 
(Hitherto the AIAG shares had voted with the British and Canadian 
against transfer proposals made by the Germans.) 6 As a result, the 
credits of the Alliance were blocked in the United States although 
not until after the transfer had taken place, Alliance was placed on 
the statutory list, and AIAG was temporarily blacklisted. A recent 
statement of the cartel is given in table 21. 

Table 21 .— Balance-sheet items of the Alliance Aluminum Compagnie as of 

Oct. 81, 1942 

Assets: 

Investments in and advances to subsidiary companies: 


Shares at cost_ £253, 369. 19 

Advance to Alliance Aluminum Holdings Ltd., London: 

Principal_ 116, 000 


Total___ 376, 292(sic) 


Gold in bars held in— 

Switzerland_ Sfr. 7, 401, 631. 65 

Canada_-_ 4, 941, 474. 80 


Total___ 12,343,106.45 


Current accounts with New York banks- $1, 262, 825. 44 


Liabilities: 

Capital stock, 1,400 shares at Sfr.25,000_ Sfr. 35,000,000 

Accrued liabilities not yet paid- 74, 641. 55 

Operating reserve_•- 186,511.40 

Special reserve_ 3, 000, 000 


Source: Confidential. 

CONTROL OF WORLD MAGNESIUM PRODUCTION BY I. G. 
FARBENINDUSTRIE 

Since I. G. Farben controlled the most important patents for the 
production and fabrication of magnesium, there was no need for an 
international cartel. I. G. alone dominated the field, accounting 
for about 68 percent of world production, and 90 percent of Germany’s. 
Every country in the world, with the exception of the United States, 

8 See discussion of AIAG, ch. VII. 

6 Dr. Staehelin, representing the British Aluminum Co., Ltd., said that he voted for the transfer in order 
to prevent the Germans from transferring the whole amount. 


68 





















was dependent upon I. G. for its major requirements of magnesium 
until 1936, when I. G. began to license national producers to use 
I. G. patents. It is believed that there was an understanding between 
I. G. and these producers by which tonnage quotas were assigned 
somewhat as they were assigned for aluminum production among' 
the members of AAC. The agreement between I. G. and Alcoa in 
1931, relative to magnesium production in the United States, con¬ 
tained the condition that I. G. retained sole and exclusive right to 
limit the quantity of magnesium produced under the agreement. 7 

The price level of magnesium was maintained in the European 
market by controlling production and the market for magnesium 
scrap. All foundries licensed to cast magnesium alloy were obligated 
to return to I. G. Farbenindustrie all scrap metal they could not 
utilize, and not to buy scrap metal from any other source but to 
forward the offers to I. G. 8 

7 The text of the agreement is given in Hearings before the Committee on Patents, U. S. Senate, 77th Cong. r 
pt. 2, pp. 1036-1052. Testimony as to magnesium transactions between Alcoa and the Dow Chemical Co- 
is given on pp. 933-1112, passim. 

• See ch. V on the licensing of manufacturers of magnesium alloys. 


69 








IX. RECOMMENDATIONS 


The light metals industry is a key German war industry. Aluminum 
and magnesium are used in the production of aircraft and aircraft 
components, weapons, shells and explosives, and magnesium is used 
in addition for the production of incendiaries and flares. The equip¬ 
ment for the production of raw metal is highly specialized, costly, and 
concentrated, but fabricating facilities, while equally specialized and 
also costly, are widely dispersed. Upon the military defeat of sur¬ 
render of Germany, underground movements may seek to destroy 
production and fabricating facilities and stocks of fabricated com¬ 
ponents, to prevent their falling into the hands of the United Nations. 
Executives of producing and fabricating companies may attempt to 
destroy or sequester movable assets, including records, patents, and 
research material. 

PROTECTION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, FACILITIES, AND ASSETS 

1. It is recommended that the occupation authorities place under 
military custody and protect against sabotage or destruction the 
physical properties, facilities, and assets, including records and pat¬ 
ents, of the German producers of the light metals, as listed in tables 
2, 3, and 17 in the text of this report, and those of the important 
fabricators of light metals, as listed in appendix C: 1, nos. 1-16; 
2, nos. 1-22; 3, all; and 4, the first three. 12 

2. As a further safeguard against the unauthorized use of stocks of 
aluminum and magnesium and products of the first processing stage, 
the occupation authorities should occupy and place under guard the 
offices of the Government agencies which control the allocation of the 
light metals. These agencies include the following: 

1 As producers of poison gas and explosives, the properties and facilities of I. G. Farbenindustrie would be 
subject to custody for chemical warfare reasons. See Recommendations in the forthcoming FEA Report- 
Civil Affairs Guide: The Chemical Industry in Germany. 

2 With respect to records and patents, see Civil Affairs Guide: Preservation and Use of Key Records in Ger¬ 
many, War Department Pamphlet No. 31-123. 


70 




Agency 1 

Reichsstelle fiir Eisen-und Metalle (Reich Office 
for Iron and Nonferrous Metals). 

Wirtschaftsgruppe Metallindustrie (Metal In¬ 
dustry Economic Group). 

Wirtschaftsgruppe Giesserei - Industrie (Foun¬ 
dry Industry Economic Group). 

Fachgemeinschaft Eisen- und Metallindustrie 
(Iron and Nonferrous Metals Industry 
Trade Association). 

Fachgruppe Met alter zeugende Industrie (Metal 
Producing Industry Trade Group). 

Fachgruppe Metallhalbzeug Industrie (Metal 
Semifinishing Industry Trade Group). 

Fachgruppe Metallgiesserein (Metal Foundry 
Trade Group). 

Fachabteilung Leichtmetallguss (Light Metal 
Foundry Trade Branch). 

Metallverrechnungsstelle (Metal Accounting Of¬ 
fice). 


Location 

Reichswirtschaftsministerium 
(Reich Ministry of Economics). 
4 Matthaikirche, Berlin W35. 

54/55 Kurfurstendamm, Berlin 
W15. 

56/58 Tirpitzufer, Berlin W35. 


4 Matthaikirche, Berlin W35. 

4 Matthaikirche, Berlin W35. 

54/55 Kurfurstendamm, Berlin 
W15. 

54/55 Kurfurstendamm, Berlin 
W15. 

Pariser Platz, Berlin W8. 


1 Except for the eighth agency, all of these offices would be placed under guard in connection with control 
procedures for iron and steel. See Civil Affairs Guide: The Administration of the German Iron and Steel 
Industry, War Department Pamphlet No. 31-174. 


SUSPENSION OF LIGHT METALS PRODUCTION 

At the end of the war, Germany will have light metals production 
capacity which is far in excess of that required for civilian needs of 
aluminum and magnesium. On the other hand, the demand for new 
metal in Germany will be greatly reduced at the close of hostilities, 
inasmuch as the major part of the metal produced has been consumed 
by war industries. German requirements for essential civilian uses 
can be met for some time to come by surplus stocks of light metals in 
ingot or alloy form and scrap, including battlefield scrap. The 
immediate requirements of the liberated areas for aluminum and 
magnesium can be met by production in United Nations countries. 
Continued production of new metal, in addition to being nonessential, 
would require the use of large amounts of coal urgently needed by the 
United Nations for civilian requirements in liberated areas and for 
the use of occupation forces. Continued production would also 
increase the difficulties of safeguarding the physical properties and 
assets, and of preventing unauthorized use of the metals. 

3. It is recommended, therefore, that immediately upon occupation 
a proclamation be issued, ordering that production be suspended of 
aluminum and alumina, and magnesium. 

This measure will not appreciably increase unemployment. The 
workers involved are comparatively few in number, possibly 60,000, 
many of whom are foreign workers and technicians. It is likely that 
many of the displaced persons will seek repatriation under United 
Nations procedures. 


71 




Whether production of aluminum, alumina, and magnesium should 
be resumed in Germany is a question for decision on the highest 
levels of United Nations authority. Among the factors which will 
have bearing on that decision are the following. The aluminum 
industry in Germany is a vital war industry developed as a means of 
aggression. It is also an uneconomic industry. Bauxite or alumina 
must be hauled long distances to German extraction and reduction 
plants. Electrolytic reduction of aluminum requires large amounts 
of power, three-fourths of which is furnished in Germany by thermal 
stations. As a result, German aluminum production cannot compete 
with the integrated production of France and southeastern Europe 
where bauxite deposits are adjacent to sources of hydroelectric power. 
German requirements of aluminum for peacetime purposes can be 
supplied more cheaply by the importation of aluminum ingots than 
by domestic production. Sufficient capacity is available among the 
United Nations to supply Germany’s peacetime requirements, which 
will fall far below present requirements when war industries are no 
longer being supplied, and aluminum is no longer needed as an au¬ 
tarchic substitute for copper. In the construction industry and for 
repairs, aluminum will, moreover, be forced in the postwar period to 
compete with cheaper materials, such as steel. 3 

Considerations which will affect the decision on resumption of 
magnesium production differ from those which operate in the case 
of aluminum, chiefly because magnesium can be produced in Germany 
from domestic raw materials. However, electrolytic reduction of 
magnesium likewise requires large amounts of electric power which 
would have to be furnished by thermal stations. While serviceable 
as a substitute for aluminum in many uses, the metal has special 
properties which make it even more useful than aluminum in warfare. 
Furthermore, the production of magnesium has been a monopoly of 
the I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., which has used its patents and 
“know-how” as a means of economic aggression in the interests of 
Germany. The progress of the industrial arts throughout the world 
necessitates the breaking of the hold exercised by this monopoly, so 
that nations having the resources for its production may benefit from 
its use. 


3 It is recognized that, with respect to permanent cessation of aluminum production, the properties in 
•Germany of the Swiss-incorporated Aluminium-Industrie A. G. constitute a special problem. The deter¬ 
mination of the identity of the “Swiss interests” in the ownership of this company would appear to be a 
matter requiring early investigation by United Nations authority. As a neutral company operating an 
alumina plant at Bergheim and a reduction plant at Rheinfelden—both of which have worked at top 
speed for the German war effort—AIAG comes under the frame of reference of a recommendation of the 
Kilgore Committee: “With reference to so-called neutral companies, the Allied Military Commission, hav¬ 
ing determined the extent of German ownership, should by decree assume ownership of stocks; it should 
require neutral nations to turn over the management of these companies to the United Nations or should 
■otherwise give assurance that they have been completely purged of Nazi interest and control.” (Report 
from the Subcommittee on War Mobilization to the Committee on Military Affairs of the U. S. Senate, 
78th Cong., 2d sess., November 13, 1944; pt. I. Findings and Recommendations, p. 9.) 


72 




The use of aluminum or magnesium metal as a medium of repara¬ 
tions is fraught with great danger. So long as Germany retains 
production capacity for either metal, her war potential will remain 
high. 

The relationship between the international aluminum cartel and 
the German aluminum industry is also a matter for consideration on 
the highest levels of United Nations authority. Because the German 
group in this cartel, as German groups in other cartels, followed in 
the thirties a policy of arming Germany and disarming her victims, 
the role of the cartel must be taken into account in the formulation 
of policy with respect to the aluminum industry of Germany after 
defeat or surrender. The Subcommittee on War Mobilization of the 
Committee on Military Affairs of the United States Senate has 
recently stated: “Any efforts to retain the international cartel system 
will therefore help to keep in power the German militarist-industrial¬ 
ist clique who have already planned and launched two world wars.” 4 

4. As a means of securing compliance with the order discontinuing 
production of aluminum and magnesium, it is recommended that the 
control officers, who may be placed in charge of allocation of electric 
power in Germany, 5 be instructed (a) to allocate no power to the 
aluminum, alumina, and magnesium plants listed in tables 2, 3, and 
17; and (b) to maintain a close check of power consumption at the 
plants listed in appendix B. The reduction of aluminum and mag¬ 
nesium requires such large amounts of power that unlawful operation 
can be quickly detected. 

INVENTORIES OF STOCKS AND EQUIPMENT 

5. During the period that production of aluminum and magnesium 
may be discontinued, it is recommended that inventories be made 
of stocks of bauxite, alumina, cryolite, aluminum, and magnesium 
metal, and any large stocks of scrap. Such stocks may be made 
available for export to the United Nations or for German manu¬ 
facture of products other than arms, ammunition, and implements 
of war. Stocks of bauxite, alumina, and cryolite may not be used 
for the production of aluminum in Germany; however, alumina may 
be used during the occupation for production of other civilian re¬ 
quirements. 

6. In order to facilitate such programs as removal of plant for 
reparations, it is recommended that inventories be made in detail 
of physical properties and equipment. These inventories should 
include an adequate description of the eqipment, appraisals of its 
condition, and estimates of the electric power, fuel, transportation, 
and manpower demands which would be released by its removal. 

4 Loc. cit. 

» See Civil Affairs Guide: Electric Power Systems of Germany, War Department Pamphlet No. 31-160. 

73 




7. In addition, expert technicians from the United Nations should 
make special studies of the technology and technological practices 
used by the Germans, so that new developments in the production 
and alloying of the light metals may be made available to the world. 

CONTROL OF METAL INGOTS AND SCRAP 

For some time to come, it will be essential to maintain strict control 
over the allocation of aluminum and magnesium ingots and scrap. 
Secret shops maintained by underground movements may otherwise 
be able to seize small stocks for producing shells, explosives, and 
incendiaries. The tight supply situation, induced by the discon¬ 
tinuance of production, will facilitate imposition of control. 

8. It is recommended, therefore, that certain of the control procedures, 
in force in Germany during the war, be retained. A new central 
German Iron and Steel Agency has been proposed to take over the 
coordinating, statistical, and control functions of the Reichsstelle fur 
Eisen und Metall. 7 For the purposes of simplicity in organization 
and of economy in the use of United Nations personnel, it is proposed 
that the new German Iron and Steel Agency assume jurisdiction over 
the allocation of light metals in ingots and scrap, and light metals 
products. The control functions of the Metallverrechnungsstelle, the 
Wirtschaftsgruppe Metallindustrie, and the Wirtschaftsgruppe Giesserei- 
industrie might well be combined with the control functions of the new 
agency. Thus in the initial period of occupation, control of the use 
of both ferrous and nonferrous metals will be centralized, and a ready 
check may be made of unlawful use, or use of one metal as a substitute 
for another. 

DENAZIFICATION 

The leaders of the light metals industry will be high on the list 
of those responsible for German military aggression. Many of them 
will be wanted, not only because of their connections with the light 
metals industry, but for their connections with the chemicals industry, 
the munitions industry, the banks, and the Nazi party. It is assumed 
that these leaders will be dealt with under orders issued by the 
highest authorities. 

9. It is recommended that all persons who hold leading positions 
in the German light metals industry, 8 and, if military government 
deems it feasible, leading technical and research personnel, be kept 
under surveillance pending settlement of the disposition of the plants 
in the industry. 

7 Civil Affairs Guide: The Administration of the German Iron and Steel Industry, War Department Pamphlet 
No. 31-174, Recommendation 17, p. 32. 

8 See Civil Affairs Guide: Denazification of Important Business Concerns in Germany, War Department 
Pamphlet No. 110-A. 


74 



APPENDIX A. TECHNOLOGY OF MANUFACTURE AND 
USES OF THE LIGHT METALS 


MANUFACTURE OF ALUMINUM 


The manufacture of aluminum usually takes place in three steps: 
(1) The mining of the aluminum bearing mineral, (2) the extraction 
of alumina (aluminum oxide) from the mineral, and (3) electrolytic 
removal of the metallic alumina, a “reduction” process. 

The most important aluminum-bearing substances are bauxite, 
cryolite, corundum, alum, alunite, leucite, numerous feldspars, and 
common clays. Despite the number of compounds of which aluminum 
is an ingredient, the sources from which it can be recovered by known 
techniques and with reasonable facility and fairly low cost are limited 
in practice to higher grades of bauxite. Bauxite ore is a mixture of 
alumina with silicates, iron oxide, and other minor impurities. The 
grade of bauxite is determined both by the alumina content and a low 
percentage of silica. Ordinary bauxite contains 55 to 60 percent of 
alumina and not more than 7 percent of silica. Bauxite is found in 
local deposits or “pockets” on every continent but they are not uni¬ 
form in the amount or quality of the ore present. 

Germany, having no commercially important deposits of bauxite, 
imports bauxite from the south of Europe where large deposits are 
available. Two small plants are using local clays as raw material 
but their operations probably are still in the experimental stages. 
Before the war about a third of the bauxite imports into Germany 
were used for producing quick-setting cements, abrasives, refractories, 
water purification chemicals, and other chemicals. 

Extraction of Alumina. —The Bayer process is used to convert ore to 
alumina (aluminum oxide). The bauxite, a trihydrate ore, is crushed, 
washed, dried, pulverized, and calcined. The powdered bauxite is 
digested under pressure with a hot solution of caustic soda after which 
it undergoes filtration and precipitation. The wet aluminum tri¬ 
hydrate is then calcined and cooled, and the calcined alumina shipped 
to the aluminum plant. 

Materials required to obtain 1 metric ton of alumina are as follows: 


Bauxite_ 

Caustic soda (amount varies with efficiency of plant) 

Coal for drying and calcining- 

Electric energy- 


1.8 to 2 m. t. 
150 kg. 

1.5 to 2.5 m. t. 
180 kw.-hr. 


647940°—45-6 


75 











Reduction of Aluminum. —Purified alumina, a snow-white powder, is 
dissolved in molten cryolite and the solution electrolyzed in a con¬ 
tinuous process. The heat necessary to fuse the cryolite is supplied 
by the electrolyzing current. The process is carried out in open-top 
iron cells, called “pots,” which are thickly lined with carbon. The 
current is led into the cell by a number of suspended carbon blocks and 
leaves through the lining. Alumina is decomposed into aluminum 
and oxygen. The oxygen consumes the carbon anode blocks forming 
gaseous oxides of carbon while molten aluminum collects in the bottom 
of the pot from which it is tapped. The individual pots produce 
about a third of a ton of metal in 24 hours. 

Materials required for 1 metric ton of aluminum are as follows: 

Alumina_ 2 m. t. 

Electric power_ 22,000-25,000 kw.-hr. 

Cryolite * 1 2 3 4 5 _ 25 kg. 

Aluminum fluoride (A1F 3 ) 1 _ 35 kg. 

Fluorspar 1 _ 2.5 kg. 

i The use of aluminum fluoride and fluorspar with the cryolite is a recent American practice which prob¬ 
ably has been duplicated by the Germans. This formula reduces the loss of fluorine gas. 

Carbon electrodes (anodes) may be prepared in two ways—by the 
Soderberg (self-baking) process or by baking. 

(1) The Soderberg process uses a paste 0.45 kg. of pitch coke plus 
0.15 kg. of pitch per 1 kg. of aluminum—that is, 

Pitch and petroleum coke or pitch coke_ 600 kg. 

(2) The baked electrode process uses about 0.7 kg. of pitch coke per 
1 kg. aluminum—that is, 

Pitch coke or petroleum coke_ 700 kg. 

A relatively small amount of baked carbon is required for lining the 
furnaces (the cathode of the system). 

Cryolite production. —Cryolite, which forms the electrolyte in the 
usual process, is made synthetically in Germany from fluorspar, 
alumina, and a sodium salt, producing the double fluoride of sodium 
and aluminum. Synthetic cryolite is produced in the following five 
plants in addition to production at some of the alumina plants. 

1. Saline Ludwigshalle, Badwimpfen. 

2. Rutgeserwerke A. G., Dohna. 

3. I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., Leverkusen. 

4. I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., Ludwigshafen—Oppau. 

5. I. D. Riedel-E. De Haen, Hamburg. 

Cryolite is also used in the manufacture of enamels, glazes, opaque 
glass, binders for abrasives, insecticides, and insulation of electrical 
material. 


76 










Electrode manufacture. —Pure carbon, which produces no contamina¬ 
tion of the product, is the electrode material. The presence of the 
ash minerals in commercial forms of carbon produces some contamina¬ 
tion of the aluminum and reduces the efficiency of the process. How¬ 
ever, the coke produced from destructive distillation of petroleum or of 
coal tar pitch is a sufficiently pure form of carbon for commercial 
purposes. Germany also uses coke specially made from low ash coals. 

Two kinds of carbon electrodes are used. The baked electrode is 
usually formed of 60 percent petroleum coke, pitch coke, or low ash 
furnace coke; 10 to 15 percent electrode scrap; and 25 to 30 percent 
binder. The mixture is pressed into blocks which are then heated to 
incandescence in order to convert the binder into carbon which holds 
the mass together into a fairly homogeneous solid. The Soderberg 
electrode on the other hand bakes the material as it feeds it into the 
cell. This device mixes the same kinds of materials into a molten 
paste which is forced into a large, thin-walled aluminum tube. As the 
electrode is consumed the tube containing the paste mix is fed down 
into the hot zone where the material becomes hardened by baking. 
The aluminum from the tube becomes part of the metal collected in 
the cell. Not only does the Soderberg electrode save material, but it 
requires somewhat less energy for the total process and makes possible 
recovery of fluorine gas from the cell. 

Most of the reduction facilities built after 1933 use Soderberg elec¬ 
trodes but several aluminum plants make their own baked electrodes. 
The I. G. Farben plant at Bitterfeld is an important producer of 
baked electrodes. YAW AG’s aluminum plant at Erftwerk formerly 
supplied the baked electrode requirements of the AIAG plant at 
Rheinfelden but just before the war Soderberg electrodes were in¬ 
stalled. 

The shortage of petroleum in Germany during the war may have 
necessitated some changes in the sources of carbon. Prior to the war, 
however, the suppliers were approximately as follows: 

1. Petroleum coke .—In 1938, when output was 85,000 tons, the chief 
producer was Deutscher Erdol und Raffinerie A. G., of Misburg. 

2. Pitch coke .—It is estimated that 175,000 tons annually were 
produced from coal tar pitch by Lothringen Bergbau A. G., Bochum, 
Ewald-Konig A. G., and Rutgerswerke A. G. 

3. Low ash furnace coke .—This is especially prepared from very 
carefully cleaned coal. In 1939 Gewerkschaft Carl Alexander of 
Baesweiler near Aachen made 30,000 tons and the plant is said to have 
been extended. There are also other producers. 

4. Anthracite coke .—This coke, having a very low ash content, is 
also used in small quantities. Production of about 750,000 tons was 
-obtained from the Langenbrahm mine at Essen-Riittenscheid. 


77 




MANUFACTURE OF MAGNESIUM 

Magnesium is produced in Germany principally by electrolysis 
of fused magnesium chloride. This magnesium salt is prepared by 
treating magnesium-bearing natural materials such as dolomite (cal¬ 
cium magnesium carbonate), magnesite (magnesium carbonate), 
carnallite (potassium magnesium chloride), and sea water (mag¬ 
nesium chloride) or certain other brines. 

Extraction of magnesium chloride. —The greater proportion of the 
output was based on dolomite, which is of widespread occurrence in 
Germany, until I. G. Farben shifted after 1938 to magnesite. The 
Wintershall plant at Heringen uses carnallite. The process used in¬ 
volves leaching the calcined dolomite with magnesium chloride liquor 
(“potash final liquor”), supplies of which are received from the 
Stassfurt and Heringen potash industry as a byproduct in the extrac¬ 
tion of potassium chloride from carnallite. The magnesium chloride 
obtained after leaching is dehydrated and then chlorinated in prep¬ 
aration for electroylsis. 

In producing magnesium from magnesite, the ore is calcined and the 
magnesium oxide so formed is heated in the presence of carbon mon¬ 
oxide and chlorine, producing molten magnesium chloride. This is 
run off from the base* of the chlorination tower and conveyed to the 
electrolytic cells. 

Reduction of magnesium. —Electrolysis of magnesium chloride takes 
place in steel crucibles with anodes of graphite or gas carbon. The 
molten metal collects near the edge of the crucibles and is removed 
with ladles. The chlorine set free is collected at the anodes and re¬ 
turned to the chlorination section. Power consumption in the proc¬ 
ess is at least 20,000 kilowatt-hours per ton of metal. Consumption 
of electrode carbon is very small. 

While other processes for making magnesium have been explored in 
Germany, these have probably never been put into commercial oper¬ 
ation. The I. G. Farbenindustrie plants at Bitterfeld and Aken are 
reported to have used ferro-silicon or other materials in a manner 
similar to the American Pedgeon process. 

ALUMINUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS 

Aluminum-rich alloys divide broadly into two classes, casting and 
wrought alloys. 

Casting alloys. —These fa*ll into five groups: 

1. Those containing 4 to 10 percent of copper with, sometimes, 1 
percent of tin. 

2. Aluminum-silicon alloys, usually containing 5 to 15 percent of 
silicon. These are widely used in Germany. 

3. Aluminum-zinc-copper alloys, containing roughly up to 13 per¬ 
cent zinc and about 3 percent copper. 


78 



4. Aluminum-copper-nickel-magnesium alloys, containing about 4 
percent copper and up to 2 percent nickel and 2 percent magnesium. 
This type is not widely used in Germany. 

5. Aluminum-magnesium alloys, containing up to 10 percent of 
magnesium, sometimes with a little manganese. 

Certain firms in Germany specialize in the manufacture of casting 
alloys and products. In addition to these, motor and aircraft manu¬ 
facturers and general engineering works also produce very consider¬ 
able quantities of castings, mainly for their own requirements. (See 
app.C, 1.) 

Wrought alloys. —These fall broadly into seven groups: 

1. Aluminum-copper-magnesium-manganese alloys, containing 3-5 
to 4-5 percent copper, and up to 1 percent magnesium and manganese. 

2. Aluminum-copper-nickel-magnesium alloys, containing about 4 
percent copper and up to 2 percent nickel and 1.5 percent magnesium. 
These alloys are extensively used for forgings and sheet. 

3. Aluminum-zinc-copper alloys, containing varying amounts of 
zinc and copper. These are widely used for extruded bars and sections. 

4. Aluminum-manganese alloys, containing about 1.25 percent 
manganese. This type is used particularly for sheet. 

5. Aluminum-copper-magnesium-silicon alloys, containing about 
0.6 percent magnesium and 1 percent silicon. 

6. Aluminum-magnesium alloys, as under castings (5). 

7. Aluminum-silicon alloys, as under castings (2). 

USES OF ALUMINUM 

The chart following this page presents practically all the uses of 
aluminum in war and peace. 

USES OF MAGNESIUM 

Owing to their lightness and rigidity, magnesium and its alloys have 
proved particularly valuable as constructional materials for the air¬ 
craft, motor vehicle, and engineering industries. Magnesium alloys 
are applied very successfully in the manufacture of crank-cases and 
other parts of aero engines, and are also used in the construction of 
fuselages and fairings, flight control parts, seats, gasoline and oil 
tanks, landing wheels, and propellers. Magnesium castings are widely 
employed in the motor industry, principally in the form of crank¬ 
cases, gear-boxes, oil pumps, etc. Magnesium is also used in omnibus, 
train, and railway construction and in bulkhead plates for light craft 
and submarines. Applications in machinery include reciprocating 
parts of stationary machinery and machine tools especially where 
these must be very light in order to be set up in traveling workshops 
or in the upper stories of buildings. 


79 





USES OF ALUMINUM AND ITS ALLOYS 

Transport 


Aircraft construction: 

Airplanes. 

Propellers. 

Internal combustion engines: 
Crankcases. 

Engine blocks. 

Gear cases. 

Pistons. 

Connecting rods. 

Accessories. 

Railway construction: 

Casings. 

Roofing. 

Axle bearings. 

Heating elements. 

Carriage wagon body parts. 
Shipbuilding: 

Superstructure. 

Funnels. 

Casings. 

Diesel engines. 

Propellers. 

Furniture and fittings. 

Coach building: 

Road vehicle bodies, wheels, etc. 
Vertical transport: 

Elevators. 

Escalators. 

Electrical industry: 

Rectifiers. 

Wire. 

Transmission cables. 

Busbars. 

Motor windings. 

Nonmagnetic casings. 

Chemical industry: 

Distilling columns. 

Autoclaves. 

Tubings. 

Cocks and valves. 

Mixing and stirring plant. 
Packing (cans, tubes, foil). 

Source: Q. B. H., p. 718. 


Chemical Industry —Continued. 

Vats, sieves, tanks, cisterns, silos, 
transport vessels. 

Explosives and pyrotechnics. 
Paints. 

Mining: 

Pit cages and skips. 

Safety lamps. 

Pneumatic hammers. 

Fans. 

Metallurgical industry: 

Deoxidation of steel. 
Alumino-thermic reduction (ferro¬ 
alloys) . 

Textile industry: 

Bobbins. 

Spinning pans. 

Dyeing vats. 

Accessories. 

Food industry: 

Packing (cans, foil). 

Dairy machinery and other process¬ 
ing equipment. 

Building industry: 

Gas and water installations. 

Stairs and balcony bannisters. 
Insulation layers (Alfol). 

Doors, architraves, etc. 

Wall paper and moldings. 

Roofing. 

Girders. 

Signboards. 

Office furniture. 

Lighting equipment. 

Window frames. 

Fire escapes. 

Household uses: 

Saucepans. 

Cutlery. 

Vacuum cleaners. 

Refrigerators. 

Coinage. 

Fancy goods. 

Sports appliances. 


80 




Military applications of the metal include artillery wheels, trench 
mortar carriages, pontoon and portable bridges, light gun carriage 
parts, machine gun tripods, aircraft gun turret rings, radio sets, and 
portable masts. 

Apart from the use of magnesium alloys for shell and bomb cases 
where the lightness of the metal permits planes to carry a larger 
bomb load, the easy ignitability of the metal and the extreme brilliance 
of the combustion have led to its use in powder form for incendiary 
bombs, flares, and tracer bullets. 

Magnesium can be applied to a limited extent as a reducing agent 
in the thermal reduction of oxides of the rare metals. It is particularly 
successful in the reduction of chlorides and fluorides. 

It is recommended, especially in the form of alloys, as a deoxidising 
agent for molten metals. For nickel and nickel alloys such as nickel 
brass and cupro-nickel magnesium it is considered to be unsurpassed 
as a deoxidising agent, its favorable effect being primarily due to itB 
ability to combine with sulfur. 


81 




APPENDIX B. ELECTRIC ENERGY SOURCES OF THE 
GERMAN LIGHT METAL INDUSTRY 


The energy supply of the German light metal industry is based 
on three sources which are listed in the order of their relative impor¬ 
tance: 

1. The brown coal resources, mainly the “Mitteldeutsch,” “Ostel- 
bisch,” and “ Westdeutsch” deposits. 

2. The hard coal resources, chiefly the “Ruhr” deposits. 

3. The hydro resources mainly of the upper Rhine and the southern 
Bavaria regions. 

The location of the known German light metal reduction plants 
with reference to the German power grid and the probable sources 
of electric energy are listed below. 

ALUMINUM PLANTS 

1. Lautawerke (aluminum plant owned by Vereinigte Aluminium 
Werke A. G. or VAWAG). 

Location .—At Lauta (population 6,000) (Brandenburg) (51°30' N., 
14° E.). 

I J (jwer supply .—Estimated maximum demand is at least 200,000 
kw. and annual consumption is about 1,500 million kw.-hr. 

The Lautawerke brown coal power plant of 220,000 kw. capacity is 
at the site of the aluminum plant and is also owned by VAWAG. 

The power plant is located on the 110- and 220-kv. transmission 
ring, Berlin-Golpa Zschornewitz-Trattendorf-Berlin. This ring is an 
integral part of the German grid and also connects the following energy 
generation centers: 

Kilowatts 

Greater Berlin —Has an aggregate generation capacity of hard coal 

f plants of- l 250, 000 

Golpa Zschornewitz —Has an aggregate generation capacity of brown 

^ coal plants of- 1,070,000 

Trattendorf- Has an aggregate generation capacity of brown coal 

plants of- 870,000 

The Lautawerke is a part, of the Trattendorf generation center, 
and is the substation of the Berlin-Golpa Zschomewitz-Trattendorf- 
Berlin transmission ring connecting it with the ring located to the 
south serving Saxony. This connection is made by a double circuit 
110-kv. line from Lautawerke to the Niederwartha hydraulic pumped 
storage plant (80,000 kw.) near Dresden. 






llie energy supply of the aluminum plant presumably comes mainly 
from its own power plant, but is supplemented and the supply as¬ 
sured by energy that comes or may come from the grid. 

2. Lippewerk (aluminum plant owned by VAWAG). 

Location. —One-half mile northwest of Liinen (Westfalen) which is 
6.75 miles north-northeast of Dortmund (51°30' N., 7°30' E.). 

Power supply. —Estimated annual energy consumption is 1,000 
million kw.-hr. 

The Liinen power plant of 135,000 kw. capacity is one-lialf mile 
SE. of the aluminum plant, on the northeast outskirts of the Ruhr 
area. By means of 110-kv. double-circuit lines it is connected to 
the 220-ky. grid at the Gersteinwerk power plant (120,000 kw.) 
through Kanien and btockum and to the 110-ky. grid at Castrop 
Rauxel. By a single 110-kv line it is connected with the Hills thermo 
plant (120,000 kw.) via Recklinghausen. 

The power plant is owned by the Vereinigte Elektrizitatswerke 
Westfalen A. G., or by the Steinkolilen Elektrizitats A. G. 

The energy to the aluminum plant is probably supplied mainly from 
the Liinen plant. Additional energy supply and assurance of con¬ 
tinuity of the supply is obtained from the grid, mainly from the Ruhr 
generation center. 

Kilowatts 

The Ruhr hard coal generation center —Has an aggregate capacity of _ _ 3, 400, 000 

3. Erftwerk (aluminum plant owned by VAWAG). The aluminum 
plant with an estimated annual capacity of 25,000 tons of aluminum 
would require over 500 million kw.-hr. 

Location. —At Grevenbroich (population 12,000), Koln District 
(51°5' N., 6°35' E.). 

Power supply. —No information is available indicating that a power 
plant may be located at the aluminum plant site. 

The aluminum plant is located south of the Ruhr district and is 
connected by means of a double circuit 110-kv. line with the 220-kv. 
grid at the Fortuna power plant (205,000 kw.). A single circuit 
110-kv. line connects it with the 110-kv. grid at the Reisholz power 
plant (115,000 kw.). A single circuit 110-kv. line connects it with the 
220-kv. grid at the important Brauweiler substation. 

The Dusseldorf-Koln-Aachen power generation center, within which the 

aluminum plant is located, has an aggregate generation capacity of Kilowatts 
brown and hard coal plants of_ 1, 970, 000 

The energy presumably is supplied from the grid. 

4. Innwerk at Toging (aluminum plant owned by VAWAG). 

Location. —At Toging, 3.5 miles east of Miilildorf (population 8,000), 

on the River Inn in southern Bayern (48°15' N. 9°8' E.). 


83 





Power supply .—The Toging hydropower plant of 97,000-kw. capac¬ 
ity is located at the aluminum plant and is a part of an isolated power 
system comprising eight hydroplants on the Inn River and its tribu¬ 
tary, the Alz.—48,000 kw. of the capacity of the Innwerk plant are 
in direct-current generators and the remaining 49,000 kw. in alternat¬ 
ing-current generators. All these hydroplants are connected by a 
high-tension network and are located at the southeast borderline 
between Bavaria and Austria. The power plants are owned by the 
Innwerk Bayerische Aluminium A. G., Bayerische Kraftwerke A. G., 
Bayerische Sticks toff werke A. G., and Alzwerke G. m. b. H. 

Kilowatts 

The Inn River power system —has an aggregate generating capacity of_ 224, 000 

The energy supply of the aluminum plant presumably comes from 
the Toging power plant, all direct-current generation being directly 
used for aluminum reduction. The alternating-current generation 
may be supplied to the transmission system and is consumed by the 
various electro-chemical plants that are located along the transmission 
lines. No large capacity hydro storage is known and no thermo 
generation. The energy consumption of the aluminum plant as well 
as of the chemical plants must be adjusted depending on water 
availability. 

5. Rheinfelden (aluminum plant owned by Aluminium Industrie A. G., 
Neuhausen). 

Location .—On the upper Rhine on the German side of the frontier, 
opposite Rheinfelden (population 7,000) (Switzerland) (47°35' N. 
50' E.). 

Power supply .—The Rheinfelden hydropower plant of 65,000-kw. 
capacity is 1 of 13 hydro plants of the upper Rhine system. Not all 
of these plants had been completed by 1938. The ownership of these 
plants is divided between Switzerland and Germany, the Swiss share 
being 223,000 kw. and the German share 224,000 kw. The ownership 
division has no relation to the energy supply. Germany receives not 
only the total energy generation of its share but buys a substantial 
portion of the generation of the Swiss share of this development. The 
generation of the Rheinfelden power plant is partly direct-current 
and partly alternating-current. The direct-current is used directly 
in the aluminum reduction. 

Kilowatts 

The Upper Rhine hydro system. —Has an aggregate capacity of_ 447, 000 

Electric energy is probably supplied to the aluminum plant mainly 
by the Rheinfelden power plant during times of high water availability. 
During times of low water availability a 5,000-kw. thermal plant 
attached to the hydroplant is put into operation. At times when this is 


84 



inadequate the energy supply is probably supplemented by energy 
coming from other plants of the upper Rhine power system ancl may be 
drawn from the portion of the German grid to the north of the upper 
Rhine hydrosystem. 

MAGNESIUM PLANTS 

1. Stassfurt No. 1 and Stassfurt No. 2 (both plants owned by I. G. 
Farbenindustrie A. G.). 

Location —At Stassfurt (population 16,000) (51°51' N. 11°31' E.) 5 
miles northwest of Bernberg (Anhalt), 28.5 miles west of Dessau, 20 
miles south of Magdeburg. 

Power supply .—No information is available indicating that a power 
plant may be located in the immediate vicinity of the magnesium 
plant. The plant is located 10 miles south of the Fordersted sub¬ 
station of the transmission ring, Fordersted-Golpa Zschorenwitz-Gross 
Kayna-Fordersted. This ring is an integral part of the German grid 
and connects the following energy generation centers: 

Golpa Zschornewitz. —Has an aggregate generation capacity of brown Kilowatts 
coal plants of- 1, 070, 000 

Bohlen-Gross Kayna. —Has an aggregate generation capacity of brown 

coal plants of- 1, 800, 000 

The energy supply of the magnesium plants is probably covered by the 
grid. The peak load is about 33,400 kw. 

2. Heringcn-a-Werra (plant owned by Wintershall A. G.). 

Location .—At Heringen (population probably below 5,000) on the 
Werra River (Hessen Province), 13 miles southeast of Eisenach (51° N. 
10°20' E.). 

Power supply .—The Wintershall power plant of 20,000-kw. capacity 
is at the magnesium plant site. The power plant is connected by a 
60-kv. line (13 miles) with the Hersfeld substation of the double 
circuit 110- and 22-kv. transmission ring, Hersfeld-Borken-Lehrte 


(Hannover)-Diesdorf (Magdeburg)-Golpa Zschornewitz-Bohlen- 
Hersfeld, which serves the central portion of Germany. This ring 
connects the following power centers: 

Bohlen-Gross Kayna —Has an aggregate generation capacity of brown Kilowatts 

coal plants of_ 1, 800, 000 

Golpa Zschornewitz —Has an aggregate generation capacity of brown 

coal plants of_ ____ 1, 070, 000 

Magdeburg-Harbke —Has an aggregate generation capacity of hard 

and brown coal plants of_ 470, 000 

Hannover-Lehrte —Has an aggregate generation capacity of hard coal 

plants of_ 510, 000 

Kassel-Borken —has an aggregate generation capacity of brown coal 

plants of _ _ __ 380, 000 

Breitungen-Gispersleben-Jena —Has an aggregate generation capacity 

of brown coal plants of_ 240, 000 


85 












Since the Wintershall power plant is small by itself and a part of the 
small generation center, Breitungen-Gispersleben-Jena, the major 
portion of energy is probably supplied to the magnesium plant from 
the grid. 

COMBINED ALUMINUM AND MAGNESIUM PLANTS 

1. Bitterfeld (owned by Aluminiumwerk G. m. b. H., a subsidiary of 

1. G. Farbenindustrie A. G. and Metallgesellschaft A. G.). 

Location .—At Bitterfeld (population 35,000), (51°45' N. 12°20' E.) 
near Leipzig (Saxony). 

The plants are part of a large concentration of chemical and light 
metal plants of I. G. Farben, located at the most important “Mittel- 
deutsche Gebiet” of brown coal in the area of the Bitterfeld-Anhalt 
deposits. There are two aluminum plants: 

Aluminum Werk I. 

Aluminum Werk II. 
and one magnesium plant: 

Griesheim Elektron II. 

Besides that there are a number of plants producing aluminum and 
magnesium alloys and semimanufactured light metal products. 

Power supply .—The Bitterfeld (140,000 kw.) and the Wolfen (98,000 
kw.) power plants are located directly in the I. G. Farbenindustrie 
A. G. complexes. 

The Golpa Zschornewitz generation center, of which these power plants Kilowatts 
are a part, has an aggregate capacity of_ 1, 070, 000 

This generation center is a part of the central German 110- and 220-kv. 
grid and is located on two transmission rings: 

Golpa Zschomewitz-Gross Kayne-Harbke-Golpa Zschornewitz 
and 

Golpa Zschornewitz-Diesdorf-Greater Berlin-Trattendorf-Golpa 
Zschornewitz 

The aggregate capacities of the brown and hard coal generation 
centers involved are listed above under Lautawerke and Heringen-a- 
Werra. 

The energy supply of these large complexes comes partly from the 
Bitterfeld and Wolfen power plants and is supplemented and assured 
by the generation centers of the grid, mainly the ones connected by the 
above-mentioned transmission rings. 

2. A ken (owned by Aluminiumwerk G. m. b. H., subsidiary of I. G. 
Farben and Metallgesellschaft). 

Location .—Aken (population 12,000) (51°50' N. 12° E.) 5 miles west 
of Dessau, in the province of Saxony, in a forest on the south bank of 
the Elbe River. 


86 





The estimated 1943 annual output of 9,000 tons of aluminum and 
8,000 tons of magnesium would require over 350,000 kw.-hr. 

Power supply .—No information is available indicating that a power 
plant may be located in the immediate vicinity of the aluminum and 
magnesium plant. 

The aluminum-magnesium plant is located within the transmission 
ring, Golpa Zschornewitz-Gross Kayna-Forderstedt-Golpa Zschorne- 
witz. 

The generation centers Golpa Zschornewitz and Bohlen-Gross Kayna 
are listed under Heringen-a-Werra. 

The Aken plant is probably connected with this transmission ring 
at the Dessau substation by a high-tension line running from Aken. 
The closest power plant is Elbekraftwerk (175,000 kw.). 

All energy is probably supplied from the grid, mainly from the two 
generation centers listed above. 


87 



APPENDIX C. LIGHT ALLOY MANUFACTURERS AND FABRICATORS 

1. Manufacturers of aluminium casting alloys and light alloy castings 


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1. Manufacturers of aluminum casting alloys and light alloy castings. Continued 


Company 


Remarks 


16. Mahle K. G., Cannstadt near Stuttgart, 
Felsbach, and Berlin. 


Believed to be owned by I. G. 
Farben. Only major company 
producing magnesium die cast¬ 
ings before the war. Output in 
1939: 70 tons per month. 

Also produced 60 percent of Ger¬ 
many’s aluminum cast pistons. 
Output in 1939: 5,000 pistons 
per day. 


In addition to the above, the following 
firms are reported to be making the prod¬ 
ucts listed: 

Aachener Metallgiesserei Vonderbank 
& Co., Aachen. 

Aluminum-Giesserei Apag A. G., Nowawes 
bei Potsdam. 

Bayerische Motorenwerke A. G., Miin- 
chen. 

Hugo Beien, Solingen-Wald_ 


Bohle & Co., Grevelsberg Vogelsang, 
Westfalen. 

Robert Bosch A. G. Abt. Metallwerk, 
Stuttgart-F euerbach. 

Cordt & Herzog, Barenstein Kr. Altena, 
Westfalen. 

Eisenhiittenwerk Thale A. G., Thale, 
Harz. 

Elisabethhiitte Oskar Wiederholz, Bran¬ 
denburg, Havel. 

Fichtel & Sachs, Kitzingen-Schwein- 
furt-a-Main. 

Fischer, Eckert & Co., Heilbronn-a- 
Neckar. 

Fordeg Metallgiesserei G. m. b. H., 
Leipzig, W. 33. 

Fritz Fritzenkotter, Meinerzhagen, West¬ 
falen. 

G. Krautheim A. G., Chemnitz-Atten- 
dorf. 

Hundt & Weber G. m. b. H., Geisweid 
Kr. Siegen, Westfalen. 

Bernhard Lauterbach, Berlin-Friedrichs- 
felde. 

Gustav Lauterjung, Solingen-Wald, 
Rheinprovinz. 

Iiuftschiffbau Zepplin G. m. b. H., Fried- 
richshafen-a-Bad. 

Metallgusswerk Th. Prippenow, Chem¬ 
nitz 14. 

Metallhutte Baer & Co. K. G., Rastass, 
Bad. 


Sand, die, and extruded and cen¬ 
trifugal castings. 

Aluminum, silumin and hydro- 
nalium (I. G. Farben) die and 
pressed castings. 


Aluminum, silumin and hydro- 
nalium (I. G. Farben) sand, die, 
extruded and pressed castings. 

Sand and die castings. 

Aluminum, silumin and hydro- 
nalium sand, die, extruded and 
pressed castings. 

Die castings. 

Silumin, hydronalium, and elektron 
castings. 


Silumin sand and extruded castings. 

Aluminum castings. 

Aluminum, silumin, and elektron 
castings. 

Pressed castings. 

Aluminum and silumin sand, die, 
and extruded castings. 


Aluminum, silumin, and hydro¬ 
nalium sand, die, and extruded 
castings. 

Do. 


Metallwerke Gust. Inhauser, Olpe, West¬ 
falen. 

Metallwerk v. Galkowsky & Kielblock A. 
G., Finow Mark. 


Same, also elektron castings. 

Aluminum, silumin, and hydro¬ 
nalium sand, die, and extruded 
castings. 


90 









1. Manufacturers of aluminum casting alloys and light alloy castings .—Continued 


Company 


Metallwerk Rich. Ammer A. G., Reut- 
lingen, Wiirttemberg. 

Metallwerk Albert Sonnenberger, Koln- 
Ehrenfeld. 

Neusener Aluminium- u. Bronzegiesserei 
Oscar Fullbeck, Aachen. 

Norddeutsches Metallwerk Wilhelm 
Schumann, Finsterwalde. 

G. A. Roders, Soltau, Hannover_ 

Sachsische Metallwerke August Heppen- 
stiel, Freiburg 5, Sachsen. 

Wilhelm Zimmer Metallgiesserei G. m. b. 
Ii., Giessen, Hessen-Naussau. 

Wilhelm Schroder & Co., Ludenscheid, 
Westfalen. 

Wwe. Joh. Schumacher & Co. G. m. b. H., 
Koln. 

Schumann & Co. Giesserei, Leipzig- 
Leutsch. 

Silla & Co. G. m. b. H., Ludenscheid, 
Westfalen. 

Siiddeutsches Spritgusswerk Gebr. Papst 
G. m. b. H., Villingen, Schwarzwald. 

Emil Turk & Co. K. G., Augustenthal, 
Westfalen. 

Wagner Munding & Co., G. m. b. H., 
Esslingen-a-Neckar. 

Wegmann & Co. Werk Bettenhausen, 
Kassel. 

Weiland & Sure, Ludenscheid, Westfalen. 

Rudolf Weyland, Ludenscheid, Westfalen. 

Zeppelin-Werke Abt. Giesserei, Berlin- 
Staaken. 


Remarks 


Same, also elektron castings. 

Aluminum, silumin, and hydro- 
nalium sand, die, and extruded 
castings. 


Extruded castings. 

Aluminum, silumin, and hydro- 
nalium castings. 

Sand and die castings. 

Aluminum die castings. 


Aluminum, silumin, and hydro- 
nalium precision castings. 
Aluminum die castings. 


Die and extruded castings. 

Aluminum, silumin, and hydro- 
nalium castings. 

Die castings. 


Sources: Nos. 1-15 from MEW Econ. Survey, section H, pp. 83-84; No. 16, Dept, of Justice Report (N. Y. 
324 III, 18 Aug. 1944); the rest from American Embassy London Dispatch No. 2393. 


647940°—45- 


-7 


91 














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1 This group consists of Allgemeine Elektricitats-Gesellschaft, Berlin; Bergmann-Elektricitats-Werke A. G., Berlin; Felton & Guilleaume, Carlswerk A. G., Cologne-Mtilheim 
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2. Manufacturers of aluminum wrought alloys and wrought alloy 'products —Continued 


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Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, pp. 85-89. 



































































8. Manufacturers of magnesium alloys 


Firm 

Type of alloy 

Trade name 

(a) WROUGHT ALLOYS 

I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., Bit- 
terfeld. 

Mg-Mn_ 

Mg-Mn ___ __ 

Mg-Al 3_ 

Mg-Al 6 _ _ 

Mg-Al 9_ 

Mg-Zn _ _ 

A M 503. 

/A M 537. 

\A Z 21. 

A Z 31. 

A Z M. 

A Z 855. 

Z 1 b. 

Leipziger Leichtmetall-Werk 

Mg-Mn-- 

Emgan Ml. 

Rackwitz, Bernhard Berghaus 

Emgan M2. 

Co., K.-G., Rackwitz, near 


Emgan M3. 

Leipzig. 

Mg-Al_ 

Emgan A10. 

Emgan A12. 

Emgan A13. 

Emgan A15. 

Diirener Metallwerke A. G., 

Mg-Mn __ 

Magnedur W380. 

Berlin-Borsigwalde. 

Mg-Al 3_ 

Magnedur W383. 

Mg-Al 6 

Magnedur W386. 


Mg-Al 9_ 

Magnedur W389. 


Mg-Zn_ 

Magnedur W384. 

Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke 

Mg-Mn_ _ 

Magnesal. 

A. G., Heddernheim. 

Mg-Al 6_ 

Magnesal. 

Wintershall A. G., Kassel _ _ _ 

Mg-Mn __ 

Magnewin 3501. 
Magnewin 3512. 

Vereinigte Leichtmetallwerke A. 

Mg-Al 3_ 

G., Hanover-Linden 

Mg-Al 6_ 

Magnewin 3510. 


Mg-Al 9_ 

Magnewin 3515. 


Mg-Zn 

Magnewin 40. 

(b) CASTING ALLOYS 

(i) Sand and Die Castings 



I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., 

G Mg-Al 6-Zn_ 

A Z G. 

Bitterfeld. 

G Mg-Al 4r-Zn_ _ _ 

A Z F. 


G Mg-Al_ 

A 8. 


G Mg-Al 3-Zn_ 

A 8 K. 

A 9 V. 

A Z 31. 


G Mg-Mn_ 

AM 503. 


G Mg-Al_ 

A Z 91. 


G Mg-Si_ 

C M 81. 

Mahle K. G., Cannstadt near 


Stuttgart, Felsbach and Berlin. 



Wintershall A. G., Kassel __ 

G Mg-Al_ 

Magnewin 3508. 

(ii) Extruded Castings 



I. G. Farbenindustrie A. Gh, 

Sg Mg-Al-Zn_ 

A Z 91. 

Bitterfeld. 

G Al-Mg_ 

Hydronalium. 

Wintershall A. G., Kassel__ 

Sg Mg-Al-Zn_ 

Magnewin Sg. 


Source: MEW Econ. Survey, section H, p. 92. 


Note. In addition to the above there are a number of small concerns manufacturing under license. 















































4- Manufacturers of aluminum foil 


Firm 

Address 

Singen Aluminum Walzwerke G. m. b. H_ 

Rheinische Blattmetall A. G._ _ _ __ 

Aluminiumwerk Tscheulin G. m. b. H_ 

Gebr. Scheuch _ ___ _ . 

D. Morgenstern ___ ___ 

Kluge & Winter G. m. b. H_ 

Singen-Hohentwiel, Baden. 
Grevenbroich, Niederrhein. 
Teningen, Baden. 

Bremen. 

Furth, Bayern. 

20 Eppendorfer Landstr. Ham¬ 
burg. 

Staniol- u. Metallkapsel-Fabrik (vorm. Con¬ 
rad Sachs) G. m. b. H. 

Blei- u.-Zinn Werk Hugo Morgenstern. 
Memmingen Aluminiumfabrik Hauck & Leeb_ 

Blattmetall-Werke A. G _ _ _ 

Paul Pauli G. m. b. H _ 

Vereinigte Staniolfabriken Friedrich Supf. & 
C. F. Bauerreis & Muller G. m. b. H. 
Aluminium Folien Walzwerke, N iehl__ _ 

Eppstein in Taunus. 

29 Hamburgerstr., Dresden. 
Memmingen, Bayern. 

Miinchen. 

Nurnberg. 

Roth near Nurnberg. 

near Koln. 


Source: Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section. Report 2513-A. Nov. 4, 1943 


99 
















APPENDIX D. LEADERS IN THE GERMAN LIGHT METALS 

INDUSTRY 


This list is representative but not complete. It includes all of the 
presently known leaders of Vereinigte Aluminium Werke A. G. and 
Wintershall A. G., and many of the leaders of Metallgesellschaft 
A. G., I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., and light metals fabricating com¬ 
panies. 

The information on affiliations was taken from Wer Leitet ? (Febru¬ 
ary 1940) which, because it has a foreword by an official of the Reich 
Ministry of Economics, presumably includes only Nazis and persons 
acceptable to the Nazis. Other sources of information were the 
Handbuch der Deutschen Aktiengesellschaften (1940); an OSS Report: 
A Hundred Major German Industrial Corporations (July 25, 1944, 
Restricted); the International Who’s Who; and the Geschichte der 
Aluminium Industrie A. G. Neuhausen 1888-1938, Chippis, Switzer¬ 
land, 1942. 

In the following lists, the light metals affiliations are starred. The 
abbreviations employed are as follows: 

B M Business manager of Plant leader ( Geschaftsfuhrer or Betriebsfuhrer). 

CBD Chairman of the board of directors (Vorsiand or Vorsitzender des Auf- 
sichtsrates ). 

CBM Chairman of the board of management (V or stand or Vorsitzender des 
Geschaftsausschusses or des Verwaliungsrates). 

Con Consultant or councillor ( Beirat or Vorstand Beirat ). 

DBM Deputy Business Manager (Stillvertretender Geschaftsfuhrer). 

DCBD Deputy (or vice) chairman of the board of directors (,Stillvertretender 
Vorsitzender des Aufsichtsrates). 

DCBM Deputy (or vice) chairman of the board of management 0 Stillvertretender 
Vorsitzender des Verwaltungsrates). 

DDir Deputy director (Stillvertretender Direktor). 

DMBM Deputy member of the board of management (Stillvertretender Mitglied 
des Geschafiausschusses ). 

G MDir General managing director (Kaufmannischer Direktor). 

M Member (Mitglied). 

MBD Member of the board of directors (Mitglied des Aufsichtsrates). 

MBM Member of the board of management (Mitglied des Geschdftsfiihrung or 
des Verwaltungsrates.) 

MDir Managing director (Vorsitzender des Direktoriums Grubenvorstand). 

O Owner (Geschaftsinhaber). 

S Supervisor (Leiter). 


100 



Name Position 

Abs, Josef_ CBD_ 

Died 1944. 


Pres_ 

DCBD_ 

MBD_ 


GMDir_ 


Avieny, Wilhelm_ 

Wehrwirtschaftsf iihrer; 
Born 1897 in Wiesbaden. 
Frequent spokesman for 
Nazi policies. Political con¬ 
nections with Liier and 
Funk; and particularly with 
Schacht; Reich Economic 
Judge; Gau Economic ad¬ 
viser, Hessen-Nassau; Gau- 
amtsleiter, Wiesbaden; old 
Nazi, proposed in 1938 as 
member of Reichstag. 

Served in a minor clerical 
capacity in pre - Hitler 
period. When the presi¬ 
dency of Metallgesellschaft 
fell vacant, the Nazi Party 
through the Gauleiter in¬ 
sisted on the appointment 
of a Party stooge while the 
company held out for a rep¬ 
utable executive. Finally, 
Avieny was appointed and 
Rudolf Kissel was appointed 
to assist him. 


V. Pres_ 


Con 


M 


GMDir_ 

MBD_ 


MDir. 

MBD 


Enterprise 

Hubertus Brauerei A. G., Koln; 

Hubertus Braunkohlen A. G. Briig- 
gen Erft bei Liblar; 

Kolner Union Brauerei A. G., 

. Koln; 

Rheinischp Braunkohlensyndikat 
G. m. b. H. (cartel), Koln; 

Wessels Wandplatten-Fabrik A. G., 
Bonn; 

Accumulatoren Fabrik A. G., Ber¬ 
lin; 

Braunkohlen u. Brikettwerke Rod- 
dergrube A. G.; 

Bruhl/Rhein Phonix A. G. fur 
Braunkohlenverwertung, Mums- 
dorf; 

*Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke 
A. G., Frankfurt-a-Main; 

Hubert Zettelmeier A. G., Konz bei 
Trier; 

Gewerkschaft Hiirtherberg, Her- 
miihlheim; 

Union Rheinische Braunkohlen 
Kraftstoff A. G., Koln. 

Chamber of Industry and Com¬ 
merce, Rhine-Main District at 
Frankfurt-a-Main until it was 
abolished; 

Reichsbank and Reichsgruppe Ban- 
ken, Berlin; 

Economic Chamber of Hesse, Frank¬ 
furt-a-Main, until it was abol¬ 
ished; 

Academy for German Law, Berlin; 
Frankfurt district committee of 
Deutsche Reichsbank, Berlin; 

Reichsarbeitskammer, Berlin; 

Nassau Landesbank, Wiesbaden; 

*Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke 
A. G., Frankfurt-a-Main; 

*Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. 
G., Berlin; 

Dresdnerbank ; 

Deutschebank; 

Sachtleben A. G. fur Bergbau u. 
Chemische Industrie; 

C. S. Schmidt, Drahtwerke A. G.; 

* Metallgesellschaft A. G., Frank¬ 
furt-a-Main; 

Andraae, Noris-dahn A. G., Frank¬ 
furt-a-Main; 

Buderus’sche Eisenwerke A. G., 
Wetzlar; 


101 













Name Position 

Avieny, Wilhelm- MBD- 


Barbeck, Hugo_ MBM 

Beil, Curt, Dr. Ing- MBM 


Kassel. Member of the SS. 

M 


MDir 


Berg, Rudolf_ MBM 

Werdol, Westfalen. 

Bollmann, Otto._ MBD. 

Hannover, Old Nazi Party MDir. 
Member. Con__ 

Brocker, Heinrich_ BM-~. 

Hannover. 

Briigmann, Carl_ MBD. 


Cremer, Arnold_ MBD 

Dortmund. M_ 

Dornemann, Karl_ MBD. 

S. A. Brigadefiihrer. Old 
Nazi member, proposed by 
Hitler for Reichstag in 1938. 

Esser, Max_ MBD 

Baden-Baden. 

Eulenstein, Fritz. Dr. Ing_MBD 

Koln. 


Enterprise 

Elektrizitat A. G., Frankfurt- 
Hochst; 

Neue Baugesellschaft Waiss & 
Freythe A. G., Frankfurt-a- 
Main; 

Sudwestdeutsche Flugbetriebs A. 

G. , Rhine - Main - Fankfurt - a- 
Main; 

Unterweser Reederei A. G., Bre¬ 
men. 

♦Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 
A. G., Frankfurt-a-Main. 

♦Wintershall A. G., Berlin; 

Kalibank A. G., Kassel; 

Thuringer Erdol A. G., Sonders- 
hause; 

Bergbau A. G. Lothringen, Bochum; 

Chemikalien A. G., Berlin; 

Deutsches Kalisyndikat, G. m. b. 

H. Berlin; 

Mineralol Produktenhandel A. G., 
Berlin; 

“Nitag,” Deutschetreibstoff A. G., 
Berlin; 

Gewerkschaft Victor, Castrop- 
Rauxel. 

♦Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 
A. G., Frankfurt-a-Main. 

♦Wintershall A. G. 

Dresdnerbank, Hannover; 

Chamber of Industry and Com¬ 
merce, Hannover. 

♦Vereinigte Leichtmetallwerke, G. 
m. b. H., Hannover-Linden. 

♦Wintershall A. G., Berlin; 

Westfalen Bank A. G., Bochum; 

Bergbau A. G. Ewald-Konig-Lud- 
wig; 

Gewerkschaft Wintershall, Herin- 
gen. 

*Wintershall A. G., Berlin; 

Dresdnerbank, Westfalen. 

♦Vereingte Deutsche Metallwerke, 
A. G. 


♦Wintershall A. G., Berlin-Kassel. 

Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 
A. G., Frankfurt-a-Main; “Sacht- 
* leben” A. G., Koln; 


102 




























Name 

Eulenstein, Fritz. Dr. Ing_ 


Forkel, Hermann_ 

Berlin-Schoneberg. A Party 
member. Ministerialrat, 
Economics Ministry. 

Forster, Hermann v_ 

Frankfurt-Heddersheim. 

Fulda, Wilhelm_ 

Lautawerk, Lausitz. 

Hagmeier, Ernst_ 

Frankfurt. 


Harney, Hans_ 

Banker, Dusseldorf. 


Position Enterprise 

DMBM-Bergbau A. G., Bayernland Mitter- 

teich, Bavaria; 

A. G. Fiir Chemische Industrie, 
Gelsenkirchenschalke. 

MBD_*Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. G., 

Berlin; 

Gothar Feuerversicherungsbank, 
Gotha. 

MBD_Malzfabrik Schweinfurt A. G.; 

MBM_* Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 

A. G., Frankfurt; 

MBM *Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. G., 

Berlin; 

MBD_*Lautawerk, Lausitz. 

MBD_*Wintershall A. G., Berlin; 

MBM_ Adlerwerke vorm. Heinrich Kleyer 

A. G., Frankfurt; 

DCBM_ Benno Schilde Maschinenbau A. G., 

Hersfeld; 

MBM_ Exportgemeinschaft Deutscher Au- 


tomobilfabriken A. G., Berlin- 
Charlottenburg; 

Berling-Konzern Allgemeine Ver- 


sicherungs A. G., Koln; 

M_ Dredsner Bank, 'Regional Com¬ 

mittee for Hesse and Frankfurt- 
a-Main. 

MBD_ *Vereinigte Deutsche Metall werke, 

A. G.; 


DCBD_ Busch-Jaegen Liidensdiesder Me- 

tallwerke A. G.; 

Duitsch-Nederlandsche Vorseke- 
ringJVlij., Amsterdam; 

Dusseldorfer Treufiand-Gesell- 
schaft Altenburg Tewes A. G., 
Dusseldorf; 

Gerling - Konzern Lebensversiche- 
rungs-A. G., Koln; 

Gerling-Konzern Ruckversiche- 
rungs-A. G., Berlin; 

Gerling-Konzern Rheinische Ver- 
sicherungsgruppe A. G., Koln; 

Hein, Lehmann & Co. A. G., 
Dusseldorf; 

MBD_ Allgemeine Hoch- u. Ingenieurbau 

A. G., Dusseldorf; 

Bergabu A. G. Lothringen, Bochum, 
Westfalen; 

Comptoir des Fers et M6taux S. A., 
Luxemburg; 

Deutsche Miihlenvereinigung A. G., 
Berlin; 


103 

















i\ame 

Harney, Hans- 


Harter, Carl 
Berlin. 


Heckmann, Werner 
Duisburg. 


Position Enterprise 

MBD_ Gesellschaft fur Getreibehandel A. 

G., Berlin; 


Linke Hoffmann Werke A. G., 
Breslau; 

Mequisa S. A., Hagondange; 
Quincaillerie d’Esch S. A., Luxem¬ 
burg; 

Universale Riickversicherungs A. 
G., Zurich; 

Westdeutsche Bodenkreditanstalt 
A. G., Koln; 

Arbeitsausschuss der Commerz- u. 
Privat-Bank A. G., Berlin. 


MBD_ *Wintershall A. G.; 

Commerzbank A. G.; 

CBD_ Leipziger Trikotagenfabrik A. G., 


Leipzig; 

Terrain Gesellschaft am Teltow 
Canal, Ruckow-Johannisthal A. 
G., Berlin; 


DCBD_ Deutsche Centralbodenkredit A. 

G., Berlin; 

Hotelbetriebs A. G., Berlin; 

MDir_ Gewerkschaft Beienrode, Konigs- 

lutter; 

Gewerkschaft Burbach, Beendorf; 

MBD_ A. G. fur Energiewirtschaft, Berlin; 

Burbach-Kaliwerke A. G., Magde¬ 
burg; 

Commerz- u. Privat Bank A. G., 
Berlin; 


Daimler Benz A. G., Stuttgart, 
U ntertiirckheim; 

Deutsche Hypothekenbank Meinin- 
gen, Weimar; 

Eisenbahn Verkehrsmittal A. G., 
Berlin; 

Mansfeld A. G., fur Bergbau u. 

Hiittenbetrieb, Eisleben; 

Pittler Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik 
A. G., Leipzig; 

Rutgerswerke A. G., Berlin; 

Santa Catharina Eisenbahn A. G., 
Berlin; 

Franz Seiffert & Co., A. G., Berlin. 


BM- Werk C. Heckmann, Duisburg; 

MBM- *Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 

A. G.; 

DCBM- Verein Deutscher Kupferrohrwerke, 

Berlin ; 

Con- Niederrheinische Industrie- und 

Handelskammer. 


104 













Name Position 

Hedemann, Justis Wilhelm___ MBD_ 

Berlin. Professor of law, 

Berlin, and Party member of 
long standing. Director 
Institut fur Wirtschafts- 
recht. 

Heide, Kurt___ DCBM__ 

Berlin-Dahlem. 

MBD_ 


Heller, Erich_ MBD_ 

Dipl. Ing. Wien. Leading 

Austrian industrialist and MBM_ 

banker. Supporter of Doll- 

fuss and Starhemberg. MBD_ 

Joined the Nazis before the MBM_ 

Auschluss. 


Enterprise 

*Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 
A. G., Frankfurt-a-Main. 


*Metallgesellschaft A. G., Frank¬ 
furt-a-Main; 

*Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 
A. G.; 

Unterweser Reederei, Bremen; 

*Schweizerische Ges. fur Metall¬ 
werke, Basel; 

“Sachtleben” A. G. f. Bergbau u. 
Chemische Industrie; 

Norddeutsche Affinerie, Hamburg; 

Lonzona A. G. f. Acetat Produkte, 
Sackingen; 

Lonzawerke G. m. b. H., Weil; 

Lonza Elektrizitatswerke u. Chemi¬ 
sche Fabriken, Basel; 

Lehnkering u. Cie A. G., Duisburg; 

Erzgesellschaft zur Erschliessung 
von Nichteisen Metallen G. m. b. 
H., Berlin; 

Ertel, Bieber & Co., Hamburg; 

Eisenerz Gesellschaft m. b. H.; 

Compagnie des Mines et M6taux, 
Luxemburg; 

Rawack-Griinfeld Ertshandel-Mij., 
Rotterdam. 

*Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke, A. 
G.; 

Vereinigte Industrie Unternehmun- 
gen, A. G.; 

Creditanstalt-Bankverein, Wien; 

“Elin” A. G. fur elektrische Indus¬ 
trie, Wien; 

Kassen - Auf zugs - Maschinenbau - A. 
G., f. Wertheim & Comp., Wien; 

Lapp-Finze Eisenwarenfabriken A. 
G., Kalsdorf bei Graz; 

Leykamp Josefsthal A. G. fur 
Papier- u. Druckindustrie, Wien; 

Maschinenfabriks-A.G. Herd, Wien; 

Miirztaler Holzstoff- u. Papier-Fa- 
briks-A. G., Bruck-a-Miirz; 

Oesterreichische Eisenbahn Ver- 
kehrs-anstalt, Wien; 

Alpen-Elektrowerke A. G., Wien; 

Erste Donan-Daippfschiffahrts- 
gesellschaft, Wien; 


105 









Name Position 

Heller, Erich.. MBM- 


DCBM_ 


Hilgenberg, Gustav_ MBD. 

Essen. 

Horster, Franz_ CBM. 

Altena, Westfalia. 

MBM 

Hubsch, Wilhelm_ MBM 

Toging, Oberbayern. 

Kissel, Rudolf__ CBD_ 

Frankfurt-a Main. Son- 


in-law of late Professor DCBM_ 

Bosch, former head of I. G. Con_ 

Farben, and a trained in- MBM_ 

dustrialist brought in by 
Party agreement to “as¬ 
sist” Avieny. 


Koepchen, Arthur_ MBD 

Essen-Bredeney. 


Enterprise 

C. Schember & Sohne Briicken- 
wagen- u. Maschinenfabriken A. 
G., Wien; 

Schiffswerft, Linz A. G., Linz-a- 
Donau; 

“Semperit ” Osterreichisch-Ameri- 
kanische Gummiwerke A. G., 
Wien; 

“Universale” Hoch- u. Tiefbau- 
A. G., Wien; 

Vereinigte Wiener Metallwerke A. 
G., Wien; 

Wiener Briikenbau- u. Eisenkon- 
struktions-A. G., Wien; 
Wienerberger Ziegelfabriks- u. Bau- 
gesellschaft, Wien; 

Ennser Zuckerfabriks-A. G., Ens; 
Lampen-u. Metallwarenfabriken A. 
G., Wien; 

Schoeller-Bleckmann Stahlwerke A. 
G., Wien; 

Teudloff-Vamag Vereinigte Arma- 
turen- u. Maschinenfabriken A. 
G., Wien; 

Wiener Locomotiofabriks-A. G., 
Wien. 

♦Wintershall A. G. 

*Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 
A. G.; 

Selve-Kronbiegel-Dormheim A. G., 
Sommerda, Thuringen. 
♦Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke, A. 
G.; 

Siiddeutsche Kalkstickstoffwerke 
A. G., Trostberg; 

Innwerke A. G., Mlinchen. 
♦Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 
A. G.; 

Metallgesellschaft A. G.; 

Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt, Hessen; 
Duisburger Kupferhtitte, Duisburg; 
Erzgesellschaft zur Erschliessung 
von Nichteisenmetallen m. b. H., 
Berlin; 

Hochofenwerk Lubeck A. G., 
Lubeck.. 

♦Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. 
G., Berlin; 

A. G. fur Energiewirtshaft, Berlin; 
Elektrowerke A. G., Berlin; • 
Eschweiler Bergwerke-Verein, Kohl- 
scheid; 


106 

















Name 

Koepehen, Arthur. 


Koswig, Max_ 

Finsterwalde, Niederlausitz. 


Kraushopf, Karl_ 

Frankfurt-a-Main. 

Krieger, Willy_ 

Kassel. 


Liese, Fritz_ 

Hannover. 

Marckhoff, Maria_ 

Bochum. 

Menge, August_ 

Berlin. Party member, 
W ehr wirtschaf tsf iihrer. 


Position Enterprise 

MBD- Isarwerke A. G., Mlinchen; 


Marisches Elektrizitatswerke A. G., 
Berlin; 

Nordwestdeutsche Kraftwerke A. 
G., Hamburg; 

Preussische Elektrizitats-A. G., 
Berlin; 

Rheinische A. G. fur Braunkohlen- 
bergbau u. Brikettfabrikation, 
Koln; 

Vorarlberger Illwerke A. G., Bre- 
genz; 


CBD- Oberstein-Idarer Elek.-A. G., Idar; 

MBM- Deutsche Bank; 


Lech Elektrizitatswerke A. G., 
Augsburg; 

Rheinische Braunkohlensyndikat 
G. m. b. H.; 

Rheinische Westfalisches Elektri¬ 
zitatswerke A. G.; 

Braunkohlen u. Brikettwerke Rod- 
dergrube. 


MBD- *Wintershall A. G., Berlin-Kassel; 

Gerling-Konzern Allg. Versiche- 
rungs-A. G., Koln; 

Ilse Bergbau A. G.; 

CBM_ Schipkau-Finsterwalder Eisenbahn- 

Gesellschaft, Finsterwalde. 

MBM_ *Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 

A. G., Frankfurt; 

MBM_ *Wintershall A. G.; 

Lindener Ziindhutchen u. Patronen- 
fabrik, Troisdorf; 

BM_ Orion Metallwarenfabrik, G. m. b. 

H., Berlin. 

BM_ *Vereinigte Leichtmetallwerke, G. 

m. b. H., Hannover. 

MBD_*Wintershall A. G. 

MBD_*Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. 

G., Lautawerk; 

Braunkohle-Benzin A. G., Berlin; 

CBM_ Elektrowerke A. G., Berlin; 

CBD_ Braunschweigische Kohlen-Berg- 


werke, Helmstedt; 

A. G. Elektrizitatswerke Liegnitz; 
Mitteldeutsches Kraftwerk Magde¬ 
burg A. G., Magdeburg; 

DCBD_ Berliner Kraft- u. Licht (Bewag) 

A. G., Berlin; 

Elektrizitatswerk Sachsen Anhalt 
A. G., Halle; 


647940°—45- 


-8 


107 





















Name Position Enterprise 

Menge, August_DCBD_ Kommunale Elektrizitats Liefe- 


rung Gesellschaft, Sagsen, Schle- 
sien; 

Niederschlesische Elektrizitats A. 
G., Hirsochberg; 

tjberlandswerk Oberschlesien A. G., 
Neisse; 

MBD_ Alpen-Elektrowerke A. G., Wien; 

Alzwerke G. m. b. H., Mtinchen; 

Bayernwerk A. G., Mtinchen; 

Elektrizitatswerk Schlesien A. G., 
Breslau; 

Innwerk A. G., Mtinchen; 

Preussische Elektrizitats-A. G., 
Berlin; 

Reichs-Kredit Gesellschaft A. G., 
Berlin. 

Rhein-Main Donan A. G., Mtin- 
chen; 

Stromversorgungs-A. G., Weissen- 
feld-Zeilz, Theissen Kr. Weissen- 
fels; 

Tiroler Wasserkraftwerk A. G., 
Innsbruck; 

tlberlandzentrale Stidharz G. m. b. 


H., Bleicherade, Stidharz. 


Menzen, Theodor_ 

Berlin. 

MBM_ 

MBD_ 

*Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. 
G., Berlin; 

Use Bergbau A. G., Use Nieder- 
lausitz; 

Bayerische Kraftwerke A. G. Mtin¬ 
chen; 

Donau Werke A. G., fiir Kalkindus- 
trie, Saal-a-Donau. 

Merwitz, Emil _ 

Wiesbaden. 

MBD_ 

*Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke 
A. G., Frankfurt-a-Main. 

Mette, Friedrich_ 

Ltinen, Westfalen. 

MBM_ 

__ *Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. 
G., Berlin. 

Moskopp, Carl __ _ ___ 

CBM_ 

MBD_ 

Westfalenbank, Bochum; 
*Wi n t- ers hall A. G., Kassel; 
Haberfussprudel A. G., Honnigen-a- 
Rhein; 

Rheinische Pappenfabrik A. G., 
Monheim-a-Rhein. 

Mtiller, Karl _ _ __ 

CBD_ 

Thtiringenwerk A. G., Weimar; 

Weimar. Ministerial- 

DCBD_ 

__ Saaletalsperren A. G., Weimar; 

dirigent. 

MBD_ 

*Wintershall A. G., Berlin; 


Thtiringer Erdol A. G., Sondershau- 


sen; 

Schleizer Kleinbahn A. G., Weimar; 
Gasfernversorgung Thiiringen A. 
G., Erfurt; 

Grosskraftwerk Erfurt A. G., Erfurt. 


108 





















N ame Position 

Naubaur, Otto_ CBD__ 


Berlin-Lichterfelde. 


DCBD 


MBM 


Olscher, Alfred_ DCBM___ 

Berlin - Zehlendorf. Min- 
isterialdirektor; former 

Chief, budget bureau, CBM_ 

Finance Ministry. 

MBD_ 


Peters, A_ CBD. 

Diisse dorf 

MBD 


Enterprise 

Yereinigte Industrie-Unternehmun- 
gen A. G.; 

Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft A. G., 
Berlin; 

Deutsche Industrie Werke A. G., 
Berlin-Spandau ; 

Industrie Werke Kiel A. G., Kiel; 

Innwerke A. G., Miinchen; 

Siiddeutsche Kalkstickstoff-Werke 
A. G., Trostberg; 

*Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. 
G., Berlin; 

Use Bergbau; 

Steinische Wasserkraftwerke A. G., 
Graz ; 

Ostpreussenwerk A. G., Konigsberg, 
Ostpr.; 

Ilseder Hutte; 

Oesterreichische Industriekredit- A. 
G., Wien; 

Mecklenburgische Hypotheken u. 
Wechselbank, Schwerin; 

Alpen Elektrowerke A. G., Wien; 

Berliner Kraft- u. Licht A. G., 
(Bewag), Berlin; 

Dyckerhoff Portland Zementwerke 
A. G., Amoneburg; 

Elektrowerke A. G., Berlin; 

Handels- u. Gewerbebank Heil- 
bronn A. G., Heilbronn; 

Leipnik Lundenburger Zuckerfa- 
briken A. G., Heilbronn. 

Vereinigte Industrie-Unternehmun- 
gen A. G.; 

Reichs-Kredit-Ges. A. G., Berlin; 

Industriegelande Gesellschaft G. 
m. b. H., Dresden; 

Alpen Elektrowerke A. G., Berlin; 

Creditanstalt Bankverein, Wien; 

Ilse Bergbau, Ilseder Hutte; 

Elektrowerke A. G., Berlin; 

Film Finanz G. m. b. H., Berlin 

Mittelstahl (Flick); 

Ilse Bergbau A. G., Grube Ilse bei 

Tiroler Wasserkraftwerk A. G., 
Innsbruck; 

Steinische Wasserkraft- u. Elektri- 
zitats A. G., Graz. 

Rheinische Verwaltung A. G., 
Dusseldorf, Obercassel; 

*Wintershall A. G., Kassel. 


109 












Name Position 

Philippi, Heinrich_ MBM- 

Duisburg. 


Con_ _ 

Pistor, Adolf_ CBM_ 

Grevenbroich, Wilderrhein 

MBM 

Plass, Ludolf_ CBM_ 

Frankfurt-a-Main. 

MBD. 


Plassmann, Clemens.. 
Berlin-Wilmersdorf. 


DCBM_ 

MBD_ 


Enterprise 

*Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. 
G., Berlin; 

*Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 
A. G., Frankfurt-a-Main; 

Allianz-u. Stuttgarter Lebensver- 
sicherungsbank A. G., Berlin; 

Braunschweigische Kohlenberg- 
werke, Helmstadt; 

Deutsche Industrie-Werke A. G., 
Berlin; 

Eisenwerk Maximilianhiitte Ge- 
sellschaft Sulzbach Rosenberg- 
Hiitte; 

Energie-Versorgung Wiirttemberg 
A. G., Stuttgart; 

Ilseder Hutte, Hannover; 

Innwerk A. G., Miinchen; 

Mittledeutsche Stahl werke A. G., 
Riesa Elbe; 

Ostelbische Braunkohlensyndikat G*. 
m. b. H., Berlin; 

Ostpreussenwerk, Konigsberg, Pr.; 

Siiddeutsche Kalkstickstoff-Werke 
A. G., Trostberg; 

Universum-Film A. G., Berlin; 

Deutsche Reichsbank, Berlin. 

*Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke, A. 
G., Lautawerk, Lausitz; 

*Rheinische Blattmetall-A. G., Gre¬ 
venbroich. 

Hartmann & Braun A. G., Frank¬ 
furt-a-Main; 

*Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke,. 
A. G.; 

*Metallgesellschaft, A. G.; 

Lurgi Apparatebau Ges. m. b. H.,. 
Frankfurt-a-Main; 

Lurgi Ges. fur Chemie u. Hiitten- 
wesen; 

Lurgi Ges. fur Warmetechnik; 

Frankfurter Bank, Frankfurt-a- 
Main; 

Maschinenfabrik Wiesbaden, Wies¬ 
baden; 

“Sachtleben” A. G., Koln; 

Siemens-Lurgi-Cottrell-Elektrofiltor 
G. m. b. H., Berlin. 

Deutsche Bank, Berlin; 

Rudolf Karstadt A. G.; 

*Wintershall A. G., Berlin; 

*Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke; 

Dyckerhoff Portland-Zementwerke 
A. G., Mainz; 


110 













Name Position 

Plassmann, Clemens_ MBD_ 


CBD 


Plesse, Erich_ MBM 

Frankfurt-a-Main. 

Posse, Hans Ernst_ MBD. 


Berlin-Zehlendorf. Main¬ 
tains liaison between high MBM_ 

civil service and Unilever 
industry (Netherlands); is 
the former director of the 
Dresden Gallery and 
rounded up 1,200 “prized 
acquisitions’’ in occupied 
countries for Hitler’s art 
collection. Secretary of 
State for Special Problems 
in the Reich Ministry of 
Economic Affairs. Reich 
Commissioner for Unilever 
Concern (Holland); Deputy 
to Commissioner General 
for Economy (Funk); Presi¬ 
dent of Association of Ger¬ 
man Engineers 1943; State 
Secretary in Prussian Min¬ 
istry of Economy and La¬ 
bor, 1934. 

Quandt, Gunther- CBD- 

Berlin. Wehrwirtschafts- 
ftihrer. Quandt was the 
first husband of Frau Goeb- 
bels by whom she had a son. 

Goebbels was engaged by 
the family as a tutor, a 
divorce followed, and in 
1931 Magda Quandt and 
Goebbels were married. 

Goebbels and Quandt at 

present have a number of DCBD- 

successful financial interests 
in common. 


Enterprise 

Grusschwitz Textilwerke A. G., 
Neusatz-Oder; 

Rheinische Hypotheken Bank, 
Mannheim; 

Rheinische Kunstseide A. G., Kre- 
feld; 

Landes-Ausschuss, Ostdeutschland; 
Commerz- u. Privat Bank, A. G. 
Berlin; 

Argenta Schokoladenwerke A. G., 
Wernigerode; 

Kommandantenlist Kontrolhaus A. 
G., Berlin; 

Kasseler Druckerei u. Farberei, 
Kassel-Bettenhausen. 

*Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke 
A. G., Frankfurt-a-Main. 
♦Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. 

G., Berlin; 

Reichskreditkasse; 

Deutsche Revisions u. Treuhand 
A. G., Berlin. 


Deutsche Waffen- u. Munitions- 
fabriken A. G., Berlin-Wittenau; 

Accumulatoren-Fabrik A. G., Ber¬ 
lin; 

Gerling-Konzem, Allgemeine Ver- 
sicherungs-A. G., Koln; 

Gerling-Konzem, Rheinische Ver- 
sicherungsgruppe A. G., Koln; 

Hermann Herzog & Co. A. G., 
Neugersdorf, Sachsen; 

Pertrix-Werke G. m. b. H., Berlin; 

*Wintershall A. G., Berlin; 

Bergbau-A. G., Lothringen, Bo- 
chum-Gerthe; 


DCBD_ 


111 












Name 

Quandt, Gunther. 


Position 
DCBD_ 


MBD 


Quandt, Herbert_ 

Potsdam-Babelsberg. 


CBM. 

MBM 

MBD. 


BM__. 

MDir. 

Rasche, Karl_ MBM 

Berlin - Charlottenburg. MBD. 
Reactionary nationalist, 
supposed to be Nazi before 
1933. Speaks for manag¬ 
ing board (Sprecher) of 
Dresdner Bank. Belongs 
to inner circle of Nazi party 
in which he holds an in- 


Enterprise 

Busche-Jaeger, Liidenscheider Me- 
tallwerke, A. G., Ludenscheid, 
Westfalen; 

Gerling-Konzern, Lebensversiche- 
rungs-A. G., Koln; 

Gerling-Konzern, Ruckversiche- 
rungs A. G., Koln; 

Mauser-Werke A. G. Obersdorf, 
Neckar; 

A. G. fiir Verkehrswesen, Berlin; 

Allgemeine Elektrizitats-Gesell- 
schaft, Berlin; 

Deutsche Bank, Berlin; 

Deutsches Kalisyndikat G. m. b. 
H., Berlin; 

Kammgarnspinnerei Stohr & Co. 
A. G., Leipzig; 

Maschinenfabrik Sangerhausen A. 
G., Sangerhausen; 

Vereinigte Kugellagerfabriken A. 
G., Schweinfurt; 

Westfalenbank A. G., Bochum, 
Westfalen ; 

Gewerkschaft Wintershall, Herin- 
gen; 

Gewerkschaft Victor Stickstoff- 
werke, Castrop-Rauxel. 

*Wintershall A. G., Berlin; 

Accumulatoren-Fabrik A. G., Ber¬ 
lin; 

A. G. fiir Industrie-Beteiligungen, 
Berlin; 

Deutsche Waffen- und Munitions- 
fabriken A. G., Berlin; 

Deutsche Wollenwaren Manufaktur 
A. G., Griinberg; 

Dominitwerke A. G., Berlin; 

Hermann Herzog A. G., Neugers- 
dorf, Sachsen; 

Mitteldeutsche Frachtschiffahrt A. 
G., Berlin; 

Pertrix-Werke G. m. b. H., Berlin; 

Gewerkschaft Wintershall, Herin- 
gen. 

Dresdner Bank, Berlin; 

*Wintershall A. G., Berlin; 

Accumulatoren-Fabrik A. G., Ber¬ 
lin; 

Eisen- u. Huttenwerke, Bochum; 

Essener Steinkohlenbergwerke A. 
G., Koln; 

Miilheimer Bergwerke Verein, Es¬ 
sen; 


112 













Name Position 

Rasche, Karl_ MBD__ 


fluential Berlin - Charlot- 
tenburg position; a good 
friend of Himmler, member 
of new free masons group 
built up around Hitler. 


Ratzmann, Hugo_ MBD 

Banker, Berlin-Dahlem. 
Member: Russ land-An¬ 
schluss der Deutschen Wirt- 
schaft; member of the Pre¬ 
sidium of the Deutsch- 
rumanische Handelskam- 
mer, Berlin. 


BM_ 

CBD 


Enterprise 

Neunkircher Eisenwerk, A. G., 
vorm. Gebr. Stumm; 

Poldihiitte, Prague; 

Sudetenlandische Bergbau A. G., 
Brunn; 

*Rheinmetall Borsig, A. G., Berlin; 

Brunner Waffen-Werke A. G., 
Brunn; 

Skodawerk, Pilsen and Prague; 

Felten u. Guilleaume Carlswerke 
A. G., Koln; 

* Metallgesellschaf t, Frankf urt-a- 

Main; 

Braunkohle Benzin A. G., Berlin; 

Dyckerhoff-Portland Zement Werke 
A. G., Amoneberg; 

Rheinische Kunstseide A. G., Kre- 
feld; 

Woll - W&scherei u. Kammerei in 
Dohren (near Hannover); 

Gerling - Konzern Lebensversiche- 
rung A. G., Koln; 

Erste Allgemeine Unfall u. Schadens 
Versicherungs-Gesellschaft; 

Landerbank Wien A. G., Vienna; 

Westdeutsche Bodenkreditanstalt, 
Koln. 

*Wintershall A. G.; 

Bank des Berliner Kassen-Vereins, 
Berlin; 

Berlin-Erfurter Maschinenfabrik A. 
G., Berlin; 

Burbach-Kaliwerke A. G., Madge- 
burg; 

Deutsche Erdol A. G., Berlin; 

Fllektrizitats-Lieferung Gesell- 
schaft, Berlin; 

Grube Leopold A. G. Bitterfeld; 

J. A. John A. G., Erfurt; 

W. Krefft A. G., Gevelsberg, West¬ 
falen; 

Martini Hiineke- u. Salz Kotten 
Maschinen- und Apparatebau A. 
G., Salz Kotten; 

Mechanische Weberei A. G. Zittau; 

Siiddeutsche Holzverzuckerungs- 
werke A. G., Regensburg; 

Vereinigte Lausitzer Glaswerke A. 
G., Weisswasser, O/L; 

Hardy & Co., G. m. b. H., Berlin; 

Lederfabrik Blankenburg-Mark A. 
G., Berlin; 


113 








Name 

Ratzmann, Hugo. 


Raumer, Hans von_ 

Berlin-Grunewald. Reichs- 
minister, retired. 


Raymond, Walter. _ 
Mannheim. 

Reuleaux, Otto_ 

Hannover-Linden. 


Romer, Gustav_ 

Rosier, Oswald_ 

Devout Catholic; speaks 
English fluently; 1 son mar¬ 
ried to a South American. 
Never active in politics but 
is considered most reliable 
by the Nazis. Was in 
charge of Foreign Depart¬ 
ment Dresdner bank and in 
constant touch with all 
branches of German indus¬ 
try because in charge of re¬ 
imbursement credits to and 
from North and South 
America. Represents 
Dresdnerbank on board of 
Bohemian Union Bank. 


Position Enterprise 

DCBD_ Deutsche Kredit- und Handelsges. 

A. G., Berlin; 

Deutsche Fiat Automobil-Verkaufs- 
A. G. } Berlin; 

“Nitag” Deutsche Treibstoffe A. G. 
Berlin; 

Radio A. G. D. S. Loewe, Berlin; 
Terro A. G. fur Samenzucht, 
Aschersleben 

MBD_ *Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. 

G., Berlin; 

Gesellschaft fur elektrische Unter- 
nehmungen, Berlin; 

Koblenzer Elektrizitatswerke und 
Verkehrs A. G., Koblenz; 
Verkaufskredit A. G., Berlin; 
Elektrowerke A. G., Berlin; 
Berlin-Gubener Hutfabrik A. G., 
Guben. 


DCBM_ *Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 

A. G. 

BM_ *Vereinigte Leichtmetallwerke, G. 

m. b. H., Hannover; 

M_ Hannoverscher Beirat der Deut- 

schen Bank, Berlin. 

MBM_ *Wintershall A. G. 

MBD_ *Wintershall A. G., Berlin; 

Continental Gummi-Werke A. G.; 

MBM_ Deutsche Bank; 

MBD_ Mannesmannrohren-Werke, Diis- 

seldorf; 

Prague Essen-Industrie Gesellschaft 
Prague; 

Maschinenfabrik Duckau R. Wolf 
A. G., Berlin; 


Schubert u. Solzer Maschinenfabrik,, 
A. G., Chemnitz; 

Elektrizitatslieferung Gesellschaft, 
Berlin; 

Allgemeine Lokalbahn und Kraft- 
werk, Berlin; 

Christian Dereig A. G., Langen- 
billau; 

Kammgarnspinnerei Stohr und Co. 
A. G., Leipzig; 

Rabbethge und Geies A. G., Klein- 
wanzladen; 

Zuckerfabrik Glanzig, Glanzig-An- 
halt; 

Westdeutscher Kaufhof, A. G., 
Koln; 

Leipziger Feuerversicherungs-An- 
stalt, Leipzig. 


114 















Name Position 

Rosterg, August_ MBM___ 


Kassel. Wehrwirtschaft- 
fiihrer. Owns considerable 
capital in Wintershall; lead¬ 
er of petroleum industry in MBD 
Germany. 


Rosterg, Heinz_ MBM 

Kassel. 

MBD. 


Con 


Rotig, Fritz_ MBM. 

Rtiter, Gerhard_ MBM 

Berlin- W ilmersdorf. 

Schaeffer, Adolf_ MBD. 


Berlin-Charlottenburg. 


MBM 


Enterprise 

*Wintershall A. G., Berlin; 

Rhein ische Westfalische Borse, 
Dusseldorf; 

Kalibank A. G.; 

Gewerkschaft Wintershall Dynamit 
A. G.; 

Chemikalien A. G., Berlin; 

Kontinentale Oel Chemikalien A. 
G., Berlin; 

Interessengemeinschaf t 
der Deutschen Kali-Industrie, 
Berlin; 

Thuringer Erdol A. G. ; 

Bergbau A. G., Lothringen; 

Deutsche Kali Syndikat G. m. b. H., 
Berlin; 

Westfalen Bank A. G., Bochum; 

Thuringer Rohstoff A. G., Weimar. 

♦Wintershall A. G., Berlin; 

Gew. Wintershall, Heringen-a-Wer- 
ra; 

A. G. fur Brennstoff-Verwertung, 
Leipzig; 

Braunkohlenabbau-Verein “z u m 
Fortschriff,” Meuselwitz; 

“Nitag” Deutsche Treibstoffe, Ber¬ 
lin; 

Industrie- u. Handelskammer, Kas¬ 
sel; 

Wirtschaftskammer, Hessen, 
Frankfurt-a-Main 

♦Wintershall A. G., Kassel. 

♦Vereinigte Alu minium-Werke A. 
G., Berlin; 

♦Rheinische Blattmetall A. G., 
Grevenbroich, Niederrheim. 

♦Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 
A. G., Berlin; 

Deutsche Centralbodenkredit A. G., 
Berlin; 

Eichbaum-Werzor-Brauereien A.G., 
Worms; 

“Frankona” Ruck- u. Mitversich- 
erungs A. G., Berlin; 

Hiittenwerke Kayser A. G., Berlin; 
N iederschone weide; 

Norddeutsche Kreditbank A. G., 
Bremen; 

Fritz Werner A. G., Berlin; 

Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft A. G., 
Berlin; 


115 

















Name Position • 

Schaeffer, Adolf- DCBD- 

Schirner, Karl_ MBD- 


Berlin-Charlottenburg. 

Wehrwirtschaftfiihrer. 


CBD 


DCBD_ 


Con 


CBM 


DCBM___. 

Schmalfeld, Hans_ MBM_ 

Kassel 


Enterprise 

Merkur A. G., Zwickau, Sachsen; 
Schlesische Dampfer Compagnie 
Berliner Lloyd A. G., Hamburg. 

*Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke, A. 
G.; 

Mitteldeutsche Braunkohlensyndi- 
kat 1937, Leipzig; 

Kontinentale Oel Chemikalien A. G.; 

Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft A. G., 
Berlin; 

“Briks” Brikett u. Kohlenhandel 

A. G., Leipzig; 

Compes & Cie, A. G., Dusseldorf; 

Deutsche Viscobil Oel-G. m. b. H 
Berlin; 

Deutscher Eisenhandel A. G., Berlin; 

Joseph Gautsch A. G., Miinchen; 

Gottfried Klainschmidt G. m. b. H., 
Fran kfurt-a-Main; 

“Mabag” Maschinen- u. Appara- 
tebau-A. G., Nordhausen, Harz; 

“Nova” Oel- u. Brennstoffgesellschaft 
A. G., Wien; 

Carl Rubsam, Werkswarenfabrik 
A. G., Fulda; 

Stock & Fischer G. m. b. H., 
M annheim-a-M ain; 

“Vaneck” Vereinigte Chemische 
Fabriken A. G., Berlin; 

Berliner Kraft u. Licht A. G. 
(Bewag), Berlin; 

Berliner Maschinenbau A. G., Berlin; 

Gebhard & Konigs-Deutsche Schacht- 
bau A. G., Nordhausen; 

Gesellschaft fiir Chem. Verfertigung 
u. Abdichtung m. b. IL, Berlin; 

Mitteldeutsche Kohlenhandel u. 
Reederei-ges. Kuhlen & Co., Essen; 

Otavi Minen u. Eisenbahn Gesell¬ 
schaft, Berlin; 

Deutsche Mineralol Verkaufsverein 
G. m. b. H., Berlin; 

Adolph Hartoff G. m. b. H., Duis¬ 
burg; 

Mineralo lvertriebsges. m. b. H., 
Berlin; 

Deutsche Petroleum A. G., Berlin; 

Deutsche Erdol A. G., Berlin. 
*Wintershall A. G., Kassel. 


116 









NPosition 
Schmidt I, Heinrich_ CBD__ 


Hannover. Lawyer for DCBD 
Wintershall group. 

MBD_. 


Schmidt, Wilhelm_ MBD_ 

Hannover. 

Schulte, Emil___ MBM_ 

Berlin. 

Schulte, Josef_ BM_ 

Hannover. 

Seifer, Theo_____ MBD_ 

Hannover. 

Selve, Walther von._ MBD_ 

Bonn. 


Sterner, Konrad_ CBM. 

Miinchen. Ministerialrat, 
retired. Member of the 
“Akademie fur Deutsches MBD 
Recht.” 


Strack, Otto 
Koln. 


MBD_ 

CO-Owner_ 

CBD_ 

DCBD_ 

MBD_ 


Con 


Enterprise 

♦Wintershall A. G., Berlin-Kassel; 

Voigt u. Haffner A. G., Frankfurt- 
a-Main; 

Braunkohle Benzin A. G.; 

Bergbau A. G., Lothringen; 

Bergbau Gesellschaft Teutonia 
A. G.; 

Deutsche Asphalt A. G., Braun¬ 
schweig ; 

Busch-Jaeger Liidenscheider 
Metallwerke A. G.; 

Kali-Chemie, Berlin; 

Thuringer Erdol A. G., Sonders- 
hausen. 

♦Wintershall A. G., Berlin. 

♦Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke 
A. G. 

♦Vereinigte Leichtmetallwerke G. 
m. b. H., Hannover. 

♦Wintershall A. G. 

♦Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke 
A. G.; 

Rheinisch-Westfalische Sprengstoff 
A. G. Niirnberg; 

Selve & Co. A. G.; 

(Shareholder) Schweizerische 
Metallwerke Selve & Co. Thun, 
Kauson, Bern. 

Innwerke, A. G. Munich; 

Alpen Elektrowerke A. G., Wien; 

Bayerische Mineral A. G., Miinchen; 

♦Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke, A. 
G.; 

Vereinigte Unternehmungen A. G., 
Berlin. 

♦Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke 
A. G., Frankfurt-a-Main; 

Bankhaus Delbriick von der Heydt 
& Co., Koln; 

Isola Werke A. G., Diiren-Birkes- 
dorf; 

Rheinisch-Westfalische Boden- 
Credit-Bank, Koln; 

A. G. fur Chemische Industrie, 
Gelsenkirchen-Schalke; 

Rheinische Energie A. G. (Rhenag), 
Koln-Deutz; 

Niederrheinische Industrie- u. Han- 
delskammer, Duisburg. 


117 





















Name Position 

Strube, August_ MBD- 

Bremen. CBD- 


MBD 


Traudes, Franz_ DCBM_ 

Frankfurt-a-Main. Cath¬ 
olic; perhaps Nazi Party MBD_ 

member. Was general 
counsel of Metallgesell- 
schaft for over 20 years; 

MBD of its subsidiaries. 


Trendelenburg, Ernst_ CBD 

Berlin. Staatsekretar, re¬ 
tired; maintains liaison be¬ 
tween high civil service and 
Vereinigte Industrie Un- 
ternehmungen A. G. 


MBD. 


Enterprise 

*Wintershall A. G.; 

“Securitas’’, Bremer Allgemeine 
Versicherungs A. G., Berlin; 

Niederrheinische Bergwerks A. G., 
Neukirchen; 

Bremer Silberwarenfabrik A. G., 
Sebaldsbriick; 

Eiswerk u. Kuhlhaus Huxmann A. 
G., Bremen; 

Frankfurter Hof A. G., Frankfurt- 
a-Main; 

Mineralol-Raffinerie, Bremen; 

Vereinigte Werkstatten fur Kunst 
in Handwerk A. G., Munchen. 

*Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 
A. G.; 

Norddeutsche Affinerie, Hamburg; 

N. v. Montaan Metall Handel, 
Amsterdam; 

A. G. der Chemische Produkten- 
Fabrikaten, Pommemsdorf-Milch; 

Deutsche Gold u. Silber Scheidean- 
stalt vormal. Roessler, Frank¬ 
furt-a-Main; 

Sachtleben A. G. fur Berbgau u. 
Chemische Industrie, Koln. 

Vereinigte Industrie Unterneh- 
mungen A. G., Berlin; 

♦Vereinigte Aluminum-Werke A. 
G., Berlin; 

A. G. fur deutsche Elektrizitats 
Wirtschaft, Berlin; 

Alpen-Elektrowerke A. G., Wien; 

Deutsche Industrie Werke A. G., 
Berlin; 

Elektrowerke A. G., Berlin; 

Inn werke A. G., Munchen; 

Suddeutsche Kalkstickstoff Werke 
A. G., Trostberg; 

♦Rheinmetall-Borsig (Goering); 

Rheinisch-W estf alisches Elektrizi- 
tatswerk A. G. 

Bayerische Stickstoff werke A. G., 
Berlin; 

Deutsche Revisions u. Treuhand 
A. G., Berlin; 

Deutsches Nachrichtenburo G. m. 
b. H., Berlin; 

Eildienst fur Amtliche u. d private 
Handelsnachrichten G. m. b. H., 
Berlin; 

Ostpreussenwerk A. G., Konigs- 
berg; 


DCBD_ 


118 











Name Position 

Trendelenburg, Ernst_ MBD_ 

Con_ 

Unholtz, Bernhard_ CBM_ 

Frankf urt-a- Main. 

MBM_ 


M_ 

Chief 


Urbig, Franz_ MBD 

Potsdam-Babelsberg. 

Banker. 


CBD 


DCBD_ 


MBD 


Waldthausen, Wilhelm von— CBD 
Essen. 


MBD 


Enterprise 

Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft A. G., 
Berlin; 

Reichswirtschaftskammer, Berlin. 

♦Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke 
A. G.; 

Erzgesellschaft zur Erschliessung 
von Nichteisenmetallen m. b. H., 
Berlin; 

*Metallgesellschaft A. G., Frank- 
f urt-a-Main; 

Selve-Kronbiegel Dornheim A. G., 
Sommerda; 

Frankfurt-Hessischer Beirat der 
Deutschen Bank; 

Fachuntergruppe Leicfrtmetallhal- 
berzeugnisse der Wigon Metall- 
industrie. 

*Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. 
G., Berlin; 

Vereinigte Industrie-Unterneh- 

mungen, A. G.; 

Berlinische Feuerversicherungs- 

Anstalt, Berlin; 

Deutsche Bank, Berlin; 

Otavi Minen u. Eisenbahn-Gesell- 
schaft, Berlin; 

Magdeburger Allgemeine Lebens- u. 
Rentenversicherungs A. G., Mag¬ 
deburg; 

Magdeburger Feuerversicherungs- 
Gesellschaft, Magdeburg; 

Bergmann Elektrizitats-Werke A. 
G., Berlin; 

Magdeburger Riickversicherungs- 
A. G., Magdeburg; 

Porzellanfabrik Lorenz-Hiitschen- 
reuther A. G., Selb, Bayern; 

Porzellanfabrik Kahla, Kahla, Sach¬ 
sen; 

Sachsische Bodenkredit-Anstalt, 
Dresden; 

Union- u. Rhein Versicherungs A. 
G., Berlin. 

Continentale Elektrizitats-Union, 
Basel, Schweiz; 

Westdeutsche Terrain A. G., Essen; 

*Wintershall A. G.; 

Bergbau A. G. Ewald-Konig Lud¬ 
wig, Herten, Westfalen; 

Dresdner Allgemeine Versiche- 
rungsgesellschaft, Dresden; 

Preussische Bergwerks- u. Hiitten, 
A. G., Berlin; 


119 
















Name Position 

Waldthansen, Wilhelm von__ MBD- 


Con_. 
MDir 

Werner, Fritz_ MBD 

Frankf urt-a- M ain. 


Werthmann, Otto_ MBM 

Kassel. 


MBD_ 

DCBD_ 


Wessig, Max_ MBD 

. Berlin. Trained as profes¬ 
sional Army officer; was 
active Lieutenant Colonel 
in the Army. After World 
War I joined Economics 
Ministry, became Geheimer 
Regierungsrat. Joined I. 

G. Farben in 1920’s, liaison 
officer between SS and 
Mannesmann Industry. Has 
interests in Swiss armament 
and chemical works. Before 
Hitler, was member of 
Catholic Center Party. 

Then went over to Hitler 
completely. CBD. 


Enterprise 

Preussische Elektrizitatswerke A. 
G., Berlin; 

Rheinische Stahlwerke A. G. Essen; 

Sachsische Versicherungs A. G., 
Dresden; 

Transatlantische Guterversiche- 
rungs Gesellschaft, Berlin; 

Rheinisch Westfalische Elektrizi- 
tats A. G., Essen; 

Gewerkschaft Marie u. Marie Luise, 
Kassel. 

*Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 
A. G.; 

Frankfurter Maschinenbau A. G., 
Frankf urt-a-Main; 

Neue Baugesellschaft Ways & Frey- 
tag A. G., Frankf urt-a-Main; 

Deutsche Bank; 

Chemische Werke Albert, Anhone- 
burg bei Wiesbaden. 

*Wintershall A. G.; 

Bergbau A. G. Lothringen, Bochum- 
Gerthe; 

Braunkohlenabbau-Verein zum 
Fortschritt, Meuselwitz, Thii- 
ringen; 

Eisen-A. G., Lothringen, Hannover; 

Kalibank A. G., Kassel; 

Thiiringer Erdol A. G., Sonder- 
hausen; 

Mineralolprodukten-Handel A. G., 

Kassel; 

Nitag Deutsche Treibstoff A. G., 
Berlin. 

*Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. 
G., Berlin; 

Mannesmannrohren-Werke, Diis- 
seldorf; 

Daimler Benz A. G., Stuttgart; 

Badische Wolfranerz Gesellschaft 
m. b. H.; 

Sellier & Bellot, Schonebeck-Elbe; 

Reichswerke A. G. fur Waffen- u. 
Maschinenbau Hermann Goe- 
ring; 

Dynamit A. G., vorm. Alfred Nobel 
& Co., Koln; 

Reichskredit-Gesellschaft A. G.; 

Insurance companies of Victoria 
Konzern: 

*Rheinmetall Borsig A. G., Berlin; 

Knoll A. G., Chemische Fabriken, 
Ludwigshafen; 


120 















Name 

Wessig, Max_ 


West rick, Ludger_ 

Berlin. Wehrwirtsschaft- 
fiihrer. 


Position Enterprise 

CBD- Alkett G. m. b. H., Berlin-Bersig- 

walde; 

DCBD_ Patronen-Zundhiitchen- u. Metall- 

waren Fabrik A. G., Schonebeck, 
Elbe; 

MBM-Pharma A. G., Basel, Schweiz; 

Waffenfabrik Solothurn A. G., 
Solothurn, Schweiz. 

DCBD_ *Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, 

A. G.; 

*Donautaler Alaunerde Industrie 
A. G.; 

CBM_ *Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. 


G.; 

Innwerk A. G., Miinchen; 
♦Rheinische Blattmetall A. G. t 
Frankfurt-a-Main; 

MBD_ *Metallgesellschaft A. G., Frank¬ 

furt-a-Main; 

Elektrowerke A. G., Berlin; 
Bayerische Lloyd Schiffahrts A. G., 
Regensburg. 


121 









APPENDIX D. SECOND LIST 


Name 

Abs, Hermann J__ 
Berlin, Banker. 


Position Enterprise 

MBD_ *1. G. Farbenindustrie A. G.; 

*Metallgesellschaft A. G.; 

CBD_ Deutsche Bank, Berlin; 

Adler & Oppenheimer A. G., Berlin; 
Bergwerksgesellschaft Dahlbusch, 
Gelsenkirchen; 


Deutsch-Ueberseeische Bank, Ber¬ 
lin; 

Philipp Holzmann A. G., Berlin; 

Kreditbank, Sofia; 

Schlesische Bergwerks- u. Hiitten 
A. G., Beuthen; 

Vereinigte Glanzstaff-Fabriken A. 
G., Eberfeld; 

DCBD- Creditanstalt-Bankverein, Wien: 

Accumulatorenfabrik A. G., Berlin- 
Hagen; 

Deutsche Asiatische Bank, Shang- 
hai-Berlin; 

Portland-Cementwerke Heidelberg 
A. G., Heidelberg; 

Zeiss Ikon A. G., Dresden; 

MBD- Allgemeiner Jugoslawischer Bank- 

verein, Belgrad; 

Aschaffenburger Zellstoffwerke A. 
G., Berlin; 

British and German Trust Ltd., 
London; 

Compania Hispano-Americano de 
Electricidad, Madrid; 
DeutscheLibbey-OwensGesellschaft 
fiir Maschinelle; 

Glasherstellung A. G., (Delog), 
Gelsenkirchen; 

Deutsche Waffen- u. Munitionsfa- 
briken A. G., Berlin; 

Dyckerhoff Portland-Zementwerke 
A. G., Amoneburg; 

Handel-Maatschapij H. Albert de 
Bary & Co., N. V., Amsterdam; 

MBD- Industriefinanzierungs A. G. Ost, 

Berlin; 

Rudolph Karstadt A. G., Berlin; 

“Kepa” A. G., Berlin; 

Neunkircher Eisenwerk A. G. vorm. 
Gebr. Stumm, Neunkirchen, Saar; 


122 








Name 

Abs, Hermann J_ 


Aubert Axel_ 

Oslo, Norway. 


Bindscheder, Rudolf G 


Bloch, Arnold_ 

Neuhausen, Schweiz. Has 
been active in AIAG for 
many years; was BM of 
the AIAG extraction plant 
in Marseille (Ste. Fran- 
$aise pour l’Industrie de 
P Aluminium or “SFIA”) 
until 1911 when he became 
head of the reduction works 
at Neuhausen. Has given 
special attention through¬ 
out his career to assuring 
adequate alumina capac¬ 
ity and bauxite supplies. 
As a result of his efforts, 
AIAG founded the Mar¬ 
tins werk Plant at Berg- 
heim, bought mines in 
France (Ste. des Bauxites 
de France, Marseille), and 


Position 

MBD___. 


Con 

M__ 


MBD_ 

CBD. 

CBM. 

DCBM_ 

MBD_ 


BM 


Enterprise 

Rheinisch-Westfalische Boden-Cre- 
dit-Bank, Koln; 

Rheinisch-Westfalisches Elektrizi- 
tatswerke A. G., Essen; 

Gebr. Stumm G. m. b. H., Neun- 
kirchen, Saar; 

Deutsche Reichsbank, Berlin; 

Walther & Cie A. G., Koln; 

Russland-Ausschuss der Deutschen 
Wirtschaft; 

Siebener Ausschuss der Deutsche 
Golddiskontbank; 

Wahrungsausschuss bei der Deut¬ 
sche Reichsbank, Berlin. 

*1. G. Farbenindustrie A. G.,; 

Norsk-Hydro-Elektrisk Kvaelstof 
A/s, Oslo; 

Norsk Sprangstofindustrie A. G., 
Frankfurt-a-Main. 

Bank fur elektrische Unternehmun 
gen, Zurich, Schweiz; 

Schweizerisch-Argentinische Hypo- 
thekenbank, Zurich; 

Schweizerische Kreditanstatt, 
Zurich; 

Elektrische Licht -u. Kraftanlagen 
A. G., Berlin; 

Elektricitats-Lieferung- Gesell- 
shaft, Berlin; Ges. f. elektrische 
Unternehmungen A. G., Berlin; 

Kraftiibertragungswerke Rhein- 
felden, Baden. 

♦Aluminium G. m. b. H., Rhein- 
felden, Baden; 

Salzburger-Aluminium G. m. b. H., 
Lend-Salzburg. 


647940°—45-9 


123 














Name 

Bloch Arnold_ 

helped to found Ungarische 
Bauxit A. G. in Hungary. 
Represented AIAG on 
Board of Directors and 
Board of Governors of the 
Alliance Aluminium Cie., 
Basel, until 1942 when he 
resigned because of illness. 

Brohmer, Wilhelm_ 

Frankfurt-a-Main. Bank 
director. 


Euler, Rudolf_ 

Frankfurt-a-Main. 


Fuchs, Julius_ 

Frankfurt-a-Main. 


Gajewski, Fritz 
Leipzig C. 1. 


Position Enterprise 

BM_ 


MBM_ *Metallgesellschaft A. G.; 

BM_ *Norddeutsche Leichtmetall- u. 

Kolbenwerke G. m. b. H., Ham¬ 
burg-Altona; 

*Karl Schmidt G. m. b. H., Nec- 
karsulm. 

MBM_*Metallgesellschaft A. G.; 

CBD_Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft; 

DCBD_Schlesische Bergwerks u. -Hiitten 

A. G., Beuthen, Oberschlesien; 

MBD_Deutsche Gold- u. Silber Schei- 

deanstalt, vorm. Roessler, Frank¬ 
furt-a-Main; 

Schweizerische Gesellschaft fur 
Metallwerte, Basel; 

M_.Zulassungsstelle der Weltpapier- 

borse zu Frankfurt-a-Main. 

BM_ * Aluminium-Verkaufs-G. m. b. H., 

Berlin; 

DMBM_ *Metallgesellschaft A. G.; 

S_ Fachabteilung Neumetalle in der 

Fachgruppe Metalle. 

DCBM_ *1. G. Farbenindustrie A. G.; 

MBM_ A. G. Dynamit Nobel, Pressburg, 

Slowakei; 

DCBD- Deutsche Celluloid-Fabrik A. G., 

Eilenburg; 

Kalle & Co. A. G., Wiesbaden- 
Biebrich; 

MBD. Deutsche Grube A. G., Halle, 

Saale; 

Dynamit A. G. vorm. Alfred Nobel 
& Co., Troisdorf; 

Wolff & Co. K. G. Walsrade; 

Con- Industrie- u. Handels Kammer zu 

Halle, Saale; 

Wirtschaftsgruppe Textilindustrie, 
Berlin; 

Wirtschaftsgruppe Chemische In¬ 
dustrie, Berlin; 

S- Fachgruppe Chemische Herstellung 

von Fasern der Wirtschafts- 
gruppe Chemische Industrie; 


124 


















Name 

Position 

Enterprise 

Gajewski, Fritz _ __ 

Con_ 

Dr. Alexander Wacker, Ges. f. 

Gauss, Wilhelm__ 

MBD_ 

elektrochemische Industrie m. b. 
II., Miinchen. 

*1. G. Farbenindustrie A. G. 

Gut-Schmalzhof, Starnber- 


> 

gam See. 

Graser, Wilhelm_ 

CBM_ 

*Rheinische Blattmetall A. G., 

Berlin-Karlshorst. 


Grevenbroich. 

Hofmann-Schmid, Alfred_ 

CBD_ 

Aluminium-Industrie A. G., Chip- 

W a d e n s w i 1-Z ii r i c h. 


pis; 

Banker. 

0_ 

A. Hofmann et Cie. A. G., Zurich. 

Ilgner, Max 

MBM 

*1. G. Farbenindustrie A. G.; 

Berlin-Steglitz. Nephew of 

BM_ 

Buna-Werke G. m. b. H., Merse¬ 

Hermann Schmitz, presi- 


burg; 

dent of I. G. Farben. Is 

DBM_ 

Amoniakwerk Merseburg G. m. b. 

leading “contact” man be¬ 


H., Leunawerke, Kr. Merseburg; 

tween the company and the 

MBD_ 

Creditanstalt Bankverein, Wein; 

Nazi regime. In recogni¬ 


Deutsche Gasolin A. G., Berlin; 

tion of numerous services to 

MBM_ 

Stickstoffsyndikat G. m. b. H., 

the Nazis at home and 


Berlin; 

abroad, has position among 

Con_ 

Internationale Handelskammer, 

higher Nazi ranks. 


Deutsche Gruppe, Berlin. 

Jockel, Otto__ _ 

DCBM_ 

*Rheinische Blattmetall A. G., Gre¬ 

Grevenbroich, Niederrhein. 


venbroich. 

Joerger, Carl_ 

Partner_ 

Bankhaus Delbriick Schickler & 

Berlin-Wannsee. Banker. 


Co., Berlin; 


CBD_ 

Ammendorfer Papier Fabrik, Am- 



mendorf; 


DCBD_ 

Bank des Berliner Kassenvereins, 
Berlin; 

Wollwarenfabrik “Mercur,” Lieg- 


MBD_ 

nitz; 

Vereinigte Altenburger und Stral- 
sunder Spielkarten-Fabriken A. 
G., Altenburg, Thiiringen; 
Allgemeine Revisions- u. Verwal- 


tungs-A. G., Frankfurt-a-Main; 

Durener Bank, Dtiren; 

Dusseldorfer Eisenhiitten-Gesell- 
schaft, Ratingen; 

Elekrizitats-Lieferungs-Gesell- 
schaft, Berlin; 

Kraftiibertragungswerke Rhein- 
felden, Rheinfelden; 

Pittler Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik 
A. G., Leipzig; 

Schlesische Elekrizitats- u. Gas- 
A. G., Gleiwitz; 

Vereinsbank in Hamburg, Ham¬ 


burg; 

Con_Deutsche Reichsbank, Berlin; 

M_ Zulassungsstelle der Weltpapier- 

borse, Berlin 


125 


























Name Position 

Kalle, Wilhelm Ferdinand— CBD- 

Tutzing, Oberbayern. 

DCBD_ 

Keller, Gottfried_ DCBD_ 


Aarau, Schweiz. Attorney; 
has concerned himself with CBD. 
questions of water rights, 
electric developments, and 
taxation. 

Koppenberg, Heinrich_ CBM. 

Berlin-Grunewald. Wehr- 
wirtschaftsfiihrer, Deutsche 
Versuchsanstalt fur Luft- CBD. 
fahrt e. V., Berlin. 

MBD 


Con 


BM 


Krauch, Carl___ CBD_ 

Berlin. DCBD_ 

MBD_ 


BM_ 

Con_ 

Lautenschlager, Carl_„_ MBM__ 

Ludwig. Frankfurt-a-Main. DCBD. 
Honorary professor, Uni¬ 
versity of Frankfurt. 

MBD__ 


Enterprise 

Kalle u. Co., A. G., Wiesbaden- 
Biebirch; 

*1. G. Farbenindustrie A. G. 
Aluminium-Industrie A. G., Chip- 
pis; 

Kraffwerk Rechingen A. G., Wiel, 
Rheinprovinz. 


Junkers Flugzeug- u Motorenwerke 
A. G., Dessau; 

*Nordisk Lettmetall A/s, Oslo; 

*Hansa Leichtmetall A. G., Berlin; 

Mineralol-Baugesellschaft m. b. H., 
Berlin; 

Auto Union A. G., Chemnitz; 

*Dtirener Metallwerke A. G., 

Berlin-Borsigwalde; 

Eisenwerk Gesellschaft Maxi- 

milianshiitte, Rosenberg; 

Hannoversche Maschinenbau A. G. 
vorm. G. Egestorff (Hanomag), 
Hanno ver-Lin den; 

Mitteldeutsche Stahlwerke A. G., 
Riesa-a-Elbe; 

Waggon- u. Maschinenfabrik A. G., 
vorm. Busch, Bautzen; 

Fahrzeug- u. Motorenwerke G. m. 
b. H. vorm. Maschinenbau Linke- 
Hofmann, Breslau; 

Magdeburger Werkzeugmaschinen- 
fabrik G. m. b. H.; 

Reichsgruppe Industrie, Magde¬ 
burg; 

Gesellschaft zur Verwaltung von 
Industriellen Werten m. b. H., 
Berlin. 

*1. G. Farbenindustrie A. G.; 

A. G. fur Stickstoffdiinger, Knap¬ 
sack, Kr. Koln; 

Braunkohle-Benzin A. G., Berlin; 

Braunkohlenprodukte A. G., Berlin; 

Deutsche Gasolin A. G., Berlin; 

Ammoniakwerk Merseburg G. m. b. 
H., Leunawerke, Kr. Merseburg; 

Wirtschaftsgruppe Chemische In¬ 
dustrie. 

*1. G. Farbenindustrie A. G.; 

A. G. zur Gemeinsamen Beschaf- 
fung von Wohnungen, Frank¬ 
furt-a-Main; 

Behringwerke A. G., Marburg, 
Lahn. 


126 



















Name 

Liese, Fritz_ 

Hannover. 

Liier, Carl_ 

Kronberg, Taunus. Wehr- 
wirtschaftsfuhrer. Out¬ 
standing pioneer Nazi, who 
has rendered extraordinary 
services to the Nazi regime 
while at the same time ac¬ 
quiring great wealth and 
economic power for him¬ 
self. His influence with the 
regime caused his election to 
a number of important 
corporations. Ironically 
enough, he was an exponent 
of the socialistic theories of 
the Nazis before their ad¬ 
vent to power, and vehe¬ 
mently denounced such cor¬ 
poration practices as the 
holding by one individual 
of directorships in several 
companies. 


Meyer-Kiister, Albert 
Berlin-Zehlendo rf. 


Mossdrof, Heinz- 

Berlin-Charlottenburg. 
Mollen, Matthias Wilhelm 
Berlin-Fronhnau. 

Reuleaux, Heinrich- 

Frankfurt-a-Main. 


Position 

BM.. ; - *Vereinigte Leichtmetaiiw (jr, 

m. b. H., Hannover-Linden. 

CBD- * Metallgesellschaft A. G.; 

Dresdner Bank, Berlin; 

DeutscheWeltwirtschaftlicheGesell- 
schaft, Berlin; 

DCBD- Deutsche Gold- u. Silberscheidean- 

stalt vorm. Roessler, Frank¬ 
furt-a-Main; 

MBD- Boden- u. Werkstofforschungs-G. 


m. b. H., Frankfurt-a-Main; 
Buderus’che Eisenwerk, Wetzlar; 
Continental-Caoutchouc-Co. G. 

m. b. H., Hannover; 
Elekrizit&ts-A. G. vorm. W. Lah- 
meyer & Co., Frankfurt-a-Main; 
Nassauische Heimstatte G. m. b. 

H., Frankfurt-a-Main; 

Adam Opel A. G., Riisselsheim-a- 


Main; 

Con_ Deutsche Reichsbank, Berlin; 

Reichswirtschaftskammer, Berlin ; 
M_ Akademie fur Deutsches Recht; 


Reichsarbeits- u. Wirtschaftsrat, 
Berlin; 

Wirtschaftsrat der Deutschen Aka¬ 
demie, Miinchen; 

Deutsche Gruppe der Internationa- 
len Handelskammer, Berlin; 


Pres_ Industrie- u. Handelskammer, fur 

das Rhein-Mainische Wirtschafts- 
gebiet, Frankfurt-a-Main; 

Hon. Pres. Deutsch-Italienische Handelskam¬ 

mer, Frankfurt-a-Main. 

DDir_ *1. G. Farbenindustrie A. G.; 

BM_ *Aluminiumwerk G. m. b. H. (for 

Metallgesellschaft A. G.), Bitter- 
feld; 

CBD. Erzgesellschaft zur Erschliessung 


von Nichteisenmetallen m. b. II., 
Berlin ; 

Pyrophor Metallgesellschaft A. G., 


Essen-Werden; 

MBD. Deutsche Edlsteingesellschaft vorm. 

Hermann Wild A. G., Idar- 
Oberstein. 

DCBM ___ Durener Metallwerke A. G., Berlin. 

DCBM_ Durener Metallwerke A. G., Berlin 

BM_ * Aluminium werk G. m. b. H., 

Bitterfeld. 


Hans-Heinrich-Hutte, Langelsheim, 
Harz. 


127 



















Name Position 

Reuleaux, Otto_ BM- 

Hannover-Linden. 

M. 

Schaefer, Carl__ MBD- 

Kelkheim, Taunus. 

Schmitz, Hermann_ Pres, and 

Berlin-Dahlem. Wehrwirt- CBM. 


schaftsfiihrer. Formerly head DCBD. 
of I. G. interests in the 
United States. Member of 
Nazi Reichstag, to which he 
was elevated by the Nazi 
oligarchy in recognition of 
his fidelity and zeal, as head 
of I. G. Farbenindustrie, to 
the Nazi cause. 


MBD. 


Con 


BM 


Enterprise 

*Vereinigte Leichtmettallwerke 
G. m. b. H., Hannover; 

Hannoversch Beirat der Deutschen 
Bank, Berlin. 

*Metallgesellschaft A. G., West- 
bank A. G., Frankfurt-a-Main. 

*1. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., 
Frankfurt-a-Main. 

Deutsche Industrie bank, Berlin; 

Vereinigte Stahlwerke A. G., Diis- 
seidorf; 

Deutsche Celluloid-Fabrik A. G., 
Eilenberg; 

Deutsche Landerbank A. G., Ber¬ 
lin; 

Dynamit A. G., vorm. Alfred 
Nobel & Co., Troisdorf; 

Rheinische Stahlwerke A. G., 
Essen; 

A. Riebeck’sche Montanwerke A. 
G. Halle. Saale; 

Allianz u. Stuttgarter Verein Ver- 
sicherungs-A. G., Berlin; 

American I. G. Chemical Corpora¬ 
tion, New York; 

Bank f. internationalen Zahlungs- 
ausgleich, Basel; 

Deutsch Bank, Berlin; 

Kalle & Co., A. G., Wiesbaden- 
Biebrich; 

*Metallgesellschaft A. G., Frank¬ 
furt-a-Main; 

*Norsk-Hydro-Elektrisk Kuaelstof- 
A/s., Oslo; 

Reichs-Kredit-Gesellschaft A. G., 
Berlin; 

Rheinische Gummi-u. Celluloid- 
Fabrik, Mannheim, Neckarau; 

Stickstoff-Syndikat G. m. b. H., 
Berlin; 

Deutsche Reichsbank, Berlin; 

Akademie f. deutsches Recht, Ber¬ 
lin; 

Siebener Ausschuss der deutschen 
Golddiskontbank, Berlin; 

Wahrungsausschuss bei der Deut¬ 
schen Reichsbank, Berlin; 

Ammoniakwerk Merseburg G. m. 
b. H., Leunawerke, Kr. Merse¬ 
burg. 


128 












Ncrnie Position 

Von Schrenck-Notzing, Leo- MBD_ 

pold. 

Berlin. 


Partner_ 

Staehelin, Max_ CBD_ 

Represents British Alumi- MBD_ 

nium Co., Ltd., on Board M.... 

of Directors of the Alliance 
Aluminium Cie., Board. 

von Stauss, Emil Georg, Dr.- MBD. 

Ing. e. h. 

Berlin-Dahlem, Cacilien- 
Allee 14-16. Member, 

Preussischer Staatsrat; vice 
president, Reichstag of 
Greater Germany. 


CBD 


DCBD_ 


M_ 

MDir. 


Tgahrt, Erick-CBM 

Dortmund. CBD. 


Enterprise 

*1. G. Farbenindustrie A. G.; A. G. 
fur Anlagewerte, Berlin; 

Injecta-A. G., Berlin; 

Wurttembergische Metallwarenfa- 
brik A. G., Geislingen Steige. 

Kast & Ehringer G. m. b. H., 

Druckfarbenfabrik, Stuttgart. 

Ste. de Banque Suisse; 

Swiss Federal Railways; 

Swiss Chamber of Commerce; 

Basle Court of Appeal. 

*Durener Metallwerke A. G., Diiren; 

Deutsche Bank, Berlin; 

Deutsche Centralbodenkredit A. 
G., Berlin; 

Deutsche Continental-Gas-Ges., 
Dessau; 

Erste Oesterreichische Glanzstoff- 
Fabrik A. G., St. Polten, Nieder- 
donau; 

Mitropa Mitteleuropaische Schlaf- 
wagon- u. Speisewagon-A. G., 
Berlin; 

Schultheiss-Brauerei A. G., Berlin; 

Siemens & Halske A. G., Berlin; 

Bayerische Motoren-Werke A. G., 
Miinchen; 

Bayerische Stickstoff-Werke A. G., 
Berlin; 

Charlottenburger Wasser u. In- 
dustriewerke A. G.; 

Daimler Benz A. G., Stuttgart; 

Deutsche Lufthansa A. G., Berlin; 

Meehanische Baumwollspinnerei u. 
Weberei Augsburg; 

Spinnfaser A. G., Kassel-Betten- 
hausen; 

Universum Film A. G., Berlin; 

Bayerischer Lloyd Schiffahrts-A. 
G., Regensburg; 

Siemens-Planiawerke A. G. f. Koh- 
lefabrikate, Berlin; 

Zentralausschuss der Deutschen 
Reichsbank; 

Gewerkschaft Westfalen, Ahlen, 
Westfalen. 

Hoesch A. G., Dortmund; 

Schmiedag A. G., Hagen, West¬ 
falen; 

Eisen u. Metall A. G., Essen; 

Trierer Walzwerk A. G., Trier; 


129 














Name 

Tgahrt, Erick- 


Position Enterprise 

DCBD_ Rheinisch-Westfalische Kalkwerke, 

Dornap; 

MBD_*Metallgesellschaft A. G.; 

Deutsche Bank, Berlin; 

Gerling-Konzern Lebensversiche- 
rungs A. G., Koln; 

MBD_ F. Kupperbusch & Sohne A. G., 

Gelsenkirchen; 

Montan-Union A. G., Binningen, 
Basel; 

Rheinisch-Westfalisches Kohlen- 
Syndikat A. G., Essen; 

Seereederei “Frigga” A. G., Ham¬ 
burg; 

Stahlwerks Verband A. G., Diissel- 
dorf; 

Westdeutsche Kalle- u. Portland 
zementwerke A. G., Koln; 

Westfalische Transport A. G., Dort¬ 
mund. 

O_ Aluminiumwerk Tscheulin G. m. 

b. H., Teningen, Baden; 

MBD_ Badisches Landes Elektrizitatsver- 

sorgungs A. G., Karlsruhe; 

Schluchseewerk A. G., Freiburg; 

Stadtische Werke A. G., Baden- 
Baden; 

Kienzle Taximeter Apparate A. G., 
Villingen. 


Tscheulin, Emil_ 

Teningen. One of the first 
industrialists to back Hit¬ 
ler in the early days of the 
NSDP and, since he is said 
to have started from noth¬ 
ing, apparently owes his 
present position to this as¬ 
sociation. Had an export 
business in aluminum foil 
<of $300,000 annually, prin¬ 
cipally with the Reynolds 
Tobacco Co. and Wrigley 
& Co. The latter ceased 
to buy from Tscheulin in 
1936 or 1937. It is also 
believed that he may have 
been rewarded with a 
number of contracts for 
aluminum aircraft com¬ 
ponents since he is known 
to have recently erected a 
plant in the Schwarzwald. 

Warlimont, Felix, Dr. Ing__ DCBD_ 

Hamburg 36, Alster-Ter- 

rasse2. Wehrwirtschafts- CBM_ 

fiihrer. CBD- 

MBD_ 


* Metallgesellscliaft A. G., Frank- 
furt-a-Main; 

Norddeutsche Affinerie, Hamburg; 

Chemische Fabrik von J. E. Devrient 
A. G., Hamburg; 

“Albingia” Verischerungs-A. G., 
Hamburg; 

Deutsche Gold u. Silber Scheidean- 
stalt vorm. Roessler, Frankfurt-a- 
Main; 


130 











Name 

Warlimont, Felix, Dr. Ing__ 

Weltzien, Hans_ 

Berlin. Banker. 


Position Enterprise 

M- Hamburg-Holsteiner Beirat der 

Deutschen Bank, Berlin. 

O-.— Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft; 

CBD- A. G. fiir Glasindustrie vorm. 


Friedrich Siemens, Dresden; 

Allgemeine Transportmittel Finan- 
zierungs-A. G., Berlin; 

Berliner Borse, Abt. Weltpapier- 
borse, Berlin; 

Berliner Maschinenbau-A. G., 
vorm. L. Schwartzkopff, Berlin; 

Deutsch-Asiatische Bank, Shang¬ 
hai. 

Feldmiihle, Papier- u. Zellstoffs- 
werke A. G., Berlin; 

DCBD- Allgemeine Elektrizitats-Gesell- 

schaft, Berlin; 

Kamerun-Eisenbahn-Gessellschaft; 
Berlin; 

MBD_ Allianz u. Stuttgarter Lebens ver- 

ischerungsbank A. G., Berlin; 

Berliner Kraft- u. Licht A. G.; 

Braunkohlen- u. Brikett-Industrie 
A. G., Berlin; 

Christian Dierig A. G., Langenbie- 
lau; 

Diskont - Kompagnie A. G., Berlin; 

Eisenbahan - Verkehrsmittel A. G., 
Berlin; 

Felten & Guilleaume Carlswerk A. 
G., Koln-Miilheim; 

Gesellschaft fiir elektrische Unter- 
nehmungen, Berlin; 

Harpener Bergbau-A. G. Dort¬ 
mund; 

♦Metallgesellschaft A. G.; 

Mitteldeutsche Stahlwerke A. G., 
Riesa; 

Rheinische A. G., fur Braunkohlen- 
bergbau u. Brikettfabrikation, 
Koln. 

Rheinische Stahlwerke, Essen; 

Schering A. G., Berlin; 

Westfalische Drahtindustrie, 
Hamm, Westfalen; 

Con_ Deutsche Reichsbank, Berlin; 

Industrie- u. Handelskammer, Ber¬ 
lin; 

Reichsgruppe Banken; 

M_ Kapitalmarktausschuss der Deut¬ 

schen Reichsbank; 

Kreditausschuss der Deutschen 
Reichsbank. 


131 









APPENDIX E. ORGANIZATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL 

ALUMINUM CARTEL 1 


Not all the world’s aluminum production is organized by the cartel. 
Although the largest single producer, the Aluminum Co. of America, 
is not a member, its influence, exerted tlirough Aluminum, Ltd., upon 
the cartel is a matter of record. The remaining major producers are 
members of the Alliance Aluminium Co. Some small producers 
remain outside, several having no engagements with the cartel and 
the rest being wholly or partially owned by members and thus coming 
indirectly under cartel control. Gebr. Giulini, the important alumina 
producer, had a binding engagement with the cartel until 1938. 


MEMBERS 

The members are organized in national groups, to each of which a 
quota is assigned. (See table 22.) 

Table 22.—International Aluminum Cartel: production quotas of members (m metric 

tons per annum ) 


Country and Company 

Capacity 

Quota 

France: 

Aluminium Francais, Paris 1 * . 

Germany: 

Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke A. G. Lautawerk, 
Lausitz Aluminiumwerk G. m. b. H., BitterfelcL 
Switzerland: 

Aluminium-Industrie A. G., Neuhausen_ 

40, 000-45, 000 

} 48, 000 

3 33, 000 

3 40, 000-45, 000 

2 30, 000 

27, 000 

3 22, 000 

2 21, 000 

United Kingdom: 

British Aluminium Co., Ltd., London 4 
Aluminium Corporation Ltd., London 5 

Canada: 

Aluminium Ltd., Toronto _ 

6 80, 000 

7 40, 000 

( 8 ) 

N orway: 

Det Norske Nitrid A/s, Oslo 

1 This company, formed in 1911, is the common selling organization of both French aluminum producers 
Compagnie de Produits Chimiques et Electrometallurgiques Alais, Froges et Camargue, Paris, and Societe 
<P Electro-Chimie, d’Electro-Metallurgie et des Acieries Electriques d’Ugine, Paris. 


2 Quota includes J4 of the production of Det Norske Nitrid A/s, Oslo. 

3 Capacity and quota includes production of the Neuhausen plant at Lend-Rauris, Lend-Gastein, Austria. 
* The company has aluminum factories as follows: Great Britain: Kinlochleven, Fogers, and Fort William 

(North British Aluminium Co.), and Norway: Vigeland (A. S. Vigelands Bruk) and Stangfjord (Stangfjord 
Elektrokemiske Fabbriker A/s). 

5 Aluminium Corp., Ltd., and its affiliate, International Aluminium Co., London, have factories at 
Dolgarrog, Wales, and Glomfjord, Norway (A. S. Haugvik Smelteverk, Oslo). Since the majority of the 
share capital of Aluminium Corp., Ltd., is owned by members of the Alliance Aluminium Co. (AAC) of 
Basle through the Alliance Aluminium Holding Co., both companies are controlled by AAC. Their 
production and quotas are not given. (See, however, table 14.) 

8 Estimate. 

7 Quota includes of the production of Det Norske Nitrid A/s; H the production of the Svenska Alumin- 
iumkompaniet, Mansho, Sweden, amounting to about 900 tons annually; and J4 the production of the Norsk 
Aluminium Kompagni, Hoyanger, Norway, amounting to approximately 2,250 tons. 

8 Quota included in the quotas of France, the United Kingdom, and Canada. 

Source: Compiled from SEC report. 


i The source of the following material is a report prepared by the Securities and Exchange Commission 

from a document in the possession of an American businessman. It is inserted here, even though its 

accuracy cannot be vouched for, because it sheds some light on the participations of cartel members and the 

cartel organization. 


132 
















"OUTSIDERS” 

Tliiee companies, owned by one or several members of the cartel 
and in this way controlled by the cartel although forming no part of 
it, were known as “outsiders.” They are— 

1. Societa dell Alluminio Italiano, Torino, Italy, owned by Alu¬ 
minium Ltd. (Canadian associate of the Aluminum Co. of America). 
Its aluminum factory at Borgofranco had a production of 1,200 tons 
annually. 

2. Societa Anonima Veneta dell* Aluminio, Marghera Venezia, 
owned by the Aluminium-Industrie A. G. Neuhausen. Its aluminum 
factory at Marghera had an annual capacity of 9,000 tons and produc¬ 
tion of 6,000. It also had an alumina factory at Bussi (Pescara). 

3. Sociedad Aluminio Espanol, Barcelona, Spain, owned in partner¬ 
ship by Aluminium-Industrie A. G. Neuhausen and Aluminium 
Francais. It had an aluminum factory at Sabinanigo, Spain, with 
an annual capacity of 1,800 tons and production of 1,000. The 
partners supplied the alumina. 

Also outside the cartel but in a special class was the Societa Italiana 
dell’ Alluminio, Milan, Italy, 60 percent of whose share capital was 
owned by the Montecatini Co. of Milan, an outsider, while the 
remainder was owned by a cartel member, VAWAG. They had an 
aluminum factory at Trentino with a capacity and production of 
6,000 tons per year, and an alumina plant at Marghera Venezia 
called Societa Italiana Allumina. In the latter concern, however, 
VAWAG owned 90 percent of the share capital and Montecatini 
10 percent. 2 

Gebr. Giulini G. m. b. H., Ludwigshafen, did not belong to the cartel 
but had a binding engagement with it until the end of 1938. Against 
a long period contract, this firm was bound not to sell alumina from 
its large works at Mundenheim to any factory outside those given 
quotas by the cartel or controlled by the cartel. Thus factories 
outside the cartel to which Gebr. Giulini supplied alumina—Usine &’ 
Aluminium, Martigny S. A., Martigny (Valais), Switzerland (Giulini’s 
own plant) and the Electritatswerke Stern & Hafferl of Steeg, Austria— 
were brought within the control of the cartel. 

Outsiders having no engagements with the cartel were the following: 

1. Svenska Aluminiumkompaniet, Mansho, Sweden, 50 percent of 
whose share capital was independent of the cartel, while 50 percent 
was owned by Aluminium Ltd., of Canada. 

2. Norsk Aluminium Kompagni, Hoyanger, Norway—50 percent 
independent, 50 percent owned by Aluminium Ltd. 

3. Manfred Weiss Stahl- u. Metallwerke A. G., Budapest. 

4. The aluminum industry of the USSR. 

2 In 1932 Montecatini bought out the VAWAG participations in both the aluminum and alumina con¬ 
cerns. Thus Montecatini would have then become an outsider having no engagement with the cartel. 
The omission of this fact does not necessarily discredit the document which is the basic source of this appen¬ 
dix, because the document is believed to date from 1931. 

133 

O 























\ 









WAR DEPARTMENT PAMPHLET • NO. 31-133 


un-r i m.. -i t . . . ' iMMfrws B H P -s-™-- 

MILITARY GOVERNMENT GUIDE 


ELIMINATION OF 
NAZI PUBLIC AGENCIES 


IN 



t 13 



fafMl & 


WAR DEPARTMENT 


MARCH 1945 



IDSCLASSnSiEO, 


UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTI 
WASHINGTON I ISAS 


OE comsESS 

F.A.C. Fife No. 


AGO 501B—Mar. 

a: v 00 a 


APR 1 41984 

AUTHORITY ^ rr 

v- 2. />, ioS, jqn 

ir*M‘ I Si Oi * / 


£ 


t O l V ^ ^ 


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CONTENTS 

Pag* 

t. BASIS OF SELECTION_ 1 

!!. AGENCIES AND UNITS TO BE ELIMINATED_ 3 

A. General Administration 

Complete Abolition 

1. Der Fiihrer (The Leader)_ 3 

2. Generalbevollmachtigter fur die Reichsverwaltung (Deputy 

General for the Administration of the Reich)_ 3 

3. Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governors)_ 3 

4. Preussischer Staatsrat (Prussian Council of State)_ 4 

5. Der Gemeinderat in der Gemeindeverwaltung (The Municipal 

Council in the Municipal Administration)_ 4 

6. Beauftragter der Partei in der Gemeindeverwaltung (Party 

Delegate in the Municipal Administration)_ 4 

7. Deutscher Gemeindetag (German Municipal Diet)_ 6 

B. Police 

Complete Abolition 

8. Reichsfuhrer SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei (Reich Leader 

SS and Chief of the German Police)_ 6 

9. Chef der Ordnungspolizei (Chief of the Regular Police)_ 5 

10. Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des Sicherheitsdiensts (Chief of 

the Security Police and of the Security Services)__ 6 

11. Hohere SS und Polizeifiihrer sowie Inspekteure und Befehlshaber 

der Ordnungspolizei und der Sicherheitspolizei und des Sicher¬ 
heitsdiensts (Higher SS and Police Leaders, Inspectors, and 
Commanders of the Regular Police, of the Security Police and 
of the Security Service)_:_-__ 5 

12. Dienststellen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (Offices of the 

Security Police and of the Security Service)_ 7 

13. Kommandeure der Schutzpolizei (Commanders of the Protective 

Police)_ 8 

14. Kommandeure der Gendarmerie (Commanders of the Rural 

Police)_ 8 

15. Gendarmeriehauptmannschaften (Captaincies of the Rural 

Police)_ 8 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

16. Fiihrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leader School of the Security 

Police)___ 8 

17. Grenzpolizeischule (Frontier Police School)_ 8 

18. Reichsamt Technische Nothilfe (Reich Agency for Technical 

Emergencies)_ 8 

^ AGO 501B 






















C. War Effort in General 


Complete Abolition 

Page 

19. Ministerrat fur die Reichsverteidigung (Ministerial Council for 

the Defense of the Reich) ______ g 

20. Reichsverteidigungskommissare (Reich Defense Commissars )9 

21. Generalbevollmachtigter fur den Kriegseinsatz (Deputy General 

for Total War).... 12 

22. Division I R of the Reich Ministry of the Interior: Zivile Reichs¬ 

verteidigung und Besetzte Gebiete (Civil Defense and Occupied 
Areas) including I R W: Wehrrecht und Wehrpolitik (Military 
Law and Policy)_ 12 

23. Department IX of the Reich Ministry for Pood and Agriculture, 

so far as it is concerned with Aufriistung des Dorfes (Rearma¬ 
ment of the village)_■;___ 12 

D. Over-all Economic Warfare and Planning 

Complete Abolition 

24. Generalbevollmachtigter fur die Wirtschaft (Deputy General for 

Economy)_ 12 

25. Reichsstelle fur Raumordnung (Reich Office for Land Planning) 12 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

26. Beauftragter fur den Vierjahresplan (Delegate for the Four Years 

Plan)......... 12 

27. Zentrale Planung (Central Planning Office)___ 14 

28. Reichsministerium fur Rustung und Kriegsproduktion (Reich 

Ministry for Armaments and War Production)__14 

29. Reichsstelle fur den Aussenhandel (Reich Office for Foreign 

Trade) __ 17 

E. Agriculture and Forestry 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

30. Reichsnahrstand (Reich Food Estate)_ 17 

31. Reichsforstamt—Reichsjagdamt (Reich Forestry Office—Reich 

Office for Game and Wild Life)_ 18 

32. 19 Forst- und Holzwirtschaftsamter (19 Forestry and Timber 

Offices)___ 18 

33. 4 Landes—47 Gau- und 973 Kreisjagermeister (4 Land Master- 

Huntsmen, 47 Gau Master-Huntsmen and 973 County Master- 
Huntsmen)_ 18 

F. Building and Housing 

Complete Abolition 

34. Generalbauinspektoren fiir die Reichshauptstadt fur Miinchen 

und Linz (Inspectors General for the Construction of the Reich 
Capital, of Munich, and Linz)-- 18 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

35. Generalbevollmachtigter flir die Regelung der Bauwirtschaft 

(Commissioner General for the Regulation of the Building 
Economy).---- 

36. Reichswohnungskommissar (Reich Housing Commissioner).- 19 

V 

AGO 501B 


















G. Transportation and Roads 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

Page 

37. Generalinspektor fur das Strassenwesen (Inspector General of 

Roads)...-.-.. 19 

38. Reichskommissar fur Seeschiffahrt (Reich Commissioner for 

Ocean Shipping)_ 20 

39. Kriegsarbeitsgemeinschaft Strassenverkehr (War Working Com¬ 

munity for Street Traffic)_ 20 

40. 25 Bevollmachtigte fur den Nahverkehr (Delegates for Urban and 

Suburban Transportation)__ 20 

41. Generalinspektor fur Kraftfahrwesen (Inspector General for 

Motor Transport)_ 20 

H. Civil Aviation and Air Raid Protection 

Complete Elimination 

42. Reichsanstalt fur Luftschutz (Reich Institute for Air-Raid Pro¬ 

tection)_ 21 

43. Reichsluftschutzbund (Reich League for Air-Raid Protection).. 21 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

44. Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Reich Ministry of Aviation)_ 21 

45. Luftamter (Air Offices)_ 21 

46. Deutsche Lufthansa A. G. (German Air Line)_ 21 

I. Water and Power 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

47. Generalinspektor fur Wasser und Energie (Inspector General for 

Water and Power)__ 22 

J. Labor and Manpower Supply 

Complete Abolition 

48. Reichstreuhander der Arbeit (Reich Trustees of Labor)_ 22 

49. Ehrengerichte und Reichsehrengerichtshof nach dem Gesetz zur 

Ordnung der nationalen Arbeit (Honor Courts and Reich 
Honor Court, according to the Act for the Organization of 
National Labor)_ 23 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

60. Zentralinspektion fur die Betreuung auslandischer Arbeitskrafte 

(Central Inspection for the Supervision of Foreign Labor)____ 23 

51. Gauarbeitsamter (Gau Labor Exchange Offices)_ 23 

52. Zentralstelle fur das Erfassungswesen (Central Office for Draft 

Records)_ 23 

K. Public Health 

Complete Abolition 

63. Generalinspektor fur Sanitatswesen (Inspector General for Sani¬ 

tation and Health Service)__ 24 

64. Reichsausschuss fur Volksgesundheitsdienst (Reich Committee 

for Public Health). 24 


VI 


AGO 501B 




















L. Justice and Law 

Complete Abolition 

Page 

55. Volksgerichtshof (People’s Court)... 24 

56. Sondergerichte (Special Courts)_ 2 4 

57. Reichserbhofgericht, Landeserbhofgericht, Erbhofgerichte und 

Anerbengerichte (Reich Farm Inheritance Court, Prussian 
Supreme Farm Inheritance Court-in Celle-Farm Inheritance 

Courts, and Local Farm Inheritance Courts)_ 24 

68. Erbgesundheitsobergerichte (Appeal Courts for “Sound Heredity” 
Matters) and Erbgesundheitsgerichte (“Sound Heredity 
Courts”)_ 25 

59. Gemeinschaftslager (Community Camp)_ 25 

60. Reichskommissar fur die Behandlung feindlichen Vermogens 

(Reich Commissar for Enemy Property)__ 25 

61. Akademie fur deutsches Recht (Academy for German Law). 25 

M. Propaganda 

Complete Abolition 

62. Reichsministerium fur Volksaufklarung und Propaganda (Reich 

Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda). 25 

63. Reichpropagandaamter (Reich Propaganda Offices)- ._ 26 

64. Auslandabteilung des Lichtspieldienstes (Foreign Division of the 

Film Service)_ 26 

65. Auslandsstelle fur Musik (Board of Music in Foreign Countries) __ 26 

66. Auslandsstelle fur Theater (Board for Theaters in Foreign Coun¬ 

tries),___•: 27 

67. Reichsfremdenverkehrsverband (Reich Association for Tourist 

Traffic)._____ _____ 27 

68. Reichsausschuss fur Fremdenverkehr (Reich Committee for 

Tourist Traffic)_ 27 

69. Deutsche Kulturfilmzentrale (German Culture Film Center)_ 27 

70. Deutsche Filmakademie (German Film Academy)_ 27 

71. Studiengesellschaft Schallband (Study Association for Recorded 

Music)_ 27 

72. Werbe- und Beratungsamt des Deutschen Schrifttums (Adver¬ 

tisement and Advisory Office for German Literature)_ 27 

73. Reichsschrifttumsstelle (Reich Literature Board)- 27 

74. Wirtschaftsstelle des Deutschen Buchhandels (Economic Board 

for the German Book Trade)_1- 28 

75. Reichsbeauftragter fur ktinstlerische Formgebung (Reich Delegate 

for Artistic Design)- 28 

76. Deutsches Propaganda Atelier (German Propaganda Studio)- 28 

77. Werberat der Deutschen Wirtschaft (Advertisement Council of 

German Economy)- 28 

78. Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Schadensverhiitung (Reich Working 

Community for the Prevention of Accidents)- 28 

79. Deutsche Akademie (German Academy)- 28 

80. Pressechef der Reichsregierung (Press Chief of the Reich Govern¬ 

ment)-*--- 29 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

81. Reichsrundfunkgesellschaft m.b.H. (Reich Radio Corporation 

with restricted liability)- 29 


AGO 501B 


VII 


























N. Nazi Coordination of Professional Personnel and Activities 

Complete Abolition 

Page 

82. Reichskulturkammer (Reich Chamber of Culture)_ 29 

83. Reichsverband der Deutschen Presse (Reich Association of the 

German Press)_ 30 

84. Filmkontingentstellen (Boards for the Control of Film Staffs)_ 30 

85. Reichsmusikprtifstelle (Reich Board of Censorship for Music)_ 30 

86 . Reichsstelle fur Musikbearbeitung (Reich Office for the Adapta¬ 

tion of Music)_ 30 

87. Deutsche Kongresszentrale (Center of German Congresses)_ 30 

88 . Reichsarztekammer (Reich Chamber for the Medical Profession) _ 30 

89. Deutscher Aerztegerichtshof (Disciplinary Court for the Medical 

Profession)_ 30 

90. Reichstierarztekammer (Reich Chamber for the Veterinary Pro¬ 

fession)_____ 30 

91. Deutscher Tierarztegerichtshof (German Disciplinary Court for 

the Veterinary Profession)_ 30 

92. Reichsapothekerkammer (Reich Chamber for Apothecaries)_ 30 

93. Apothekergerichtshof (Disciplinary Court for Apothecaries)_ 30 

94. Reichsnotarkammer (Reich Chamber of Notaries)_ 31 

95. Reichsrechtsanwaltskammer (Reich Chamber of Attorneys-at- 

Law)__ 31 

96. Patentanwaltskammer (Chamber of Patent Attorneys)_ 31 

Elimination with Transfer of Useful Functions 

97. Filmprufstellen (Boards of Film Censorship)____ 81 

O. Racial Ideology and Imperialism 

Complete Abolition 

98. Division VI of the Reich Ministry of the Interior_ 81 

99. Auslandspolitische und Kolonialabteilung (Department of Foreign 

Policy and Colonies)_ 31 

100. Department VIII of the Reich Ministry for Food and Agricul¬ 

ture: Landliche Besiedlung der neuerworbenen Gebiete, Neu- 
bildung deutschen Bauerntums im Altreich (Rural Resettle¬ 
ment of the newly acquired territories, General Development 
of the Farming Class in the Reich proper)_ 81 

101. Reichssippenamt (Reich Genealogical Office)_ 32 

102. Reichskommissar fur die Festigung des deutschen Volkstums 

(Reich Commissar for the Strengthening of German “Folk- 
dom”)_ 32 

103. Reichstelle fiir Umsiedlung (Reich Board of Resettlement)_ 82 

P. Art and Science 

Complete Abolition 

104. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Associa¬ 

tion)---- 82 

105. Reichsinstitut fur Geschichte des neuen Deutschland (Reich In¬ 

stitute for the History of the New Germany)_ 33 

106. Reichsstelle fiir das Volksbiichereiwesen (Reich Office for Popu¬ 

lar Libraries)___ 33 


VIII 


AGO 501B 
























Q. Education and Sport, Training of Youth 


Complete Abolition 

107. Division VIII of the Reich Ministry of the Interior—Sport_ 

108. Amt fur Korperliche Erziehung (Division for Physical Education) 

—K and Abteilung Landjahr (Division for the Enforced Farm 
Service)—L_* _ 

109. Reichssportamt (Reich Sports Office)______ 

110. Reichsakademie fur Leibesubungen (Reich Academy for Phys¬ 

ical Exercises)_.. __ 

111. Jugendfuhrer des Deutschen Reichs (Reich Youth-Leader)__ 

112. Reichsarbeitsfiihrer des Arbeitsdienstes (Reich Leader of the La¬ 

bor Service)___ 

113. Deutsche Hochschule fur Politik (German College for Politics) __ 

114. Reichsanstalt fiir Film und Bild in Wissenschaft und Unter- 

richt (Reich Institute for Films and Pictures in Science and 
Education)_ 


Page 

33 


33 

33 

33 

34 


34 

34 

34 


R. Church 


Complete Abolition 


115. Reichsministerium fur die kirchlichen Angelegenheiten (Reich 

Ministry for Church Affairs)- 

116. Beschlussstelle in Rechtsangelegenheiten der Evangelischen 

Kirch (Board for the Decision of Legal Affairs affecting the 
Protestant Church)- 


34 

35 


III. AGENCIES TO BE SUSPENDED 

117. Prasidialkanzlei (Presidential Chancellery)... 

118. Reichskanzlei (Reich Chancellery). 

APPENDIX 

This Guide should be read in conjunction with the following CAD Guides: 








1 cad Guide: German Principles of Administration and Civil Service in Ger¬ 
many; 

2. CAD Guide: The Adaptation of Administration on the Regional Level; 

3. CAD Guide: The Adaptation of Administration on the Local Level; 

4. CAD Guide: Territorial Units to be Used by M. G.; 

5. CAD Guide: Police and Public Safety in Germany; 

6. CAD Guide: Elimination of Fundamental Nazi Political Laws; 

7 CAD Guide: Property of the Nazi Party, Its Affiliates, Members, and Sup¬ 


porters ; 

8. CAD Guide: Foreign Property in Germany; 

S. CAD Guide: Preservation and Use of Key Records; 

0. CAD Guide: Organization of Labor Supply in Germany; 

1 q A d Guide: German Labor Relations and Military Government; 

2. CAD Guide: Unemployment Compensation in Germany; 

.3. CAD Guide: Repatriation and Care of Foreign Civilian Workers; 

4 CAD Guide: Price and Rent Controls in Germany; 

5 * CAD Guide: Food Administration During the Period of Occupation; 

L6. CAD Guide: Agricultural Holdings and the Law of Hereditary Estates, 

7 CAD Guide: Housing and Building Materials in Germany, 

8. CAD Guide: The Administration of German Roads and Motor Transport; 


IX 


AGO 501B 622802°—45-2 












19. CAD Guide: The Administration of German Inland Waterways and Electric 

Power Systems in Germany; 

20. CAD Guide: The German Merchant Marine; 

21. CAD Guide: Electric Power Systems in Germany; 

22. CAD Guide: Courts and Judicial Administration in Germany; 

23. CAD Guide: Administration of Criminal Justice under Military Govern¬ 

ment ; 

24. CAD Guide: Adaptation of German Propaganda Controls; 

25. CAD Guide: Legal and Administrative Aspects of the Protection of Monu¬ 

ments in Germany; 

26. CAD Guide: German Higher Education and Adult Education, Appendix: 

Cultural Institutions; 

27. CAD Guide: The Problem of German Youth under Military Government; 

28. CAD Guide: The Protestant and Catholic Churches in Germany. 



X 


AGO 501B 



I. BASIS OF SELECTION 

The following Guide contains a selected list of public agencies now 
operating in Germany, which should be eliminated by the United 
Nations as soon as possible after military government has been estab¬ 
lished. The basis of selection is as follows: 

1. General criteria 

a. Incompatibility with the objectives of the United Nations; 

b. Menace, actual or potential, to the security or efficiency of mili¬ 
tary government. 

2. Specific criteria 

a. The propaganda, teaching, and practical application of the Nazi 
ideology; 

b . Direct support of the war effort. Although in total warfare 
every public agency aids the prosecution of the war, certain agencies, 
such as those in charge of armaments, the draft, and the military 
domination of conquered nations, owe their existence to the war; 

c. The use of terror as an instrument for enforcing the will of the 
Nazi Party and government upon the German people or upon the 
people of other countries; 

d. The concentration of public power in the hands of individuals 
who hold positions of such a nature as to embody and symbolize the 
Nazi viewpoint, and to make democracy impossible. 

It may be noted that these categories are not mutually exclusive; 
any one agency (such as the Reich Youth Leader) may fall within 
several or even all of them. The list is restricted to agencies in Ger¬ 
many proper and omits the large organization set up for the admin¬ 
istration of occupied territories. Exceptions from this rule are made 
occasionally for the sake of completeness, as far as agencies located in 
Germany are concerned. 

It should be made clear that the list is concerned only with public, 
i. e., governmental authorities, including those units and institutions 
which have the status of public corporations and are officially under the 
jurisdiction or supervision of a public agency, such as the Reichammd- 
funkgesellschaft m. b. H. (Reich Radio Corporation) and the Deutsche 
Lufthansa A. G. (German Air Line)—below Nos. 81 and 46. The 
corporate status of such organizations is purely formal, and they should 
be treated by military government like any other governmental agency. 


AGO 501 B 


1 



The Guide does not cover military agencies and formations, Party 
organizations, or the so-called “estates” ( Stands) unless the latter 
have been made a part of public administration—as was the case with 
the Reich Food Estate. 

The agencies listed in the Guide are divided into: (a) those which 
should be abolished; (b) those which should be eliminated, while cer¬ 
tain of their functions are considered as useful and should either be 
taken over by MG directly or transferred to the remaining German 
agencies; 1 and (c) those which should be suspended. 

The first category comprises agencies which have fulfilled the exclu¬ 
sive purpose of furthering Nazi political aims. An example is the 
Erbgesimdheitsgerichte (‘‘Sound Heredity” Courts),—No. 58 below,— 
the function of which was the determination of compulsory steriliza¬ 
tions. This category is introduced by the title: Complete Abolition . 

The second category would include, for example, certain agencies 
which directed or controlled the German war economy. Such agencies, 
while they should be eliminated as entities and their personnel effec¬ 
tively purged, fulfilled some functions which will have to be continued 
under MG. An example is the Beauftragte fur den Vierjahresplan 
(Delegate for the Four Years’ Plan)—No. 26 below. His functions 
of economic direction of the war would no longer exist, but some of the 
activities integrated into his vast organization will prove valuable for 
economic control by MG. This is especially true of the Reich Com¬ 
missioner for Price Control. This category of agencies is introduced 
by the title Elimination with Transfer of Useful Functions . 

The third category includes agencies to be suspended, but not elimi¬ 
nated, since they have roots in pre-Nazi traditions, and may be subject 
to revival when some form of sovereignty is restored to Germany. An 
example is the Prasidialkanzlei (Presidential Chancellery)—below 
No. 117. Such suspensions may be of considerable duration and in 
some cases may last as long as the occupation. They should not be 
confused with short-term suspensions during the early days or weeks 
of occupation, as suggested, for example, with regard to cultural insti¬ 
tutions (see CAD Guide: German Higher Education and Adult Edu¬ 
cation , Appendix: Cultural Institutions in Germany ). 

As far as the Ausioiirtige Amt (Foreign Office) is concerned, how¬ 
ever, no classification or recommendation is given, since the policy in 
regard to this institution has not yet been established. But this omis¬ 
sion should not be construed as an indication that the German Foreign 
Office is to be continued under Military Government. 

In order to facilitate the practical use of the Guide, the list has been 
organized according to subject-matters or fields of activities. The 
classification will undoubtedly overlap, since many agencies are con¬ 
cerned with various activities. The preponderance of function was 


1 Groups (a) and (b) are treated together in Part II. 

2 


AGO 501B 



the determinant for the classification, while cross-reference has beeii 
made to agencies grouped under another subject-matter, but also 
having some part in the activity in question. 

The information which this Guide provides on the objectives of the 
listed agencies, and the suggestions concerning the transfer of their 
functions, should be supplemented by the study of the specific CAD 
Guides dealing with the respective fields. In each case where such 
Guides have made recommendations on eliminations of Nazi public 
agencies, reference has been made to them in the list. 

Since this Guide is purely institutional, the question of personnel is 
not covered. Regardless of the treatment accorded to the particular 
agency, a thorough purge of Nazi personnel is necessary; and the 
fact that an agency does not appear in the list at all, while indicat¬ 
ing that it may be retained as an entity, should not be construed to 
mean that such a purge could be omitted. This subject is discussed, 
and specific recommendations are made, in the CAD Guides on the 
elimination of Nazis. 

In the case of all agencies, the Allied authorities should take custody 
of files and records. 1 

Under the direction of Military Government and the various func¬ 
tional divisions, there will probably be central German administrative 
organizations corresponding to the Reich Ministries. For the purpose 
of this Guide, these organizations are referred to not as Ministries 
but as Central Offices, a term which bears no connotation of sovereignty. 

II. AGENCIES AND UNITS TO BE ELIMINATED 

A. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION 

Complete Abolition 

1. Der Fiihrer (The Leader) 

The elimination of Hitler’s position of chief executive (formerly 
Reich President) and Chief of the Reich Government (formerly 
Reich Chancellor) will be the natural consequence of the defeat of 
Germany and the transfer of control to Military Government. 

2. GenerafbevoUmachtigter fur die Reichsverwaitung (Deputy General 

for the Administration of the Reich) 

This office is connected with the creation of the Ministerial Council 
for the Defense of the Reich (see No. 19) and serves the purpose of 
concentrating all powers of general administration in the hands of the 
Reich Minister of the Interior, formerly Frick—now Himmler. 

3. Reichsstatthcdter (Reich Governors) 

These agencies are Nazi instruments for coordinating the political 
life of the States with policies and methods of the Reich Government. 

1 See Civil Affairs Guide: Preservation and TJse of Key Records in Germany. 

3 

AGO 501B 



As a rule, the Gauleiter were appointed to the office of the Reich Gov¬ 
ernor, thus combining the two offices. The office of Reich Governor is, 
therefore, closely identified with the Nazi Party. See the CAD Guide: 
Adaptation of Administration on the Regional Level . 

List of the Reich Governors with the exclusion of Austria: 


(1) Prussia_Berlin 

(2) Bavaria_Munich 

(3) Saxony_Dresden 

(4) Wiirttemberg___Stuttgart 

(5) Baden_Karlsruhe 

(6) Thuringia_Weimar 

(7) Hamburg_Hamburg 

(8) Hesse_ Darmstadt 

(9) Mecklenburg_Schwerin 

(10) Brunswick and Anhalt_Dessau 

(11) Oldenburg and Bremen_Oldenburg 

(12) Lippe and Schaumburg-Lippe_Detmold 

(13) Wartheland_Posen 

(14) Danzig-West Prussia_Danzig 

(15) Westmark_ Saarbriicken 


4. Preussischer staatsrat (Prussian Council of State) 

This Council, formally in charge of advising the Prussian Govern¬ 
ment, consists of the Prime Minister (Goering), as Chairman, the 
State Secretaries, and other members appointed by the Prime Minis¬ 
ter. Established in 1933, it has had no real functions except to provide 
trusted Nazis and important personalities of public life with well-paid 
offices. Its disappearance will be a logical consequence of the break¬ 
down of the system. 

5. Der Gemeinderat in der Gemeindeverwalfung (The Municipal Coun¬ 

cil in the Municipal Administration) 

The Municipal Council was introduced by the German Municipal 
Code of 1935. It is a stronghold of the Party in municipal govern¬ 
ment and, following the principle of “leadership,” has merely advisory 
powers. For a discussion of the organization of local government, 
see Civil Affairs Guide: Adaptation of the Administration on Local 
Level . 

6. Beauftragter der Pcsrtei in der Gemeindeverwaltung (Party Delegate 

in the Municipal Administration) 

According to the German Municipal Code, the office of the Party 
Delegate has been introduced into the administration of all German 
municipalities, whether cities or rural communities. He exercises 
important functions, particularly in connection with the appointment 
of the Mayor and the Associates (Beigeordnete) . With the dissolu- 


4 


AGO 501B 

















tion of Party this office will disappear automatically. See the 
CAD Guide mentioned in No. 5 above. 

7. Deutscher Gemeindetag (German Municipal Diet) 

Established in 1933, the Municipal Diet became a public corporation 

under the Municipal Code of 1935. It is supposed to be the represen¬ 
tation of the interests of municipalities, but is actually a strictly 
“coordinated” and Party-supervised organization with purely advi¬ 
sory functions. It is thoroughly Nazified. Its abolition does not 
prejudice the functioning of future representative organizations when 
municipal self-government is reestablished. 

B. POLICE 

Complete Abolition 

8. Reichsfuhrer SS und Chef der Deufschen Polizei (Reich Leader SS 

and Chief of the German Police) 

Police administration, formerly left to the several States, has been 
centralized in the powerful office of the Reich Leader SS of the German 
Police. This office is still formally under the jurisdiction of the 
Reich Ministry of the Interior. Its incumbent, Himmler, was, how¬ 
ever, actually independent even when Frick was Minister. Since 
Himmler succeeded Frick, he has combined in his hands both powers. 

The most dangerous aspect of the amalgamation of the Police with 
the SS has been the combination of the Security Police with the Se¬ 
curity Service of the SS. The two organizations have been the most 
effective instruments of Nazi terror, exercised against the populations 
of Germany and of the occupied countries. Their offices have been 
in charge of political policing, political arrests, concentration camps, 
and the extermination of whole groups of people. The regular police, 
in the higher positions, is also closelv linked with the SS. 

These considerations lead to the suggestion to abolish all higher 
police authorities (Nos. 9-11) above the level of the higher police 
authorities—in Prussia, the District Presidents (see the CAD Guide: 
Police and Public Safety in Germany ). 

9. Chef der Ordnungspoiizei (Chief of the Regular Police) 

10. Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des Sicherheitsdiensts (Chief of 

the Security Police and of the Security Service) 

11. Hohere SS und Polizeifuhrer sowie Inspekteure und Befehlshaber 

der Ordnungspoiizei und der Sicherheitspolizei und des Sicher¬ 
heitsdiensts (Higher SS and Police Leaders, Inspectors, and 
Commanders of the Regular Police, of the Security Police, and 
of the Security Service) 


AGO 501B 


5 


a. Der Hohere SS und P olizeifuhrer (Higher SS and Police 
Leader) with the Provincial Governor in East Prussia, in the 
Army Corps Area I— 

(1) Der Befehlshaber der Ordnungspolizei (The Commander 
of the Regular Police) 

(2) Der Inspehteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1 
(The Inspector of the Security Police and of the Security 
Service) 

b. Der Holiere SS und Polizeifuhrer with the Provincial Governor 
in Pomerania, the Reich Governor in Mecklenburg, and the 
Provincial Governor in Brandenburg, in the Army Corps Area 
II— 

(1) Der Inspehteur der Ordmmgspolizei (The Inspector of 
the Regular Police) 

(2) Der Inspehteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 

c. Der Hohere SS und Polizeifuhrer of the Reich Capital Berlin, 
and the Provincial Governor in Brandenburg with Army Corps 
Area III— 

(1) Der Inspehteur der Ordmmgspolizei , Brandenburg (ausser 
Berlin) 

(2) Der Inspehteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 

d. Der Hohere SS und Polizeifuhrer with the Reich Governors and 
Provincial Governors at Saxony, the Province of Saxony, Silesia, and 
Thuringia, in Army Corps Area IV— 

(1) Der Inspehteur der Ordnungspolizei 

(2) Der Inspehteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 

e. Der Hohere SS und Polizeifuhrer with the Reich Governors at 
Wiirttemberg and Baden and the Chief of the Civil Administration 
in Alsace in Army Corps Area V— 

(1) Der Befehlshaber der Ordnungspolizei 

(2) Der Inspehteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD , zug- 
leich Befehlshaber der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD im 
Elsass (The Inspector of the Security Police and the Se¬ 
curity Service, conjointly with the Commanders of the 
Security Police and the Security Service of Alsace). 

/. Der Hohere SS und Polizeifuhrer with the Provincial Governor 
in Westphalia, Hanover, the Rhine Province and with the Reich Gov¬ 
ernor at Lippe and Schaumburg-Lippe in Army Corps Area VI— 

(1) Der Befehlshaber der Ordmmgspolizei 

(2) Der Inspehteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 

g . Der Hohere SS und Polizeifuhrer with the Bavarian State Min¬ 
ister of the Interior in Army Corps Area VI— 

(1) Der Inspehtewr der Ordnungspolizei 

(2) Der Inspehteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 

1 SD=Sicherheitsdienst. 


6 


AGO 501B 



h. Der Hohere SS und Polizeifuhrer with the Provincial Governor 
at Lower and Upper Silesia in Army Corps Area VIII— 

(1) Der InspeJcteur der 0rdnungspolizei 

(2) Der InspeJcteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 

i. Der Hohere SS und Polizeifuhrer with the Reich Governor and 
Provincial Governor of the Province Hesse-Nassau, at Hanover, at 
Hesse, the Province Saxony, at Thuringia and at Westphalia and with 
the Bavarian State Minister of the Interior in Army Corps Area IX— 

(1) Der InspeJcteur der O rdnungspolizei 

(2) Der InspeJcteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 

j. Der Hohere SS und Polizeifuhrer with the Reich Governor and 
Provincial Governor at Hamburg, at Oldenburg and at Bremen, at 
Hanover and at Schleswig-Holstein in Army Corps Area X— 

(1) Der BefehlsJuiber der Ordnungspolizei 

(2) Der InspeJcteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 

Jc. Der Hohere SS und Polizeif uhrer in Hanover, at Brunswick and 
Anhalt, at Lippe and Schamburg-Lipp and in the Province Saxony 
in Army Corps Area XI— 

(1) Der InspeJcteur der Ordnungspolizei 

(2) Der InspeJcteur der Sicherheitspolizei imd des SD 

l. Der Hohere SS und Polizeifiihrer with the Reich Governor and 
Provincial Governor of the Rhine Province, at Hesse the Province 
Hesse-Nassau and at Baden in Army Corps Area XII— 

(1) Der Befehlshaber der Ordnungspolizei 

(2) Der InspeJcteur der SicherJieitspolizei und des SD 

m. Der Hohere SS und Polizeifiihrer with the Bavarian State 
Minister of the Interior and with the Reich Governor of Baden, at 
Thuringia and at Wurttemberg in Army Corps Area XIII— 

(1) Der InspeJcteur der Ordnungspolizei 

(2) Der InspeJcteur der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 

n. Der Hohere SS und Polizeifiihrer with the Reich Governor at 
Westmark— 

(1) Der Befehlshaber der Ordnungspolizei 

(2) Der Befehlshaber der Sicherheitspolizei wnd des SD 

12. Dienststellen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD ((Offices of the 

Security Police and of the Security Service) with the exception 

of the Kriminolpolizeisfellen [Criminal Police Offices]) 

All subordinate offices of the Security Police and of the Security 
Service are to be dissolved with the exception of the Criminal Police 
(see the CAD Guide mentioned in No. 8) : 


AGO 501B 622802*—45-3 


7 


Inspekteurbereiche 

Staatspolizei 

Stellen 

SD 

Leit 

der Sicherheitspolizei 

(State Police 

Abschnitte 

und des SD 

Office) 

(Leader Sections ) 

(1) Konigsberg__ 

— 3 

2 

(2) Stettin_ 

_4 

2 

(3) Berlin_ 

_3 

1 

(4) Dresden_ 

__ 4 

3 

(5) Stuttgart - _ 

__ __ 2 

1 

(6) Diisseldorf 

- 4 

3 

(7) Munich_ 

_ 1 

1 

(8) Breslau _ 

_4 

2 

(9) Kassel_ . 

__3 

3 

(10) Hamburg __ _ . 

3 

3 

(11) Braunschweig- . 

_ _ 2 

1 

(12) Wiensbaden __ . 

_ _ 3 

1 

(13) Nurnberg_ 

__ 3 

2 


13. Kommandeure der Schufzpolizei (Commanders of the Protective 

Police) attached to the higher police authorities (District Gov¬ 
ernments in Prussia) 

14. Kommcsndeure der Gendarmerie (Commanders of the Rural 

Police) attached to the higher police authorities (District Gov¬ 
ernments in Prussia and the corresponding authorities in other 
states). See CAD Guide: Police and Public Safety in Germany. 

15. Gendarmeriehauptmannschaffen (Captaincies of the Rural 

Police)—Nos. 13-15: 

These higher offices are Nazified and unnecessary (CAD Guide: 
Police and Public Safety in Germany ). 

Elimination with Transfer of Useful Functions 

16. Fiihrerschule der Sicherheifspoiizei (Leader School of the Security 

Police)—subordinated to the administration of the Security 
Police and of the Security Service 

17. Grenzpoiizeischule (Frontier Police School) 

The two schools serve the training of ruthless policemen and SS men. 
Their organization and spirit are so thoroughly Nazified that elimina¬ 
tion is preferable to reorganization. Their equipment may, however, 
be used for new police schools which will have to be created. 

18. Reichsamt Teehnische Nofhilfe 1 (Reich Agency for Technical 

Emergencies) 

Originating from a voluntary private organization, this agency was 
established in 1939 as a Reich authority for keeping essential services 

1 On details about other groups of auxiliary police, see the above-mentioned 
CAD Guide: Police and Public Safety in Germany, which recommends that all 
railway police be immediately suspended as a potential body of saboteurs. 

8 


AGO 501B 
















of public utilities operating in case of a strike or other emergency. 
As it is placed under the Inspector of the Order Police and permeated 
with SS spirit, elimination appears desirable (CAD Guides: German 
Principles of Administration and Civil Service in Germany , Property 
of the Nazi Party , and Electric Power Systems of Germany) while 
its equipment could be taken over by Military Government for similar 
purposes. 

C. WAR EFFORT IN GENERAL 

Complete Abolition 

19. Minister-rat fur die Reichsverteidigung (Ministerial Council for the 

Defense of the Reich) 

This office, which was created by an edict of Hitler (August 30, 
1939) for the duration of the present war, constitutes the actual War 
Cabinet, with far-reaching legislative powers. 

20. Reichsverteidigungskommissars (Reich Defense Commissars) 
These are the regional agents of the Council, with the function of 

coordinating the defense of the Reich. The office of the Commissars 
is held by the several Gauleiter. The elimination of these war agencies 
is the logical consequence of the disappearance of the Council. 

List of the Reich Defense Commissars: 


Wirtschaftsbezirk Reichsverteidi- 
gungsbeHrk (Economic District, 
Reich Defense District) 

(1) East Prussia 

(2) Upper Silesia 

(3) Lower Silesia 


Land, Reichsgau, Provinz (State 
Reichsgau, Province) 

East Prussia 
Upper Silesia 
Lower Silesia 


Behdrde des Reichsverteidigungskom- 

missars (Authority of the Reich De¬ 
fense Commissar) 

Provincial President at Ko- 
nigsberg 

Provincial President at Kat- 
towitz 

Provincial President at Bres¬ 
lau 


Wirtschaftsbezirk Reichsverteidi- 
gungsbezirk 

(4) Mark Brandenburg 

(5) Berlin 

(6) Pomerania 

(7) Mecklenburg 


(8) Schleswig-Holstein 

(9) Hamburg 

(10) Weser-Ems 


Land, Reichsgau, Provinz 
Mark Brandenburg 

Berlin 

Pomerania 

Mecklenburg 

Schleswig-Holstein 

Hamburg 

Bremen, Oldenburg 

Government Districts 
Aurich and Osnabruck 


Behdrde des Reichsverteidigungskom 
missars 

Provincial President at Ber¬ 
lin 

City President at Berlin 
Provincial President at Stet¬ 
tin 

Reich Governor at Mecklen¬ 
burg, Schwerin (Mecklen¬ 
burg) 

Provincial President at Kiel 
Reich Governor (State Ad¬ 
ministration) at Hamburg 
Reich Governor at Olden¬ 
burg and Bremen 
Official Office, Bremen 


AGO 501B 


9 


Wirtschaftsbe zirk Reichsvert eidi - 
gungsbezirk 

(11) Hanover 


(a) Reich Defense 
District East Han¬ 
over 

(b) Reich District 
South Hanover- 
Brunswick 


(12) Mittelelbe 


(a) Reich Defense 
District Magde- 
burg-Anhalt 

(b) Reich Defense 
District Iialle- 
Merseburg 

(13) Saxony 


(14) Thuringia 


(15) Kurhessen 


(16) Westphalia 


(a) Reich Defense 
District Westphal¬ 
ia-North 


(b) Reich Defense 
District Westphalia- 
South 


Land, Reichsgau, Provinz 

Hanover (without Rural 
County Grafschaft 
Schaumburg and with¬ 
out the Government 
Districts Aurich and 
Osnabriick) 

Brunswick 

Government Districts 
Stade and Liineburg 

Government District 
Hanover (without the 
Rural County Graf¬ 
schaft Schaumburg) 

Government Districts 
Hildesheim and Bruns¬ 
wick 

Province Saxony (with¬ 
out the Reich District 
Erfurt) 

Anhalt 

Government District 
Magdeburg-Anhalt 

Government District 
Merseburg 

State Saxony 


Thuringia 

Government District 
Erfurt 

Rural County Herr- 
schaft Schmalkalden 

Government District 
Kassel (without City 
and Rural County 
Hanau, as well as 
without the Rural 
Counties Gelnhausen, 
Schluchtern, and Herr- 
schaft Schmalkalden) 
Westphalia 
Lippe 

Schaumburg-Lippe 
Rural County Grafschaft 
Schaumburg 
Government District 
Munster 

Government District 
Minden 
Lippe 

Schaumburg-Lippe 
Rural District Graf¬ 
schaft Schaumburg 
Government District 
Arnsberg 


Behorde des Reichsverteidigungskom- 
missars 

Provincial Governor at Han¬ 
over 


District President at Lllne- 
burg 

Provincial President at Han¬ 
over 


Provincial President at 
Magdeburg 

District President at Merse¬ 
burg 

Reich Governor (Govern¬ 
ment of the State) at 
Dresden 

Reich Governor, State 
Secretary, and Leader 
of the Thuringian Minis¬ 
try of the Interior and 
Reich Governor at Wei¬ 
mar 

Provincial President at 
Kassel 


Provincial President at 
Munster 


District President at Arns¬ 
berg 


10 


AGO 501B 


Wirtschajtsbe zirk Peichsverteidi- 

gungsbezirk 

(17) Lower Rhine 

(a) Reich Defense 
District Essen 


(b) Reich Defense 
District Diisseldorf 


(18) Cologne-Aachen 

(19) Mosselland 

(20) Westmark 

(21) Rhein-Main 


(22) Baden 

(23) Wiirttemberg 

(24) North Bavaria 


(a) Reich Defense 
District Main- 
franken 

(b) Reich Defense 
District Franken 


(c) Reich Defense 
District Bayreuth 


(25) South Bavaria 


(a) Reich Defense 
District Munich- 
Upper Bavaria 

(b) Reich Defense 
District 

Swabia 


Land, Peichsgau, Provinz 

Government District 
Diisseldorf 

Government District 
Diisseldorf, as far as 
situated in the Party 
Gau Essen 

Government District 
Diisseldorf, as far as 
situated in the Party 
Gau Diisseldorf 
Government Districts 
Cologne and Aachen 
Government Districts 
Koblenz and Trier 
Westmark 

State Plesse Govern¬ 
ment District Weis- 
baden 

City County Hanau 
Rural Counties Hanau, 
Gelnliausen, and Sch- 
liichtern 
Baden 

Wiirttemberg Hohenzol- 
lern Lands 

Government Districts 
Mainfranken, Ober- 
franken, Mittelfrank- 
en, Lower Bavaria, 
and the Upper Pala¬ 
tinate 

Government District 
Mainfranken 

Government Districts 
Oberfranken, Mittel- 
franken, as far as situ¬ 
ated in the Party Gau 
Franken 

Government Districts 
Oberfranken and Mit- 
telfranken, as far as 
situated in the Party 
Gau Bayreuth 
Government Districts 
Lower Bavaria and 
Upper Palatinate 
Government Districts 
Upper Bavaria and 
Swabia 

Government District 
Upper Bavaria with¬ 
out the Rural County 
Friedberg 

Government District 
Swabia 

Rural County Fried¬ 
berg 


Behdrde des Reichsverteidigungskom- 
missars 


District President at Diis- 
seldorf 


District President at Dtis- 

seldorf 


District President at Co¬ 
logne 

District President at Kob¬ 
lenz 

Reich Governor at Saar- 
briicken 

District President at Wies¬ 
baden 


Baden, Minister of the In¬ 
terior at Karlsruhe 
Wiirttemberg, Minister of 
the Interior Stuttgart 


District President at Wurz¬ 
burg 

District President at Ans- 
bach 


District President at Regens¬ 
burg 


Bavarian Minister of the 
Interior at Munich 


District President at Augs¬ 
burg 


f 


AGO 501B 


11 


21. Generalbevollmdchtagter fur der Kriegseinsatz (Deputy General 

for Total War) 

This war agency is the most recent Nazi creation. It is held by 
Goebbels, who was appointed after the reported attempted assassina¬ 
tion of Hitler on duly 20, 1944. The Deputy has supreme command 
over manpower and armament, which places Goebbels over Sauckel 
(see No. 26, b, 6) and Speer (No. 28). 

22. Division IR of the Reich Ministry of the Interior: ZtviSe Reichsverteidi- 

gung und Besetzte Gebiete (Civil Defense and Occuied Areas) 
including IRW: Wehrrecht und Wehrpolitik [Military Law and 
Policy] 

23. Department IX of the Reich Ministry for Food and Agriculture, so 

far as it is concerned with Aufrustung des Dorfes (Rearmament 
of the Village) 

D. OVER-ALL ECONOMIC WARFARE AND PLANNING 
Complete Abolition 

24. GeneraSbevollmdchtigter fur die Wirtschaft (Deputy General for 

Economy) 

As with the Deputy General for the Reich Administration (No. 2), 
this office is connected with the creation of the Ministerial Council for 
the Defense of the Reich and becomes meaningless with the disappear¬ 
ance of the Council. 

25. Reichsstelfe fur Raumordnung (Reich Office for Land Planning) 
This office was established in 1935 for the regulation of land needed 

for public purposes. It has been charged with making plans and ar¬ 
rangements for the best use of all German territory. The top Reich 
administrative agencies must inform it as to their needs for land and 
plans for the establishment of buildings. The Director of this office 
is assisted by a planning association, the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung 
der Reichsplanung und Raumordnung (popularly called Gezuvor ), 
which operates through 32 Landesplanungs gemeinschaften (Regional 
planning communities) and 33 Planungsbehorden (Planning offices). 
The establishment of this office reflects the expansion of German ad¬ 
ministrative agencies for the purposes of totalitarian government. In 
view of the association of this office with territorial planning for occu¬ 
pied territories, it is recommended that it be abolished without transfer 
of functions. 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

26. Beauftragter fur der Vierjahresplan (Delegate for the Four Years’ 

Plan) 

The Office of the Delegate for the Four Years’ Plan was charged 
originally with the task of making Germany independent of imports 


12 


AGO 501B 


of foreign raw materials by “ersatz” production. After the outbreak 
of the war the offices established under the Four Years’ Plan were 
adapted to the existing war needs. At times they were in control of 
the whole economic machinery. In certain fields they were, however, 
superseded by the Reich Ministry of Armament and War Production. 
While the Office of the Four Years’ Plan as one of the outstanding 
Nazi war agencies should be eliminated, some of its functions will 
necessarily have to be continued—at least for the first period of 
occupation. (See CAD Guide: Genmian Principles of Administration , 
etc.) 

List of the offices of the Delegate for the Four Years’ Plan— 

a. Geschdftsgruppen (Sections)— 

(1) Reichskommissar fur die Preisbildung (Reich Commis¬ 
sioner for Price Control) 

(2) Geschaftsgruppe Emdhrwng (Section for Food) 

(3) Geschaftsgruppe Devisen (Section for Foreign Exchange) 

(4) Geschaftsgruppe Forsten (Section for Forestry) 

b. Generalbevollmdchtigte (Commissioners General)— 

(1) Generalbevollmdchtigter fur die Regelung der Bamoirt- 
schaft (Commissioner General for the Regulation of the 
Building Economy) 

(2) Generalbevollmdchtigter fur Sonderfragen der chemischen 
Erzeugung (Commissioner General for Special Questions 
on Chemical Production) 

(3) Generalbevollmdchtigter fur technische Nachrichtenmittel 
(Commissioner General for the Technique of Communica¬ 
tion) 

(4) Generalbevollmdchtigter fur Rustungsaufgaben (Com¬ 
missioner General for Armaments Tasks) 

(5) Generalbevollmdchtigter fiir Rustungsaufgaben , Zentral- 
stelle fur Generatoren (Commissioner General for Arma¬ 
ments Tasks, Central Office for Generators) 

(6) Generalbevollmdchtigter fur den Arbeitseinsatz (Commis¬ 
sioner General for the Allocation of Labor) 

c. Bevollmachtigte , Sonderbeauftragte u. s. w . (Commissioners, Spe¬ 
cial Deputies, Etc.) — 

(1) Bevolbndchtigter fiir das Kraftwesen (Commissioner for 
Motor Transportation) 

(2) Beauftragter fiir die Forderung der Erdolgewinnung 
(Commissioner for the Promotion of Petroleum Produc¬ 
tion) 

(3) Korpsfuhrer des NSKK (Leader of the National Socialist 
Motor Corps) 

(4) Beauftragter fiir den motorisierten Transport der Kriegs - 
wirtschaft (Commissioner for Motor Transport in the War 
Economy) 


AGO 501B 


13 



(5) Beauftragter fur Schrott- und Altmetallerfassung gesam- 
ten besetzten Gebieten (Commissioner for the Collection of 
Used Metals in All the Occupied Areas) 

(6) Sonderbeauftragter fur den Transport der Kohle (Special 
Commissioner for the Transportation of Coal) 

d. Other agencies — 

(1) Haupttreuhandstelle Ost (Main Trustee for the East) 

(2) Statistischer Zentralausschuss (Central Committee for 
Statistics) 

The following suggestions concerning the transfer of functions are 
made: 

The activities of the Reich Commissioner of Price Control may be 
transferred to the Central Office for Economics (see CAD Guide: 
German Principles of Administration and Civil Service in Germany) 
unless MG decides to have the Office of Price Commissioner continued 
and be made directly responsible to the occupation authorities, as 
suggested in the CAD Guide: Price and Rental Control in Germany, 
The useful functions of the sections “Food” and “Forestry” could be 
taken over by the Central Office of Food and Agriculture and those 
of section “Foreign Exchange” by the Central Office of Finance (see 
CAD Guide: German Pnnciples of Administration and Civil Service 
in Germany ). 

As far as the other Commissioners in the Four Years’ Plan are con¬ 
cerned, the Commissioner General for the Allocation of Labor and 
his administrative head, the Inspector General for Labor Supply 
(see CAD Guide: Organization of Labor Supply) , could be replaced 
so far as necessary by the Central Office of Labor (see CAD Guide: 
German Labor Relations and Military Government) ; while useful 
functions concerning transportation (b, 1, 4, and 6) should be trans¬ 
ferred to the Central Office of Transportation. (For the Commissioner 
General for the Regulation of the Building Economy, see No. 35.) 

27. Zenfmle Plcmung (Central Planning Office) 

This office, under the direction of Goering as Delegate for the Four 
Years’ Plan, has served to adapt war production to changing circum¬ 
stances. Useful functions of this office should be transferred to the 
Central Office of Economics, or to a Central Economic Control Board 
of the Military Government. 

28. Reichsmmssferium fur Rustung unci Kreigsproduktion (Reich Min¬ 

istry for Armaments and War Production) 

This Ministry, originally concerned with armament production, was 
reorganized in 1943 in order to concentrate and unify the control 
and organization of the whole war economy for the purpose of exploit¬ 
ing the full economic strength of the German people. 


14 


AGO 501B 


Organization of the Ministry and of Its Subordinate Units 1 

A. NATIONAL LEVEL 

1. Bureaucratic organization 

a. Zentralamt (Central Office) 

b. Riistungsamt (Armament Office) 

c. Amt Wirtschaft und Finanzen (Office for Economic and Finan¬ 
cial Matters) 

d. Produktionsabteilungen (Production Departments)— 

(1) Rohstoffamt (Raw Materials) 

(2) Rustungsliefepmgsamt (Armament Supply) 

(3) Technik fur Rustungsentfertigung (Engineering in Rela¬ 
tion to Finished Combat Material) 

(4) Produktionsamt fur Verbrauchsguter (Production of Con¬ 
sumption Goods) 

(5) Amt Bau (Construction) 

(6) Amt Energie (Power Supply) 

2. Autonomous Sector 

Hauptausschusse (Main Committees) subdivided into Bonderaus- 
schiisse (Special Committees) 

3. Corporations 

a. Rustungskontor g. m. b. H. 

b. Generatorkraft A. G. 

c. Festkraftstoff A. G. 

d. Heeres-Rustwngs Kredit A. G. 

B. REGIONAL ORGANIZATION 

1. Bureaucratic Sector 

a. Riistungsimpekteure (Armament Inspectors) 

b . Wehrkreisbeauftragte (Corps Area Deputies) 

c. Bezirks- und Gaubeauftragte fur Rustwigsinspektion (Regional 
and Gau Deputies for Armament Inspection) 

d. Beauftragte fur Energiebezirke (Power Deputies) 

e. Reichsarbeitsingenieur umd Bezirksarbeitseinsatzingenieure 
(Reich Labor Supply Engineer and Regional Labor Supply Engi¬ 
neers) 

/. Aussenstellen des Rustwigsamtes (Field Offices of the Armament 
Office) 

g. Transport/iauptkornmissionen und Transportbevollmachtigte 
beiden Gruppen (Transport Main Commissions and Transport Depu¬ 
ties with the Groups) 

2. Autonomous sector 

1 Concerning the organization of the Ministry, the list follows the Survey of the 
Civil Affairs Handbook on Economic Controls in Nazi Germany of February 1, 
1944, pp. 8-12. 


AGO 501B 


15 



a. Aussenstellen (Field Offices) of the Reichsvereinigung Eisen 
(Iron) 

b. Rustlingsobmdnner (Armament Chairmen) of the Hauptaus- 
schiisse (Main Committees for Each Area of an Armament Inspec¬ 
tion) 

c. Rustungskommissionen (Armament Commissions) 

The corporations listed under A 3 were all organized by the Min¬ 
istry for Armaments and War Production. A brief description of 
each is given below: 

a. Rustimgskontor g. m. b. H. was established to serve as a central 
clearing office for the allocation of steel to armament producers. Its 
chairman is a high official in the Ministry. 

b. Generatorkraft A. G. was organized for the purpose of financing 
the transformation of vehicles using liquid-fuels into vehicles using 
producer-gas. It has a capital of nine million marks. Half of its 
shares are owned by the Rustimgskontor , the other half are owned by 
the private timber industry. 

c. Festkraftstoff has been organized by “a” and “b.” It controls the 
production of solid fuels for generators, and has also organized a 
chain of filling stations set up all over Germany. 

d. The Heeres-Riistungs Kredit A. G. was organized for the purpose 
of administering long-term credits to the manufacturers of army 
equipment. 

It is suggested that the Ministry for Armaments and War Produc¬ 
tion be eliminated as one of the key agencies of the total German war 
effort, and that the above-mentioned corporations be eventually dis¬ 
solved and liquidated, either under pertinent provisions of the German 
law or under special decree issued by MG. (CAD Guide: German 
Principles of Administration .) 

The following recommendations are made regarding the transfer 
of useful functions: 

Ale. Office for Economic and Financial Matters: To the Central 
Offices of Economics respectively of Finance. 

Aid. Production Departments— 

(1) Raw Materials: To the Central Office of Economics. 

(5) Construction: Either to a new Central Office of 

Health and Social Welfare, the establishment of 
which is suggested in the CAD Guide: German 
Principles , etc., or to the Central Office of Labor, 
as suggested in the CAD Guide: Rousing and 
Building Materials in Germany. 

(6) Power Supply: To the Central Office of Transporta¬ 

tion unless MG deems it necessary to take over this 
field of activity directly. (See CAD Guide: 
Electric Power Systems of Germany .) 


16 


AGO 501B 


A2. Main Committees and Special Committees: Certain func¬ 
tions may have to be transferred—e. g., Bau (Building 
Construction and H olzkonstruktion und BarvacJcen 
(Wood Construction and Barracks)—to the Central 
Office of Labor or to a new Central Office of Health and 
Social Welfare. (CAD Guide: Housing and Building 
Materials.) 

A3b&c. Corporations and Equipments: The functions of Gen- 
eratorkraft A. G. and of Festkraft so ff will be found use¬ 
ful, and should be placed under the administration of the 
Central Office for Transportation or taken over directly 
by MG. 

Ble. Labor Supply Engineers: To the Labor authorities (CAD 
Guides: Organization of Labor Supply in Germany , and 
German Labor Relations and MG). 

29. Reichsstelle fur den Aussenhcsndel (Reich Office for Foreign Trade) 

under the Joint Jurisdiction of the Foreign Office and of the 

Reich Ministry of Economics 

This agency, which replaced the Zentralstelle fur den Aussenhandel 
as it existed under the Republic, was created in October 1933 “to 
promote foreign trade and to disseminate information pertaining to 
it.” Since it has served, at least in part, as an instrument of the 
foreign-trade policy of the Nazi regime, it should be eliminated, while 
German export and import should be placed immediately under the 
supervision of Military Government. Consequently, for the time 
being, there will be no room for the function hitherto exercised by the 
agency of coordination between the Foreign Office and the Reich 
Ministry of Economics. 

The useful informational functions of the Reich Office for Foreign 
Trade, however, particularly in connection with the publication of 
the Nachrichten fur den Aussenhandel (Foreign Trade Journal), may 
be transferred to the Central Office of Economics. 

E. AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

30. Reichsnahrstand (Reich Food Estate), within the Reich Ministry 

of Food and Agriculture 

Established in 1933, when the Party endeavored to organize the 
whole population along professional lines in “Estates,” the Reich Food 
Estate comprises all individuals and organizations concerned w r ith 
the production and distribution of agricultural commodities. With 
the outbreak of the war, it was deprived of its independent legal 
personality and transformed into an executive agency of the Ministry 
of Food and Agriculture. Headed by Peasant Leaders of different 


AGO 501B 


17 


rank and by Party functionaries, it has become the embodiment of 
Nazism in the administration of agriculture and food. While it should 
be eliminated as a distinct institution and while its name must be 
abolished, its important function of providing food for the people 
will have to be continued by the Central Office of Food and Agricul¬ 
ture, as suggested in the CAD Guides: Food Administration During 
the Period of Occupation , Organization of Labor Supply in Germany , 
and German Principles of Administration , etc. 

31. Reichsforstomt—Reichsjagdamt (Reich Forestry Office — Reich 

Office for Game and Wild Life) 

This office was established in July, 1934, as a “Supreme Reich Au¬ 
thority” in charge of forestry, protection of wild life, and similar 
matters. Its creation followed the Nazi line of special administrative 
setups, and was also due to the desire to satisfy the vanity of Goering. 
There is no need for a special Reich agency beside the Central Office 
of Food and Agriculture, which could take over the supervision of 
this field, while much of the actual administration might be left to 
the States, according to German custom. 

32. 19 Forst-und Holzwirtschcsftsdmter (19 Forestry and Timber 

Offices) attached to the Provincial Governors in Prussia and to 
corresponding authorities in other States—under the jurisdic¬ 
tion of the Reich Forestry Office 

These offices were created by the War Economy Decree. They have 
developed from a cartel, wdiose members were the Reich and the States 
as owners of the largest forests. Their purpose is to regulate the 
timber market. The regular forestry offices in the several States 
could take care of this activity. Insofar as the regulation of wood¬ 
cutting is concerned, the housing emergency after the war will make 
a completely new policy necessary in any case. 

33. 4 Landes- 47 Gau-und 973 Kreisjdgermeisfer (4 Land Master- 

Huntsmen, 47 Gau Master-Huntsmen, and 973 County Master 
Huntsmen) 

These subordinate agencies should be dissolved as a consequence of 
the elimination of the Reichsjagdamt (No. 31). Their functions can 
be exercised by the staff of the forestry administration, organized as 
it was before the creation of the Reich office. 

For Agriculture see also Farm Inheritance Courts, No. 57, Four 
Years’ Plan (No. 26, a, 2 and 4) and No. 103. 

F. BUILDING AND HOUSING 

Complete Abolition 

34. Generalbauinspektoren fur die Reichshcsuptstadt, fur Munchen und 

Linz (Inspectors General for the Construction of the Reich 
Capital, of Munich, and Linz) 


18 


AGO 501B 


These offices were set up by Hitler, with the aim of increasing his 
glory by the construction of impressive streets and buildings in Berlin, 
Munich, and Linz, cities which have “historical” associations with his 
career. Their tasks have nothing to do with the necessary function 
of rebuilding the cities destroyed by acts of war. (See No. 36.) 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

35. Generalbevollmdchtigter fur die Regelung der Eauwirtschaft (Com¬ 

missioner General for the Regulation of the Building Econ¬ 
omy) 

This office was established in 1938. It fulfills two functions: (1) 
“rationalization” of building construction, and (2) allocation of build¬ 
ing materials (iron, timber, cement) to various construction firms and 
administrative agencies. The office is also integrated into the Four 
Years’ Plan (see No. 26, b, 1). It should be eliminated as a typical 
war agency, while control over building materials may be transferred 
either to the central authorities of labor and economics (CAD Guide: 
Housing and Building Materials in Germany ) or to the projected Cen¬ 
tral Office of Health and Social Welfare (CAD Guide: German Prin¬ 
ciples , etc.). 

36. Reichswohnungskommissar (Reich Housing Commissioner) 

This agency was established in October 1942, with Robert Ley as 

Commissioner. Its task has been the organization of housing under 
the impact of the increasingly disastrous aerial bombing. The Gau¬ 
leiter , who serve as its regional agents, are called in this capacity Gau- 
wohnungskommissare (Gau Housing Commissars). Doubtless the 
housing situation will be one of the most crucial problems with which 
Military Government will be faced, and the functions of the Reich 
Housing Commissioners must not only be continued, but expanded. 
It is suggested that they be transferred, as in No. 35 above. In this 
field, however, much should be left to the initiative of local authorities 
under the supervision of Military Government. 

G. TRANSPORTATION AND ROADS 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

37. Generalinspektor fur das Strassenwesen (Inspector General of 

Roads) 

This office was created to control the construction of roads (Sec¬ 
tion A, into which the “Organization Todt” has apparently been in¬ 
corporated), the maintenance of all highways owned by the national 
government (Section L), and military constructions abroad. 

Section L (Reich Highways) should be transferred to the Central 
Office of Transportation (CAD Guides: German Principles of Admin¬ 
istration, and The Administration of German Roads and Motor Trans - 


AGO 501B 


19 




ports ). The field plant and equipment of the Todt Organization (Sec¬ 
tion A), together with such parts of its staff as may be found acceptable 
after Nazi elements have been thoroughly purged, might be utilized 
for emergency tasks by Military Government, acting through such a 
central agency or agencies as it finds appropriate. 

38. Reichskommissar fur Seeschiffahrt (Reich Commissioner for Ocean 

Shipping) 

This newly established agency is now the highest authority in mat¬ 
ters of ocean shipping and has, therefore, superseded the Reich Min¬ 
istry of transportation in this respect. Its functions should be trans¬ 
ferred to the Central Office of Transportation, which will have to 
be controlled by the appropriate Allied authorities (CAD Guides: 
German Principles , etc., and The German Merchant Marine ). 

39. Kriegsarbeitsgemesnschaft Sfrassenverkehr (War Working Com¬ 

munity for Street Traffic) under the jurisdiction of the Reich 

Ministry of Transportation 

This agency unites for administrative purposes the central organi¬ 
zation and the district units of the Gutemahverkehr (Urban and 
Suburban Transportation Association) with the Reichs-Kraftwagen- 
betmebsverband (Reich Association for Motor Vehicle Traffic). Its 
duty is to discover and allocate vehicular resources, and to coordinate 
them with the Avar effort. The office as such should be eliminated; but 
Military Government may desire to continue some of the functions 
and to adapt them to the uses of its transportation policy. In this 
case they could be transferred to the regular transportation authori¬ 
ties, subject to Allied direction. 

40. 25 BevolSrrsdchfigfe fur den Nahverkehr (Delegates for Urban and 

Suburban Transportation) under the jurisdiction of the Reich 

Ministry of Transportation 

One delegate for urban and suburban transportation serves each 
State, except in the case of Prussia, where there is a delegate for each 
province. The delegates provide for the coordination of transpor¬ 
tation facilities Avithin their districts, especially street car, bus, and 
truck lines, in such Avays as to further the war effort. It is suggested 
that their functions be transferred, as in No. 39 above. 

41. Genemfinspektor fur Kraftfahrwesen (Inspector General for Motor 

Transport) 

This office was established in 1942, in addition to that of the Com¬ 
missioner General for Motor Transport (GeneraTbevollmcichtigter 
fur das Kraftfahrwesen) —see 26, c, 1. A trusted “old fighter” was 
appointed as its head. According to the CAD Guide: The Admin¬ 
istration of German Roads and Motor Transport , the useful functions 
of this agency should be put under the central authority for trans- 


20 


AGO 501B 


portation. For transportation see also Four Years’ Plan (No. 26, c, 
1, 3 and 4), Reich Ministry for Armaments and War Production 
(No. 28, Big) and Civil Aviation “H.” 

H. CIVIL AVIATION AND AIR-RAID PROTECTION 

Complete Elimination 

42. Reichsanstolt fur Luftschutz (Reich Institute for Air-Raid Pro- 

tection) 

43. Rcichsluftschutzbund (Reich League for Air-Raid Protection) 
Both the above agencies are under the jurisdiction of the Reich 

Ministry of Aviation. Neither agency will have any reason for exist¬ 
ence when the war is ended. The League has become a public organ¬ 
ization of a semicompulsory character, aiming at the education and 
organization of the whole population for the purpose of air-raid pro¬ 
tection. It is thoroughly Nazified. (CAD Guide: Property of the 
Nazi Party , Its Affiliates , Members , and Supporters.) 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

44. Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Reich Ministry of Aviation) 

This Ministry, headed by Goering, was established in 1933 and is 
in charge of civil as well as military aviation. All means of air trans¬ 
portation should be at the disposal and, at least during the first period 
of occupation, under direct control of the Military Government. In 
a later stage, civil aviation may come under the jurisdiction of the 
transportation authorities, while questions of international aviation, 
as far as Germany is concerned, should be handled by the appropriate 
Allied authorities. (GAD Guide: German Principles of Adminis¬ 
tration.) 


45. Luftdmter (Air Offices) 

These are the Regional Offices of the Ministry of Aviation: 


Konigsberg 

Hanover 

Niirnberg 

Weimar 

Berlin 

Dresden 

Stuttgart 

Magdeburg 

Hamburg 

Breslau 

Cologne 

Munich 

Stettin 

Munster 

Frankfurt/M. 



The suggestions given in No. 44 above would apply also to these 
offices. 

46. Deutsche Lufthansa A. G. (German Air Line) 

A public corporation under the supervision of the Ministry of 
Aviation, the Lufthansa A. G., has an exclusive monopoly of civil air 
transportation. It should be eliminated, but its useful functions 
transferred directly to the Military Government. For remaining 
agencies hitherto under the jurisdiction of the Reich Ministry of 
Aviation, see Appendix, No. 2. 

21 

AGO 501T5 







I. WATER AND POWER 


Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

47. Generalinspekfor fur Wasser und Energie (Inspector General for 

Water and Power) 

This office was created in 1941 to coordinate all efforts and all agen¬ 
cies in the fields of water control, inland waterways, planning and de¬ 
velopment of the waterway system and of power. For this purpose 
the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Economics in regard to the power 
industry, and that of the Ministry for Food and Agriculture in regard 
to water economy, were transferred to the Inspector General for Water 
and Power. The functions of the Division Waterways should be 
transferred to the Central Office of Transportation, those of the Di¬ 
vision Water and Power Economy to the Central Office of Economics 
(CAD Guides: German Principles , etc., The Administration of Ger¬ 
man Inland Waterways , and Eleotric Power Systems of Germany). 
(See also Reich Ministry for Armaments and War Production (No. 
28, Ald6 and Bid.) 

J. LABOR AND MANPOWER SUPPLY 

Complete Abolition 

48. Reichstreuhdnder dsr Arbeit (Reich Trustees of Labor) under the 

jurisdiction of the Reich Ministry of Labor 
Collective bargaining between employer and labor has been replaced 
in the Third Reich by authoritative decision. The Labor Trustees 
entrusted with this function represent the interest of the war economy 
against both employer and labor. (CAD Guides: Organization of La¬ 
bor Supply in Germany , and Adaptation of Administration on the 
Regional Level.) 

List of the trustees: 


East Prussia_ 

Danzig-West Prussia_ 

Wartheland- 

Lower Silesia_ 

Upper Silesia_ 

Brandenberg_ 

Pomerania- 

Nor dm ark_ 

Lower Saxony_ 

Westphalia-Lower Rhine._ 

Rhineland_,__ 

Westmark_ 

Hesse___ 

Mittelelbe- 

Thuringia___ 

Saxony_ 

Bavaria-- 

Southwest Germany_ 

1 Listed for the sake of completeness. 


Konigsberg 

Danzig 1 

Posen 1 

Breslau 

Kattowitz 

Berlin 

Stettin 

Hamburg 

Hanover 

Essen 

Cologne 

Saarbrucken 

Frankfurt /M. 

Madgeburg 

Weimar 

Dresden 

Munich 

Karlsruhe 


22 


AGO 50IB 





















49. Ehrengerichte und Reichsehrengerichtshof nach dem Gesetz zor 

Ordnung der nationalen Arbeit (Honor Courts and Reich Honor 

Court according to the Act for the Organization of National 

Rabor) under the jurisdiction of the Reich Ministry of Labor 

These “Honor Courts” are a part of the Nazi conception of the 
plant community,” which has led to a kind of industrial serfdom of 
t le woikers. (See CAD Guide: Courts and Judicial Administration 
m Germany.') 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

50. Zenfralinspektion fur die Befreuung auslandischer Arbeitskrafte 

(Central Inspection for the Supervision of Foreign Labor) 

The name of the office clearly indicates its function. (See Civil 
Affairs Guide. Organization of Labor Supply.) However, the records 
of this agency will be useful to Military Government in carrying 
through the important task of taking care of the foreign workers and 
to assist in their repatriation. (See CAD Guide: Repatriation and- 
Care of Foreign Civilian T VorJcers.) 

51. Gauarbeitsamter (Gau Labor Exchange Offices) under the juris¬ 

diction of the Reich Ministry of Labor 

In 1942, the 13 Landesarbeitsdmter (Regional Labor Exchange or 
Employment Offices) were replaced by about 30 Gau Labor Exchange 
Offices for the purpose of closer cooperation with the Party in questions 
of manpower. Since the Gau is to disappear as an administrative unit 
(CAD Guide: Territorial Units to be Used by Military Government ), 
these offices should be eliminated, but at once replaced by the former 
organizations and renamed Landesarbeitsdmter (CAD Guides: Or¬ 
ganization of Labor Supply , Adaptation of Administration on the 
Regional Level , and Unemployment Compensation in Germany ). 

52. Zentralstelle fur das Erfassungswesen (Central Office for Draft 

Records) under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior 

This office was established by the Military Law (Wehrgesetz) of 
1935. Its task has been to establish complete lists of the male popula¬ 
tion in certain age groups for draft purposes. As a war agency, it 
should be eliminated; while its files and records, which contain valuable 
information, should be used by Military Government. For Labor see 
also Commissioner General and Inspector General for the Allocation 
of Labor (Four Years’ Plan, No. 26 b 6) and Reich Ministry for 
Armaments and War Production (No. 28, Ble—Labor Supply En¬ 
gineers) . 


AGO 501B 


23 


K. PUBLIC HEALTH 


Complete Abolition 

53. Generaiinspektor fur Sanittitswesen (Inspector General for Sani¬ 

tation and Health Service) 

This is a special war agency, established for the purpose of reconcil¬ 
ing the interests of the military health administration with those of 
the Reich Ministry of the Interior which has charge of civilian public 
health. The functions of this agency will become superfluous at the 
end of the war. (CAD Guide: German Principles, etc.) 

54. Reichsausschuss fur Volksgesundheitsdienst (Reich Committee 

for Public Health) under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of 
the Interior 

This Committee was established to serve the “enlightenment and 
education of the German people in all questions of health, particularly 
the promotion of sound heredity and of racial purity according to 
National Socialist principles.” For Health see also Nos. 78, 58 (Sound 
Heredity Courts). 

L. JUSTICE AND LAW 


Complete Abolition 

55. Volksgerichtshof (People’s Court) under the jurisdiction of the 

Reich Ministry of Justice 

This special court, established by the Nazi regime for the trial of 
treason and high treason cases, which were removed from the juris¬ 
diction of the Reich Supreme Court, has become one of the most for¬ 
midable instruments of legalized terror. (CAD Guides: Courts and 
Judicial Administration in Germany and Administration of Criminal 
Justice under MG.) 

56. Sondergerichte (Special Courts) under the jurisdiction of the 

Reich Ministry of Justice 

These courts were established to try charges of political crimes other 
than those which go before the Volksgerichtshof. They have been 
instruments for the persecution of opponents of the regime. (See CAD 
Guide: Administration of Criminal Justice.) 

57. Reichserbhofgericht, Landeserbhofgericht, Erbhofgerichte, und 

Anerbengerichte (Reich Farm Inheritance Court, Prussian Su¬ 
preme Farm Inheritance Court-in-Celle-Farm Inheritance 
Courts, and Local Farm Inheritance Courts) 

The Reich Farm Inheritance Court is under the jurisdiction of the 
Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture; the other courts, under that 
of the Reich Ministry of Justice. Established for the enforcement 
of the Hereditary Farm Act, these courts carry out the Nazi philoso- 


24 


AGO 501B 


phy of blood and soil,” which gives the peasant a special status. 
(CAD Guides: Courts , etc., and Agricultural Holdings and the Lam 
of Hereditary Estates). 

58. Erbgesundheitsobergerichte (Appeal Courts for “Sound Heredity” 

Matters) and Erbgesundheitsgerichte (“Sound Heredity” 
Courts) under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice 
The former are attached to the Oberlandesgerichte (courts of ap¬ 
peals), and the latter to the Amtsgerichte (local courts). These 
courts enforce the compulsory sterilization measures provided for 
by the Sterilization Daw of 1933. The abrogation of this law is recom¬ 
mended in the CAD Guides: Elimination of Fundamental Nazi Politi¬ 
cal Laws , and Administration of German Criminal Justice under MG. 

59. Gemeinschaftslager (Community Camp) Hans Kerri , near Juter- 

bog (Brandenburg) under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of 
Justice 

This institution is a camp for the ideological training of young 
lawyers, which is now a prerequisite for a legal career. 

60. Reichskommissar fur die Behandlung feindlichen Vermogens 

(Reich Commissar for Enemy Property) under the jurisdic¬ 
tion of the Ministry of Justice 

For recommendations concerning property held as “enemy prop¬ 
erty” by this office, see CAD Guide: Foreign Property in Germany. 

61. Akademie fur deutsches Recht (Academy for German Law) under 

the jurisdiction of the Ministries of the Interior and Justice 
This institution was established in 1933, as a corporation of public 
law, with the object of building up a new German law according to 
Nazi ideology. (CAD Guides: Preservation and TJse of Key Records , 
and German Higher Education and Adult E(Location, Appendix * 
Cultural Institutions in Germany). 

M. PROPAGANDA 

Complete Abolition 

62. Reichsministerium fur Voiksaufkldrung und Propaganda (Reich 

Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda) 

This Nazi-created Ministry has been the most vicious center of Nazi 
ideology. It prepares and spreads propaganda, influences public 
opinion, and controls all fields of literature, art, and journalism. 
The elimination of the Ministry should be followed by that of almost 
all institutions under its jurisdiction or supervision. Certain excep¬ 
tions are listed fci Appendix, No. 1 on Collections, Archives, and 
Theaters. 

All units listed below Nos. 63-79 are under the jurisdiction of the 
Propaganda Ministry. 


AGO 501B 


25 


63. Reichspropagandcsamter (Reich Propaganda Offices) 

These are the regional offices which carry through the policy and 
the commands of the Ministry within the Gone (CAD Guides: Adap¬ 
tation of German Propaganda Controls , and Adaptation of Admin¬ 
istration on the Regional Level ): 

(1) Foreign Countries_Berlin 

(2) Baden_Strassburg 

(3) Bayreuth_Bayreuth 

(4) Berlin_Berlin 

(5) Danzig-West Prussia_ Danzig 

(6) Diisseldorf_Diisseldorf 

(7) Essen_Essen 

(8) Franken_Nurnberg 

(9) Halle-Merseburge_Halle/Saale 

(10) Hamburg_ Hamburg 

(11) Hesse-Nassau_Frankfurt/Main 

(12) Cologne-Aachen_ Cologne 

(13) Kurhessen_Kassel 

(14) Madgeburg-Anhalt_Dessau 

(15) Mainfranken_Wurzburg 

(16) Mark Brandenburg_ Beilin 

(17) Mecklenburg_ Schwerin 

(18) Moselland_Coblenz 

(19) Munich-Upper Bavaria_Munich 

(20) Lower Silesia_Breslau 

(21) Upper Silesia_Kattowitz 

(22) East Hanover_Luneburg 

(23) East Prussia_ Konigsberg 

(24) Pomerania_Stettin 

(25) Saxony- Dresden 

(26) Schleswig-Holstein__Kiel 

(27) Swabia- Ausburg 

(28) South Hanover—Brunswick_Hanover 

(29) Thuringia-Weimar 

(30) Weser-Ems-Oldenburg 

(31) Westphalia—North_Munster 

(32) Westphalia—South_ Bochum 

(33) Westmark-Neustadt 

(34) Wurtemberg- Stuttgart 

64. Ausicmdabteiiung des Lichtspieldienstes (Foreign Division of the 

Film Service) 

This agency, in charge of German films abroad, has been the instru¬ 
ment of Nazi propaganda in foreign countries. 

65. Auslandsstelle fur Musik (Board of Music in Foreign Countries) 


26 


AGO 501B 




































66. Auslandsstelle fur Theater (Board for Theaters in Foreign Coun- 

'• . tries) 

Both agencies have been concerned with the extension of Nazi 
ideology to foreign countries. 

67. Reichsfremdenverkehrsverband (Reich Association for Tourist 

Traffic) with 34 Landesfremdenverkehrsverbanden (Regional 
Associations for Tourist Traffic) 

The Reich Association serves those municipalities which profit 
from tourist traffic. The municipalities are organized into Regional 
Associations, which are under the supervision of the State govern- 
ments. The Regional Associations together form the Reich Asso¬ 
ciation. The Minister of Propaganda appoints the President of the 
Reich Association, and the latter appoints the directors of the several 
Regional Associations. Although ostensibly concerned only with the 
promotion of tourist traffic, these agencies have exercised important 
and effective functions of Nazi propaganda, particularly by endeavor¬ 
ing to influence foreigners traveling in Germany in favor of the 
Third Reich. 

68. Reichsciussc'nuss fur Fremdenverkehr (Reich Committee for 

Tourist Traffic) 

This agency directs measures for the promotion of tourist traffic for 
the whole Reich territory. It is composed of representatives of the 
interested Reich Ministries, State governments, the Reich Railway 
Company, and other organizations interested in tourist traffic. 

69. Deutsche Kulturfilmzentrale (German Culture Film Center) 

This agency is in charge of the production and organization of so- 

called “culture films,” the aim of which is to spread Nazi ideology. 

70. Deutsche Filmakademie (German Film Academy) 

This agency, established in 1938, serves, to quote the edict establish¬ 
ing it, “to ensure the development of the film in the spirit of National 
Socialism.” 

71. Studiengesellschaft Schaliband (Study Association for Recorded 

Music) 

This organization applies Nazi ideology to the field of recorded 
music and records in general. 

72. Werbe-und Berafungsamt des Deutschen Schrifttums (Advertise¬ 

ment and Advisory Office for German Literature) 

Propaganda purposes with respect to literature are served by this 
office. 

73. Reichsschrifttumsstelle (Reich Literature Board) 

This board undertakes practical propaganda in the promotion of 
German literature. It advises publishers and writers, as well as rental 
libraries and shop libraries. 


AGO 501B 


27 


Under its supervision are— 

a. Beratungsstelle der Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Volhsliteratu/r (Ad¬ 
visory Board of the Working Community for Popular Literature) 
h. Beratungsstelle fur Astrologisches Schrifttum (Advisory Board 
for Astrological Literature) 

74. Wirtschaftsstelle des Deutschen Buchhandels (Economic Board for 

the German Book Trade) 

'While ostensibly concentrating on the economics of the book trade, 
the Board exercises considerable influence with regard to the contents 
of books. 

75. Reichsbeauftragter fur kunstlerische Formgebung (Reich Delegate 

for Artistic Design) 

This Commissioner exercises an “advisory and inspirational” func¬ 
tion “whenever the National Socialist State expresses its ideology in 
artistic form, particularly with respect to public buildings, monu¬ 
ments, uniforms, posters, and stamps.” (See also CAD Guide: Legal 
and Administrative Aspects of the Protection of Monuments.') 

76. Deutsches Propaganda Atelier (German Propaganda Studio) 

The name reveals the character of this agency. 

77. Werberat der Deutschen Wirtschaft (Advertisement Council of 

German Economy) 

This council supervises public and private advertisements in the 
economic field, establishes general principles, and ostensibly aims at 
providing the German economy with a “free opportunity and organ¬ 
ization of advertising, corresponding to the ethical standards of the 
German people and to its political feelings and will.” 

78. Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Schadensverhutung (Reich Working 

Community for the Prevention of Accidents) 

Under the slogan “ Kampf der Gefahr ” (fight danger), this agency, 
the ostensible objective of which has been to prevent industrial and 
other accidents, has relied heavily on racist appeals to the health and 
strength of the German people, and has served to spread Nazi termi¬ 
nology and ideology. 

79. Deutsche Akademie (Germany Academy) 

Founded in 1925 as an independent institution in Munich for the 
promotion of German language and culture, the German Academy 
was transformed into a public corporation and placed under the 
supervision of the Ministry of Propaganda in 1941. The institution 
spreads Nazi propaganda in foreign countries (CAD Guides: Preser¬ 
vation and Use of Key Records , German Higher Education and Adult 
Education under MG, Appendix: Cultural Institutions in Germany). 


28 


AGO 501B 


80. Pressechef der Reichsregierung (Press Chief of the Reich Gov¬ 

ernment) 

This completely Nazified office works in close contact with the Min¬ 
istry of Propaganda. Since there will probably be no Reich govern¬ 
ment in the first period of occupation, the Press Chief becomes 
meaningless. 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

81. Reichsrundfunkgesellschaft m. b. H. (Reich Radio Corporation 

with Restricted Liability) 

This institution was established in 1926 as a public corporation. It 
is now supervised by the Ministry of Propaganda, which owns all its 
shares (CAD Guide: Adaptation of German Propaganda Controls ). 
It has become one of the most powerful Nazi instruments for influenc¬ 
ing public opinion. 

In view of the importance of broadcasting, Military Government 
should—at least during the early period of occupation—directly oper¬ 
ate and control the German radio. Whether after the revival of 
German sovereignty the system of state operation of broadcasting 
will be reintroduced, may be left to future development. The Reich 
Radio Corporation, however, appears beyond reorganization and 
should be dissolved and its equipment taken over by Military Govern¬ 
ment. 

For Propaganda, see also No. 54 and items “N” to “Q.” 

N. NAZI COORDINATION OF PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL AND AC¬ 
TIVITIES 

Complete Abolition 

(Nos. 82-87 under the jurisdiction of the Propaganda Minister) 

82. Reichskulturkammer (Reich Chamber of Culture) 

This organization consists of— 

a. Reichsfilmkammer (Reich Film Chamber) 

b. Reichskammer der Bildenden Kunste (Reich Chamber of Fine 
Arts) 

c. Reichsmusikkammer (Reich Chamber of Music) 

d. Reichspressekanvmer (Reich Chamber of the Press) 

e. Reichsschrifttumskammer (Reich Chamber of Literature) 

/. Reichsthe.aterkammer (Reich Chamber of the Theater) 

The Reich Chamber of Culture, with the group of chambers listed 
above, controls and directs all cultural activities of the German nation. 
Coordination is enforced by the device of compulsory membership. 
Artists, writers, and journalists who are not members of the Chamber 
in their field are not allowed to produce, perform, or write. This 
thorough method of destroying freedom of thought and of artistic 
expression has succeeded in bringing about the complete intellectual 


AGO 501B 


29 


isolation of the German people. The abolition of the whole “Cham¬ 
ber” system will be the first condition for the reestablishment of 
those freedoms. 

83. Reichsverband der Deutschen Presse (Beich Association of the 

German Press) 

In 1933, this agency was recognized as a corporation of public law. 
It includes all newspaper editors, and, therefore, represents editors 
within the Eeiehskulturkajnmer. 

84. Filmkontingentstellen (Boards for the Control of Film Staffs) 
This board, the German name of which does not fully reveal its 

function, has the task of determining whether the actors and actresses 
in films to be performed belong to the Beich Film Chamber or other 
branches of the Reichskulturkammer. 

85. ReicbsmusikpriifsteSle (Beich Board of Censorship for Music) 
This board is directly subordinated to the Music Division of the 

Propaganda Ministry. It enforces Nazi artistic ideas upon musical 
composition. 

86. Reichsstelle fur Musikbecrbeiturtg (Beich Office for the Adaptation 

of Music) 

In accordance with its title, this office serves a similar purpose with 
respect to music written before the Nazi regime. 

87. Deutsche Kongresszentrale (Center of German Congresses) 

This agency is in charge of the centralized organization and pro¬ 
motion of congresses and conventions in Germany and abroad. It 
also has a policing function, in insuring that congresses not in line 
with Nazi Policy shall be dropped or sabotaged. 

88. Reichsarztekammer (Beich Chamber for the Medical Profession) 

89. Peutscher Aerztegerichtshof (Disciplinary Court for the Medical 

Profession) 

90. Reichstierarztekcmmer (Beich Chamber for the Veterinary Pro¬ 

fession) 

91. Deutscher Tierarztegerichtsbof (German Disciplinary Court for 

the Veterinary Profession) 

92. Reichscspofhskerkammer (Beich Chamber of Apothecaries) 

93. Apothekergerichtshof (Disciplinary Court for Apothecaries) 
These government-ruled professional organizations (Nos. 88-93) 

were established after 1933, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of 
the Interior, and are part of the Nazi system of control over all pro¬ 
fessional groups of the German people. By making membership a 
prerequisite to the exercise of a profession, they attempt, like the 
Beich Culture Chamber, to exclude from the professions all persons 


30 


AGO 501B 


who are undesirable to the Nazi regime for political or racial reasons. 
The abolition of these Chambers, and of the Disciplinary Courts 
which apply principles of so-called “German honor” does not exclude 
the establishment of new professional associations and courts under 
a system of free association and self-government. (See also CAD 
Guide: German Principles.) 

94. Reichsnotarkammer (Reich Chamber of Notaries) 

95. ReichsrechtsanwaStskarrtmer (Reich Chamber of Attorneys-at- 

Law) 

96. Patentanwaltskammer (Chamber of Patent Attorneys) 

These institutions (94-96) are under the jurisdiction of the Reich 
Ministry of Justice and serve the same purposes for the legal profes¬ 
sions as do the preceding items for other professions (CAD Guide: 
German Principles ). 

Elimination With Transfer of Useful Functions 

97. Filmprufstellen (Boards of Film Censorship)—under the juris¬ 

diction of the Ministry of Propaganda 

a. Oberflmprufstelle (Superior Board of Film Censorship) 

b. Filmprufstelle (Board of Film Censorship) 

Both Boards are located in Berlin, and deal with the admission of 
films within German territory. The Ober-filmpriifstelle serves as a 
kind of appellate court. The censorship covers political control, 
“moral” issues, and the like. It is suggested that the important con¬ 
trol of moving pictures be taken over directly by MG, while in a later 
stage of occupation new boards of censorship may be established under 
the jurisdiction of the Reich Central Office of the Interior. 

O. RACIAL IDEOLOGY AND IMPERIALISM 
Complete Abolition 

98. Division VI of the Reich Ministry of the Interior 

The division was concerned with “ DeutschtiimJ 1 Gren&landfursoi'ge , 
nichtdeutsche Volksgruppen (“Germandom,” Care for the Frontier 
Areas, non-German National Groups), and served as an instrument 
of German racial imperialism. (CAD Guide: German Principles .) 

99. Auslandspolitische und Kolonialabteilung (Department of Foreign 
Policy and Colonies) 

This division of the Reich Post Ministry has been an instrument 
of imperialist policy. 

100. Department VIII of the Reich Ministry for Food and Agriculture: 
Landliche Besiedlung der neuerworbenen Gebiete, Neubildung 
deutschen Bauerntums im Altreich (Rural Resettlement of the 
Newly Acquired Territories, General Development of the Farm¬ 
ing Class in the Reich Proper) 


AGO 501B 


31 


These functions have been partly connected with the occupation 
of foreign territories, and partly with the Nazi ideology of the elevated 
status of the German peasant. 

101. Reichssippenamt (Reich Genealogical Office), under the jurisdic¬ 
tion of the Reich Ministry of the Interior 

This agency, as the successor of the Reich Expert for Genealogical 
Research, has been in charge of setting up principles of “racial 
purity.” It also investigates individual cases from the point of view 
of the “racial character” of a family. (CAD Guide: German 

Principles.') 

102. Reichskommissar fur die Festigung des deutschen Volkstums 

(Reich Commissar for the Strengthening of German “Folk- 
dom”) 

This agency, established in October 1939, has had the task of 
resettling, in the conquered areas of Poland, Germans transferred 
from the Soviet Baltic Republics and other territories. Himmler 
is the Commissioner and he has, of course, had the police and the SS 
available to carry through the job of evacuating the native inhabitants. 
(CAD Guide: German Principles .) 

103. Reichsstelle fur Umsiedlung (Reich Board of Resettlement) — 
under the jurisdiction of the Reich Ministry of Food and 
Agriculture 

This office, established in 1935, has had the announced purpose of 
resettling those farmers who were uprooted when their land was taken 
over for army purposes. However, the close connection with the Reich 
Commissioner for the Strengthening of German Folkdom, who acts 
as the highest chief of the board, indicates that it is simply another 
device of pan-German expansion. In recent years it has administered 
the resettlement of Germans, repatriated from such areas as Northern 
Italy, the Soviet Baltic Republic, etc. (CAD Guide: German Prin¬ 
ciples.) 

On racial ideology and imperialism see also Nos. 57, 58, and 79. 

P. ART AND SCIENCE 

Complete Abolition 

104. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Associa¬ 

tion) 

This influential research institute was established in 1920 as the 
Emergency Association of German Science. The Nazis reorganized 
it in 1937-38 and changed its name. Its announced purpose is to pro¬ 
mote research by granting scholarships and to stimulate the coming 
academic generation, particularly in the field of natural science. The 


32 


AGO 501B 


Association is so thoroughly Nazified (CAD Guide: German Higher 
Education , etc Appendix: Cultural Institutions) that its dissolution 
seems preferable to reorganization. 

105. Reichsinstitut fur Geschichte des neuen Deutschland (Reich Insti¬ 

tute for the History of the New Germany) 

This institution was established in July 1935 as a successor to the 
National Historical Committee. Its duties have been to work out the 
new German history and to apply Nazi ideology to historical re¬ 
search, particularly on the “Jewish question. ,, (CAD Guides: Ger- 
man Principles, Preservation and Use of Key Records, Property of the 
Nazi Party, etc., and Cultural Institutions.) 

106. Reichssfelle fur das Volksbuchereiwesen (Reich Office for Popu¬ 

lar Libraries) 

This agency was established in 1934, with the function of exercising 
pressure and influence upon popular libraries, in the direction of Nazi 
ideology. 

Nos. 104-106 are under the jurisdiction of the Reich Ministry of 
Science and Education. 

As a matter of course, Military Government should take into custody 
libraries, collections, and other valuable equipment, which in a later 
state of occupation may be transferred to the appropriate German 
libraries and archives. 

Q. EDUCATION AND SPORT; TRAINING OF YOUTH 
Complete Abolition 

107. Division VIII of the Reich Ministry of the Interior—Sport 

Sport and physical exercise have been made a matter of public 
administration largely to serve the purpose of training German youth 
militarily and educating them according to Nazi ideological standards. 
(CAD Guide: German Principles.) 

108. Amt fur Korperliche Erziehung (Division for Physical Educa¬ 

tion)-K, and Abteilung Landjahr (Division for Enforced Farm 
Service )-L 

Both divisions are part of the Reich Ministry of Science and Edu¬ 
cation. Division K is headed by a high ranking SA officer. The 
remarks in 107 apply to both divisions. 

109. Reichssportamt (Reich Sports Office) 

110. Reichsakademie fur Leibesubungen (Reich Academy for Physical 

Exercises) 

Both agencies, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior, 
have contributed to the development of the Nazi spirit of emphasizing 
physical strength as opposed to intellect, and to the training of “war- 


AGO 501B 


33 


riors.” (CAD Guide: German Principles and Preservation and Use 
of Key Records.) There is no objection to the establishment of new 
authorities to encourage and supervise sports, as soon as they no 
longer represent a danger to the education of German Youth. 

111. Jugendfuhrer des Deutschen Reichs (Reich Youth Leader) 

This important officer is directly appointed by and subordinated to 
Hitler. His duties are to promote the organization and Nazification 
of the entire youth of Germany. (CAD Guides: German Principles 
and The Problem of German Youth under Military Government.) 

112. Reichsarbeitsfuhrer des Arbeitsdienstes (Reich Leader of the 

Labor Service) 

Formerly under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior, 
this office was made a “supreme Reich authority” in August 1943. Its 
incumbent is in charge of the compulsory labor service, which serves 
the purpose of the semi-military training and indoctrination of youth. 
Under its jurisdiction there are 29 Arbeitsgauleitungen des Arbeits¬ 
dienstes fur die mannliche Jug end (Regional Offices of the Labor 
Service for Boys) and 13 Bezirksleitungen des Arbeitsdienstes fur 
die Weibliche Jugend (District Offices of the Labor Service for Girls). 
(CAD Guides: German Principles , and Organization of Labor 
Supply.) 

113. Deutsche Hochschule fur Politik (German College for Politics) 
This school, which was established in 1920 as an independent uni¬ 
versity, has been reorganized and taken over as a Reich institution 
under the supervision of the Minister of Propaganda. It is now one 
of the most active and dangerous instruments of Nazi teaching. Ac¬ 
cording to official announcements, it serves “the expansion and the 
strengthening of political knowledge and will among all classes of the 
population, in the spirit of the National Socialist State.” It contains 
a geopolitical seminar, an anti-Marxist seminar, and seminars for SA, 
SS, and Hitler Youth Leaders, as well as for the Nazi Women's 
Organization. 

114. Reichscmstcalt fur Film und Bild in Wissenschaft und Unterrich 

(Reich Institute for Films and Pictures in Science and Education)— 
under the j urisdiction of the Reich Ministry of Science and Education. 

This institute was established in 1934. It produces educational 
films and supervises the supplying of such films to schools. It should 
be dissolved as an instrument of Nazi ideological education. 

R. CHURCH 

Complete Abolition 

115. Reichsministerium fur die kirchlichen Angelegenheiten (Reich 

Ministry for Church Affairs) 

This Ministry, established in 1935, has aimed to “coordinate” the 
German Protestant Church with the Nazi political system and ide- 

34 


AGO 501B 


°’°ey- l Wlt , 1 : the dissolution of the Ministry, the Protestant Church 
should be allowed to organize itself independently. (CAD Guides- 

German Principles, and The Protestant and Catholic Churches in 
Germany.) 

116. Beschlusstelle in Rechtsangelegenheiten der Evangelischen Kirche 

(Board for the Decision of Legal Affairs Affecting the Prot¬ 
estant Church) 

This Board, established in 1935, has been placed under the juris¬ 
diction of the Minister for Church Affairs, who serves as its chair¬ 
man. It makes a “preliminary” decision, whenever the validity of 
administrative acts concerning the Protestant Church is challenged 
in a civil suit, ihe decision of the Board is final and binding upon 
the courts. Since the Board will always confirm the validity of acts 
of the administrative authorities, particularly of the Minister him¬ 
self, any possibility of judicial review has been done away with, and 
the Church has been left at the mercy of the Nazi Government. 

III. AGENCIES TO BE SUSPENDED 

117. Prdsidialkcinzlei (Presidential Chancellery) 

With the elimination of that part of Hitler’s position which corre¬ 
sponds to the functions of the former Reich President, the Presidential 
Chancellery will become superfluous for the time being. Since, how¬ 
ever, a future democratic German constitution may establish a similar 
office of chief executive, it is suggested not to abolish the Presidential 
Chancellery, but to suspend it. 

118. Reichskanzlei (Reich Chancellery) 

This agency, formerly of a predominantly technical nature, has 
become a political instrument of tremendous importance. Its head, 
Reich Minister Lammers, simultaneously member of the Ministerial 
Council for the Defense of the Reich, is Hitler’s chief adviser in all 
governmental affairs, is in charge of the coordination of the various 
Reich Ministries, and actually decides on the initiation of legislative 
acts. Since there will be in all probability no Reich Chancellor, this 
office will become meaningless. However, in order not to prejudice 
any future development, the suspension, and not the elimination, of 
this office is suggested. 


AGO 501B 


35 



APPENDIX 









AGENCIES AND UNITS TO BE RETAINED WHILE HITHERTO UNDER THE 
JURISDICTION OF AUTHORITIES THE ELIMINATION OF WHICH IS 
SUGGESTED 

1. Under the Jurisdiction of the Reich Ministry of Propaganda 


Leipziger Messeamt 

(Office in Charge of the Leipzig Fair) 


This agency was established in 1916, became a public corporation in 
1922, and was taken over by the Reich in 1934. After a purge of its 
personnel, it may be transferred to the jurisdiction of the Central 
Office of Economics. 


Collections and Archives 


Deutsche Bucherei (German Library).—This library contains a 
comprehensive selection of literature in the German language, written 
in Germany and abroad; and of literature in foreign languages, written 
in Germany. These are all works produced since 1913, when the li¬ 
brary was established. 

The German Library as a traditional institute may be retained, 
after the purge of its staff, and placed under the jurisdiction of the 
Reich Central Office for Science and Education. 

Reichsschrifttwnsarchiv (Reich Archive for Literature); Reichs- 
filmarchiv (Reich Film Archive); Auslamdspressearchiv (Archive of 
the Foreign Press).—These collections, even in so far as they contain 
Nazi books or film, and are now used for propaganda purposes, are of 
high historical value. They should be transferred to the State Ar¬ 
chives. 


Theaters and Orchestras 


Theater am Nollendorf Platz (Theater at the Nollendorf Square) 
in Berlin; Theater des Volkes (People’s Theater) in Berlin; VolJcs- 
huhne (Popular Theater) in Berlin; Volksoper im Theater des West¬ 
ern (People’s Opera in the Theater of the West) in Berlin; Berliner 
Pliilharmonisches Orchester (Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra).— 
These theaters and orchestra have been made institutions of the Reich. 
After the brief suspension suggested in the CAD Guide: Cultural In¬ 
stitutions, they could be reopened and, after a thorough purge of ad¬ 
ministrative personnel, placed under the jurisdiction of the Reich 
Central Office for Science and Education. 


36 


AGO 501B 


2. TJnder the Jurisdiction of the Ministry of A viation 

Reichsamt fur Wetterdienst 
(Reich Weather Bureau); 

Deutsche Seewarte 

(German Marine Observatory) in Hamburg 
Both are pre-Hitler agencies and of a scientific character. They 
can be transferred to the jurisdiction of the Central Office of Trans¬ 
portation. 

3. Under the Jurisdiction of the Reich Forestry Office—Reich Office 
for Game and Wild Life 

Landes forstamter 
(Regional Forestry Offices); 

Reichsstelle fur Natwrschutz 
(Reich Agency for the Protection of Nature) j 
71 Hohere Naturschutzbehorden 
(71 Higher Authorities for the Protection of Nature) 
Attached to the District Presidents and Equivalent State Agencies; 
Staatsjagdreviere , 0 berforstamter, und Forstamter 
(State Hunting Districts, Superior 
Forestry Offices, and Local Forestry Offices) 

The above agencies should be placed under the direction of the 
Reich Central Office of Food and Agriculture, while the regional and 
local administration should rest with the States. 


37 


AGO 601B 


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